諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)弟子講座課件

Decentralization,ForestsandRuralCommunitiesPolicyOutcomesinSouthandSoutheastAsiaEdwardL.WebbandGaneshP.ShivakotiPublishedbySagePress,India,February2008Decentralization,Forestsand1Problemsassociatedwitheitherorpolicydichotomy（二分法）TragedyoftheCommons（Private）Prisoner’sDilemmas,and（Nationalized）TheLogicofCollectiveAction（Benefit&cost）Ledthethinkingintermsof:marketversusstatecentralizationversusdecentralizationdominatedearlypolicyanalysisandtheseledeithertofailedcentralizationpoliciesorimpositionofasystemofprivatepropertyrights.AlargegapexistsbetweenpolicyandrecentempiricalresearchProblemsassociatedwitheithe2ExamplesofcentralizationofforestresourcesinAsiaBhutan:ThrimzhungChenmo(SupremeLaw)1959India:1878IndianForestActIndonesia:1967BasicForestryLawNo.67Nepal:1957PrivateForestsActThailand:1913ForestProtectionActVietnam:1975implementationofcommunesystemExamplesofcentralizationof3OutcomesofcentralizationLossoflocalauthorityandtraditionalrightsOpenaccessresourcebaseOver-harvestingofnaturalresourcesOutcomesofcentralization4Despitecomplexities,wecansaythat

forestlosshasgenerallynotbeenprevented

bycentralizationpoliciesDespitecomplexities,wecans5ForestdecentralizationpolicyinSandSEAsiaIndia:JointForestManagement(JFM)(1990)Nepal:CommunityandLeaseholdForestry(1976,1989,1993)Thailand:Communityforestry(outsideprotectedareas)anddecentralizationofRFD(1986)Indonesia:Re-emergenceofnagarisystem(1999)Vietnam:Doimoi,forest/landallocation(1986,1991)Forestdecentralizationpolicy6ImportantdecentralizationquestionsWhathavebeentheoutcomesofrecentforestrydecentralization(practicallyandtheoretically)totheforest-accessingcommunities?Whatpolicyandcommunityfeaturesfacilitateorhindercommunityadaptation?Importantdecentralizationque7諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)弟子講座課件8ContributorsandCollaboratorsArunAgrawal,SchoolofNaturalResourcesandtheEnvironment,UniversityofMichiganLamDorji,RoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofNature,Thimpu,BhutanNgoTriDung,HueUniversityofForestryandAgriculture,VietnamBirendraKarna,MukundaKarmacharya,NepalForestResourcesandInstitutionsResearchProgramNepalAmbikaP.Gautam,NitayaKijtewachakul,GaneshShivakoti,EdwardL.Webb,AsianInstituteofTechnologyRuchaGhate,DeepshikhaMehra,SHODH:TheInstituteforResearchandDevelopementIndiaHariniNagendra,AshokaTrustforResearchinEcologyandtheEnvironment,IndiaElinorOstrom,WorkshopinPoliticalTheoryandPolicyAnalysis,IndianaUniversityYonariza,AndalasUniversity,WestSumatraContributorsandCollaborators9OurresearchmethodsCasestudiesusingtheInternationalForestryResourcesandInstitutions(IFRI)protocolInterdisciplinarymethodincluding:BotanicalinventoryInstitutionalanalysisHistoricaltransect大事記Remotesensing/GISOurresearchmethodsCasestudi10Synthesis:FacilitatingDecentralizedPoliciesforSustainableGovernanceandManagementofForestResourcesinAsiaSynthesis:FacilitatingDecent11ChallengesManagementtype:Community-managed,government-managed,self-initiated,NGO-promoted,conservation-oriented,utilization-orientedPriorhistory:Long-term(n=5),medium-term(n=6),recent(n=8)Forestsize:Small(n=6),medium(n=5),large(n=8)Usergroupsize:Small(n=8),medium(n=5),large(n=6)Heterogeneity:Homogeneous(n=9),heterogeneous(n=10)Forest

condition:Degraded(n=9),good(n=4),excellent(n=6)ChallengesManagementtype:Com12StructuralVariablesCentrallymanaged(n=6)Co-managedwithhighorlowconflict(n=16)Locallymanaged(n=9)*morethanonemanagementsystemmayapplyStructuralVariablesCentrally13SupportStructuresNetworks:None(3),good(10),excellent(6)Legalplurality:Absent(3),weak(6),good(10)Reliableinformation:Unavailableorunreliable(8),availableandgood(11)Effectivelinktohigherlevelofgovernance:Absentorpoor(11),presentandgood(8)Provisionsforbuildingsocialcapital:Absent(5),present(14)Conflictresolutionmechanisms;Absent(2),availableandindigenous(4),introduced(13)SupportStructuresNetworks:N14ResultsMonitoring:Absentorpoor(7),effective(12)ForestCondition:Degraded(8),good(7),verygood(4)Equity:Low(6),medium(2),high(9)EliteCapture:low(10),medium(5),high(4)CMConflictManagement:Difficult(10),moderate(1),easy(8)RecoveryfromInitialFailure:No(7),yes(12)SustainabilityEvidence:None(1),Availablebutlow(5),Moderate(5),Presentathigherlevel(9)ResultsMonitoring:Absentorp15GeneralConclusionsThereisaremarkablediversityofchallenges,structuralvariables,supportstructuresandoutcomesacrossthesecasestudiesThesolutionsforsustainabledecentralizedforestmanagementwillbeasdiverseasthecontextsthemselves.GeneralConclusionsThereisa16Flexibilityofpolicyandthewillingnessofgovernmentstoallowlocalactorstoexperiment,testandexplorenewpotentialsolutionsisabsolutelyessentialforlongtermsuccess.Rigidgovernmentalstructuresthatdonotfullydecentralizetheauthority,andinherentlytheopportunity,tocraftlocalsolutionsaredestinedtobelesssuccessfulthanthoseallowing–andsupporting–localcreativityandlocalinstitutionstothrive.Flexibilityofpolicyandthe17Decentralization,ForestsandRuralCommunitiesPolicyOutcomesinSouthandSoutheastAsiaEdwardL.WebbandGaneshP.ShivakotiPublishedbySagePress,India,February2008Decentralization,Forestsand18Problemsassociatedwitheitherorpolicydichotomy（二分法）TragedyoftheCommons（Private）Prisoner’sDilemmas,and（Nationalized）TheLogicofCollectiveAction（Benefit&cost）Ledthethinkingintermsof:marketversusstatecentralizationversusdecentralizationdominatedearlypolicyanalysisandtheseledeithertofailedcentralizationpoliciesorimpositionofasystemofprivatepropertyrights.AlargegapexistsbetweenpolicyandrecentempiricalresearchProblemsassociatedwitheithe19ExamplesofcentralizationofforestresourcesinAsiaBhutan:ThrimzhungChenmo(SupremeLaw)1959India:1878IndianForestActIndonesia:1967BasicForestryLawNo.67Nepal:1957PrivateForestsActThailand:1913ForestProtectionActVietnam:1975implementationofcommunesystemExamplesofcentralizationof20OutcomesofcentralizationLossoflocalauthorityandtraditionalrightsOpenaccessresourcebaseOver-harvestingofnaturalresourcesOutcomesofcentralization21Despitecomplexities,wecansaythat

forestlosshasgenerallynotbeenprevented

bycentralizationpoliciesDespitecomplexities,wecans22ForestdecentralizationpolicyinSandSEAsiaIndia:JointForestManagement(JFM)(1990)Nepal:CommunityandLeaseholdForestry(1976,1989,1993)Thailand:Communityforestry(outsideprotectedareas)anddecentralizationofRFD(1986)Indonesia:Re-emergenceofnagarisystem(1999)Vietnam:Doimoi,forest/landallocation(1986,1991)Forestdecentralizationpolicy23ImportantdecentralizationquestionsWhathavebeentheoutcomesofrecentforestrydecentralization(practicallyandtheoretically)totheforest-accessingcommunities?Whatpolicyandcommunityfeaturesfacilitateorhindercommunityadaptation?Importantdecentralizationque24諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)弟子講座課件25ContributorsandCollaboratorsArunAgrawal,SchoolofNaturalResourcesandtheEnvironment,UniversityofMichiganLamDorji,RoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofNature,Thimpu,BhutanNgoTriDung,HueUniversityofForestryandAgriculture,VietnamBirendraKarna,MukundaKarmacharya,NepalForestResourcesandInstitutionsResearchProgramNepalAmbikaP.Gautam,NitayaKijtewachakul,GaneshShivakoti,EdwardL.Webb,AsianInstituteofTechnologyRuchaGhate,DeepshikhaMehra,SHODH:TheInstituteforResearchandDevelopementIndiaHariniNagendra,AshokaTrustforResearchinEcologyandtheEnvironment,IndiaElinorOstrom,WorkshopinPoliticalTheoryandPolicyAnalysis,IndianaUniversityYonariza,AndalasUniversity,WestSumatraContributorsandCollaborators26OurresearchmethodsCasestudiesusingtheInternationalForestryResourcesandInstitutions(IFRI)protocolInterdisciplinarymethodincluding:BotanicalinventoryInstitutionalanalysisHistoricaltransect大事記Remotesensing/GISOurresearchmethodsCasestudi27Synthesis:FacilitatingDecentralizedPoliciesforSustainableGovernanceandManagementofForestResourcesinAsiaSynthesis:FacilitatingDecent28ChallengesManagementtype:Community-managed,government-managed,self-initiated,NGO-promoted,conservation-oriented,utilization-orientedPriorhistory:Long-term(n=5),medium-term(n=6),recent(n=8)Forestsize:Small(n=6),medium(n=5),large(n=8)Usergroupsize:Small(n=8),medium(n=5),large(n=6)Heterogeneity:Homogeneous(n=9),heterogeneous(n=10)Forest

condition:Degraded(n=9),good(n=4),excellent(n=6)ChallengesManagementtype:Com29StructuralVariablesCentrallymanaged(n=6)Co-managedwithhighorlowconflict(n=16)Locallymanaged(n=9)*morethanonemanagementsystemmayapplyStructuralVariablesCentrally30SupportStructuresNetworks:None(3),good(10),excellent(6)Legalplurality:Absent(3),weak(6),good(10)Reliableinformation:Unavailableorunreliable(8),availableandgood(11)Effectivelinktohigherlevelofgovernance:Absentorpoor(11),presentandgood(8)Provisionsforbuildingsocialcapital:Absent(5),present(14)Conflictresolutionmechanisms;Absent(2),availableandindigenous(4),introduced(13)SupportStructuresNetworks:N31ResultsMonitoring:Absentorpoor(7),effective(12)ForestCondition:Degra