《技術(shù)與商務交流英語（第二版）》課件Chapter 1 Introduction to Technical and Business Communication

ObjectivesandOutcomesDefinetechnicalandbusinesscommunication(TBC).UnderstandthepragmaticrulesinTBC.UnderstandthethreeessentialcriteriaofTBC:accessibility,comprehensibility,andusability.Identifytherhetoricalskillsforeffectivetechnicalandbusinesscommunication.ONTENTSC

PurposesEssentialCriteria

ImportanceDefinition1.WHATISCOMMUNICATION?2.WHATISTBC?I.DefinitionofTechnicalandBusinessCommunicationCommunicationistheprocessoftransferringinformationandmeaningbetweensendersandreceivers,usingoneormorewritten,oral,visual,orelectronicmedia.

——exchangeofinformationAccordingtotheirfunctionsinthesociety,communicationcanbeclassifiedintothreecategories:CommunicationforsurvivalCommunicationforentertainmentCommunicationforwork1.WHATISCOMMUNICATION?Technical:oforrelatingtotechnique;oforrelatingtoapracticalsubjectthatisorganizedaccordingtoscientificprinciples.TechnicalandBusinessCommunication(TBC)isinformationexchangeatwork.(Simpledefinition)Asubjectthatstudieseffectiveinformationexchangeatwork.(Academicdefinition)技術(shù)與商務信息交流是研究在工作中有效地進行信息交流的一門學科。

2.WHATISTBC?1.FeaturesofModernCommunication2.NeedsAnalysis

II.ImportanceofTechnicalandBusinessCommunication1.FeaturesofModernCommunicationOurageisknownasanageofinformation.ComputersandInternethavechangedpeople’slife.Youcanhardlyworkwithouttechnology.TypicalFeaturesofModernCommunication:Wehavetoomuchinformationtodealwith.Wehavetohandlemultidisciplinaryinformationthatisdifficulttous.Q:Howcanweovercomethesedifficulties?A:Wecan'tchangethesociety.However,wecanchangeourlanguageusedtoexpresstheinformation.Question:Howcanweimproveourlanguageforeffectivecommunication?Tips

●Providepracticalinformation.Giverecipientsusefulinformation,whetherit’stohelpthemperformadesiredactionorunderstandanewcompanypolicy.

●Givefactsratherthanvagueimpressions.Useconcretelanguage,specificdetail,and

informationthatisclear,convincing,accurate,andethical.●Presentinformationinaconcise,efficientmanner.Concisemessagesshowrespectforpeople’stime,andtheyincreasethechancesofapositiveresponse.

●Clarifyexpectationsandresponsibilities.Craftmessagestogenerateaspecificresponsefromaspecificaudience.Whenappropriate,clearlystatewhatyouexpectfrom

audiencemembersorwhatyoucandoforthem.

●O?ercompelling,persuasiveargumentsandrecommendations.Showyourreaderspreciselyhowtheywillbenefitfromrespondingtoyourmessagethewayyouwantthemto.2.NeedsAnalysisToimproveourlanguageforeffectivecommunication,weshouldfirstanswerthefollowingquestions.DoyouthinkyouhaveenoughknowledgeandskillinEnglishforeffectivecommunication?WhathaveyoulearnedinEnglish?WhatdoyoulackinEnglish?Whatdoyoustillneedtolearnforeffectivebusinesscommunication?KnowledgeneededforeffectivecommunicationTechnologyCultureawarenessandculturaldifferencesPragmaticsandLinguistics

BusinessEthicsExample1:Youcangohomeafteryoufinishedyouwork.Afteryoufinishedyourwork,youcangohome.ThereislittledifferenceingeneralEnglish.Youcanturntheswitchto“ON”afteryouhaveputtheimmersionheaterintowater.Afteryouhaveputtheimmersionheaterintowater,youcanturntheswitchto“ON”.Rule:Followthetimeorderinprocessdescription.Example2:Wewillgosightseeingifitisfinetomorrow.Ifitisfinetomorrow,wewillgosightseeing.ThereislittledifferencebetweenthetwosentencesingeneralEnglish.Youshouldrestartthecomputerifthescreendisplaysanerrormessage.Ifthescreendisplaysanerrormessage,youshouldrestartthecomputer.Rule:Putconditionbeforeactionininstructions.Theseexamplesprovideevidencefortwostatements:Sentencesofthesamemeaningbutdifferentstructuresmayproducedifferenteffects

incommunication.Thereexistspecificrulesinthelanguageusefordifferentpurposesandaudiencesunderdifferentsituations.Theserulesarecalledpragmaticrules.Definition:

Pragmaticrulesarerulesoflanguageinuse,concerningtheapplicationoflanguagetospecificaudiences,inspecificcontexts,forspecificpurposes.語用學規(guī)則：在特定背景下，為達到特殊目的而針對特殊對象的語言規(guī)則。ResultsoftheNeedsAnalysis:Youhavelearnedtherulesofhowtowritesentencescorrectly,includingtherulesofgrammarandvocabulary.Youhavenotlearnedtherulesofhowtowritesentenceseffectivelyforspecificpurposes,tospecificaudiencesandunderspecificcontexts.TeachingObjectiveofTBC:TheobjectiveofTBCistolearnpragmaticrulesandputthemintopracticesoastoincreasetheefficiencyofcommunicationatwork.III.PurposesofTechnicalandBusinessCommunicationThePurposesofTBCInform:enableyouraudiencetounderstandyourinformationeffectively.Persuade:convinceyouraudiencetoacceptyourideaeffectively.IV.ThreeEssentialCriteriaofTechnicalandBusinessCommunication1.Comprehensibility2.Usability3.AccessibilityReview:ThetypicalfeaturesofmodernTBCare:Wehavetoomuchinformationtodealwith.Wehavedifficultmultidisciplinaryinformation.AudiencesininternationalTBCaremainlynon-nativespeakersofEnglish.Tocopewiththesefeaturesandincreaseefficiency,TBChasestablishedthreecriteria

incommunication:ComprehensibilityUsabilityAccessibilityddyourtitle1.Comprehensibility(Easytounderstand)Definition:

Expressinginformationinawaythattheaudiencecanunderstanditquicklyandaccurately.Clearinformationisinformationthatuserscanunderstandthefirsttime,withoutrepetition.專業(yè)信息的易理解性Examples:Cadmiumrodswereintroducedintocavitiesinthereactorbyusbeforeitwasgettingoutofcontrol.Weintroducedcadmiumrodsintocavitiesinthereactorbeforeitwasgettingoutofcontrol.（在反應堆失控之前，我們將鎘棒放入了反應堆的空腔中。）Thepassivevoiceupsetsthe“Given+New”structureofinformationbyputtingtheNewbeforetheGiven.Rule:Avoidusingpassivevoiceifpossible.Examples:Thecomputerprogramperformedananalysisandconductedanevaluationofournewsystem.Thecomputerprogramanalyzedandevaluatedournewsystem.

（避免“弱動詞+名詞化”結(jié)構(gòu)。）Rule:Avoidusingthe“weak-verb+nominalization”structure.Thepragmaticrulesreflectedintheaboveexamplesarecalledtechnicalrhetoric(專業(yè)修辭學）inTBC.Technicalrhetoricprovidestheprinciplesandskillsofusinglanguageeffectivelyintechnicalcommunication.Toincreasethecomprehensibilityofinformation,weshouldlearntechnicalrhetoric.2.Usability(Easytouse)Definition:Expressing(writingorspeaking)yourideainawaythattheaudiencecanfollowittocompletethetask.Readersoftechnicalinformationfallintothreecategories:ProfessionalsofyourdisciplineProfessionalsofrelateddisciplinesGeneralreadersoraveragepeopleTechnicalwritingisawriter-responsiblewriting(Theoppositeisreader-responsiblewriting).Itisthewriters’responsibilitytomaketheirwritingeasyforallreaderstofollowandusecorrectly.Tomakeyourwritingusefultothereader,youshouldfirstunderstandyourreader.Putyourselfinyourreaders’positionandmakeaudienceanalysis.(1)Audience’seducationTheaudience’slevelofeducationaffectstheirreadinglevel.E.g.Ourinvestigationhasidentifiedthatadditionalnocturnalemploymentwouldkeepadolescentsoffthoroughfares.Ourstudyhasfoundthatmorenightjobswouldkeepyouthsoffthestreets.Rule:Writeaccordingtothelowest

levelofeducationofyourpredictedaudiences.(2)Audience’sprofessionalexperience:

Thisreferstotheaudience’sleveloftechnicalknowledge,whichaffectstheirreadinglevelintheirspecialty.E.g.Unilateralnephrectomywasperformed.One-sidedkidneycuttingwasperformed.Specializedmedicaltermsinthefirstexamplelimittheaudienceonlytoexpertsinmedicine.Rule:Writeaccordingtothe

lowestlevel

ofprofessionalknowledgeofyourpredictedaudiences.(3)Audience’sculturalbackgroundThereaders’socialandculturalbackgroundinfluencestheirthinkingmodeandoutlook.E.g.Ifyouarekilledinanaccident,howmuchdoyouwanttodonateyourorgans?ThequestionisnormaltoAmericanaudiencebutregardedasabadluckbyChineseaudience.Rule:Taketheaudiences’culturalbackgroundintoconsiderationinyourwriting.(4)Audience’sfeelingoremotionTheaudience’semotionmayaffecttheirreceptivityorresistancetoyourwriting.Makeyourwriting

reader-friendly.E.g.Everynurseshouldtakeagoodcareofherpatients.Everynurseshouldtakeagoodcareofhispatients.Nursesshouldtakeagoodcareoftheirpatients.Rule:Avoidsexistlanguageinwriting.(5)Audience’smotivationMotivationisthereasonorcauseforone’saction.Audiences’motivationinfluencestheirattitudetoyourinformation—feelingofacceptingorrejectingit.E.g.Rule:Adaptyourwritingtoaudiences’motivation.3.Accessibility(Easytofind)Definition:Enableyouraudiencetofindwhattheywantquicklyandaccuratelyfromlargeamountofinformation.Itisnotenoughforyouonlytowriteyourdocument.Youshouldalsodesignitsothatyouraudiencecancatchtherightinformationfromitquickly.Examplesofdifferentaccessibilityincomparison:Figure1Aword-wallwriting

Figure2Astructured-writingorinfo-mapFig.1Aword-wallwritingSamefonttype;Samefontsize;Samelinespace;Longparagraphs;Noinformationindicatingmarksorlabels.Traditionalparagraphwritingisnolongereffectiveformoderntechnicalcommunication.Fig.2InformationMapBold-facedheadingsrevealthemainideaofthearticle.Keyinformationismarkedbyitalics.Relatedinformationischunkedintoshortparagraphs.Individualtopicsareseparatedbywiderspace.Bulletlistspresentparallelitems.Thegraphicaidsthetextwithanexam