生物專業(yè)英語上傳課件

1.1WhatisBiology?1.2TheOriginofLife1.3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife1.4TheHistoryofBiology–AdditionalReadingChapter1Biology11.1WhatisBiology?Chapter1Biologyisthestudyoflife.Alongsidephysicsandchemistry,biologyisoneofthelargestandmostimportantbranchesofscience.Atthehighestlevel,biologyisbrokendownbasedonthetypeoforganismbeingstudied:zoology,thestudyofanimals;botany,ofplants;andmicrobiology,ofmicroorganisms.EachfieldhascontributedtomankindortheEarth’swell-beinginnumerousways.Mostprominently:botany,toagriculture;zoology,tolivestockandprotectionofecologies;andmicrobiology,tothestudyofdiseaseandecosystemsingeneral.1.1WhatisBiology?2Biologyisthestudyoflife.ProfessionalWordsandPhrasesbiology[bai'?l?d?i]n.生物學(xué)organism['?:g?niz?m]n.生物體zoology[z?u'?l?d?i]n.動物學(xué)botany['b?t?ni]n.植物學(xué)microbiology[maikr?ubai'?l?d?i]n.微生物學(xué)microorganism[maikr?u'?:g?niz?m]n.微生物well-being['wel'bi:i?]n.健康，福利agriculture['?grik?lt??]n.農(nóng)業(yè)livestock['laivst?k]n.家畜，牲畜ecology[i:‘k?l?d?i]n.生態(tài)學(xué)disease[di'zi:z]n.疾病ecosystem['ek?usist?m]n.生態(tài)系統(tǒng)3ProfessionalWordsandPhrasesBesidesclassificationsbasedonthecategoryoforganismbeingstudied,biologycontainsmanyotherspecializedsub-disciplines,whichmayfocusonjustonecategoryoforganismoraddressorganismsfromdifferentcategories.Thisincludesbiochemistry,theinterfacebetweenbiologyandchemistry;molecularbiology,whichlooksatlifeonthemolecularlevel;cellularbiology,whichstudiesdifferenttypesofcellsandhowtheywork;physiology,whichlooksatorganismsattheleveloftissuesandorgans;ecology,whichstudiestheinteractionsbetweenorganismsthemselves;ethology,whichstudiesthebehaviorofanimals,especiallycomplexanimals;andgenetics,overlappingwithmolecularbiology,whichstudiesthecodeoflife,DNA.1.1WhatisBiology?(Continued)4BesidesclassificationsbasedProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)classification[kl?sifi'kei??n]n.分類，類別biochemistry['bai?u'kemistri]n.生物化學(xué)molecularbiology分子生物學(xué)molecularlevel分子水平cellularbiology細(xì)胞生物學(xué)physiology[fizi'?l?d?i]n.生理學(xué)tissue['tisju:]n.（生物的）組織organ['?:g?n]n.（生物的）器官interaction[int?'r?k??n]n.相互關(guān)系，相互作用ethology[i:'θ?l?d?i]n.動物行為學(xué)genetics[d?i'netiks]n.遺傳學(xué)overlap['?uv?'l?p]n.重疊，重復(fù)code[k?ud]n.密碼，法則5ProfessionalWordsandPhrasesThefoundationsofmodernbiologyincludefourcomponents:celltheory;thatlifeismadeoffundamentalunitscalledcells;evolution,thatlifeisnotdeliberatelydesignedbyratherevolvesincrementallythroughrandommutationsandnaturalselection;genetheory,thattinymolecularsequencesofDNAdictatetheentirestructureofanorganismandarepassedfromparentstooffspring;andhomeostasis,thateachorganism’sbodyincludesacomplexsuiteofprocessesdesignedtopreserveitsbiochemistryfromtheentropiceffectsoftheexternalenvironment.1.1WhatisBiology?(Continued)6ThefoundationsofmodernbiolProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)celltheoryn.細(xì)胞理論evolution[i:v?'lu:??n]n.進(jìn)化randommutation隨即突變naturalselection自然選擇genetheory基因理論molecularsequence分子序列parent['p??r?nt]n.親本，母本offspring['?:fspri?]n.后代，子孫homeostasis[h?umi?'steisis]n.自動平衡，體內(nèi)平衡entropiceffect熵效應(yīng)7ProfessionalWordsandPhrasesThebasicpictureinbiologyhasstayedroughlythesamesinceDNAwasfirstimagedusingx-raycrystallographyinthe1950s,althoughthereareconstantrefinementstothedetails,andlifeissocomplexthatitcouldbecenturiesorevenmillenniabeforewebegintounderstanditinitsentirety.Butitshouldbemadeclearthatwearemovingtowardscompleteunderstanding:life,whilecomplex,consistsofafiniteamountofcomplexitythatonlyappreciablyincreasesonrelativelylongtimescalesofhundredsofthousandsormillionsofyears.Evolution,whilecreative,operatesslowly.1.1WhatisBiology?(Continued)8ThebasicpictureinbiologyhInrecentyears,muchexcitementinbiologyhascenteredonthesequencingofgenomesandtheircomparison,calledgenomics,andthecreationoflifewithcustom-writtenDNAprogramming,calledsyntheticbiology.Thesefieldsaresuretocontinuegrabbingtheheadlinesinthenearfuture.1.1WhatisBiology?(Continued)9Inrecentyears,muchexcitemeProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)x-raycrystallographyx射線晶體衍射學(xué)genome['d?i:n?um]n.基因組genomics[d??'n?umiks]n.基因組學(xué)syntheticbiology合成生物學(xué)10ProfessionalWordsandPhrasesNotestotheDifficultSentencesBesidesclassificationsbasedonthecategoryoforganismbeingstudied,biologycontainsmanyotherspecializedsub-disciplines,whichmayfocusonjustonecategoryoforganismoraddressorganismsfromdifferentcategories.生物學(xué)的內(nèi)容除了包括根據(jù)所研究生物種類的不同對其進(jìn)行分類的有關(guān)知識，還包括許多其它專業(yè)化的分支學(xué)科知識，這些學(xué)科知識可能集中在一類生物或者生活在同一生境的各類生物方面。11NotestotheDifficultSentencNotestotheDifficultSentences(Continued)ThebasicpictureinbiologyhasstayedroughlythesamesinceDNAwasfirstimagedusingx-raycrystallographyinthe1950s,althoughthereareconstantrefinementstothedetails,andlifeissocomplexthatitcouldbecenturiesorevenmillenniabeforewebegintounderstanditinitsentirety.直到20世紀(jì)50年代，用X射線衍射得到DNA的結(jié)構(gòu)之前，人們對于生物學(xué)的認(rèn)識一直是粗淺的。盡管人們對生物學(xué)進(jìn)行了不斷地探索，但生命現(xiàn)象如此的復(fù)雜，以至于徹底研究清楚可能需要成百上千年的時(shí)間。

12NotestotheDifficultSentenc1.1Exercises-Matching1).biologya).thestudyofanimals2).zoologyb).theinterfacebetweenbiologyandchemistry3).botanyc).thestudyofthebehaviorofanimals4).microbiologyd).thestudyoflife5).biochemistrye).looksatlifeonthemolecularlevel6).molecularbiologyf).studiesthecodeoflife7).ecologyg).thestudyofplants8).ethologyh).thestudyofmicroorganisms9).geneticsi).studiestheinteractionsbetweenorganismsdaghbeicf131.1Exercises-Matching1).biTheoriginoflifearethoughttohaveoccurredsometimebetween4.4billionyearsago,whentheoceansandcontinentswerejuststartingtoform,and2.7billionyearsago,whenitiswidelyacceptedthatmicroorganismsexistedinvastnumbersduetotheirinfluenceoverisotoperatiosintherelevantstrata.Whereexactlyinthis1.7billionyearrangethetrueoriginoflifecanbefoundislesscertain.Acontroversialpaperpublishedin2002bytheUCLApaleontologistWilliamSchopfarguedthatwavygeologicalformationscalledstromalitesinfactcontain3.5billionyear-oldfossilized

algae

microbes.SomepaleontologistsdisagreewithSchopf’sconclusionsandestimatethefirstlifeataround3.0billionyearsofageinsteadof3.5billion.1.2TheOriginofLife14TheoriginoflifearethoughtEvidencefromtheIsuasupracrustalbeltinWesternGreenlandsuggestsanevenearlierdatefortheoriginoflife-3.85billionyearsago.S.Mojzismakesthisestimatebasedonisotopeconcentrations.BecauselifepreferentiallyuptakestheisotopeCarbon-12,areaswherelifehasexistedcontainahigher-than-normalratioofCarbon-12toitsheavierisotope,Carbon-13.Thisiswidelyknown,buttheinterpretationofsedimentsislessstraightforward,andpaleontologistsdonotalwaysagreeontheircolleague’sconclusions.1.2TheOriginofLife(Continued)15EvidencefromtheIsuasupracrProfessionalWordsandPhrasesoriginoflife生命的起源isotope['ais?t?up]n.同位素strata['streit?]n.地層geological[d?i?'l?d?ik?l]adj.地質(zhì)學(xué)的stromalite[str?um?tlait]n.疊層石fossilize['f?silaiz]vt.&vi.使成化石,使陳腐algae['?ld?i:]n.水藻，海藻alga的復(fù)數(shù)形式microbe['maikr?ub]n.微生物paleontologist[p?li?n't?l?d?ist]n.古生物學(xué)家supracrustal[sju:pr?'kr?st?l]adj.(地層、巖組等)覆蓋基底巖石的,上地殼的carbon['kɑ:b?n]n.碳sediment['sedim?nt]n.沉淀16ProfessionalWordsandPhrasesWedonotknowtheexactgeologicalconditionsofthisplanet3billionyearsago,butwedohavearoughidea,andcanrecreatetheseconditionsinalaboratory.StanleyMillerandHaroldUreyrecreatedtheseconditionsintheirfamous1953investigation,theMiller-Ureyexperiment.Usingahighlyreduced(non-oxygenated)mixtureofgasessuchasmethane,ammonia,andhydrogen,thesescientistssynthesizedbasicorganic

monomers,suchasaminoacids,inacompletelyinorganicenvironment.Now,free-floatingaminoacidsareafarcryfromself-replicating,metabolism-imbuedmicroorganisms,buttheyatleastgiveasuggestionastohowthingsmighthavegottenstarted.1.2TheOriginofLife(Continued)17Wedonotknowtheexactgeologeologicalcondition地質(zhì)條件laboratory['l?br?t?:ri]n.實(shí)驗(yàn)室oxygenate['?ksid?ineit]v.以氧處理,氧化n.氧化劑methane['meθein]n.甲烷，沼氣ammonia[?'m?unj?]n.氨hydrogen['haidr?d??n]n.氫organic[?:'g?nik]adj.器官的,有機(jī)的monomer['m?n?m?]n.單體aminoacid氨基酸inorganic['in?:'g?nik]adj.無機(jī)的,無生物的self-replicate['self'replikeit]v.自我復(fù)制metabolism[me't?b?liz?m]n.新陳代謝ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)18geologicalcondition地質(zhì)條件ProfInthelargewarmoceansofearlyEarth,quintillionsofthesemoleculeswouldrandomlycollideandcombine,eventuallymakingarudimentary

proto-genomeofsomesort.However,thishypothesisisconfusedbythefactthattheenvironmentcreatedintheMiller-Ureyexperimenthadhighconcentrationsofchemicalsthatwouldhavepreventedtheformationofcomplexpolymersfromthemonomerbuildingblocks.1.2TheOriginofLife(Continued)19Inthelargewarmoceansofeaquintillion[kwin'tilj?n]n.百萬的三次方molecule['m?likju:l]n.分子rudimentary[ru:d?'ment?ri:]adj.基本的,初步的,未充分發(fā)展的proto-genomen.原始的基因組hypothesis[hai'p?θ?sis]n.假說,假設(shè),猜測polymer['p?lim?]n.多聚體ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)20quintillion[kwin'tilj?n]n.百Inthe1950sand1960s,anotherresearcher,SidneyFox,madeanearly-Earth-likeenvironmentinalabandstudiedthedynamics.Heobservedthespontaneousformationofpeptidesfromaminoacidprecursors,andsawthesechemicalssometimesarrangedthemselvesintomicrospheres,orclosedsphericalmembranes,whichhesuggestedwereprotocells.Ifcertainmicrospheresformedwhichwerecapableofencouragingthegrowthofadditionalmicrospheresaroundthem,itwouldamounttoaprimitiveformofself-replication,andeventuallyDarwinianevolutionwouldtakeover,creatingeffectiveself-replicatorsliketoday’scyanobacteria.1.2TheOriginofLife(Continued)21Inthe1950sand1960s,anothedynamics[dai'n?miks]n.力學(xué),動力學(xué),動態(tài)peptide['peptaid]n.肽membrane['membrein]n.薄膜，膜狀物proto-celln.細(xì)胞的原始狀態(tài)microsphere['maikr?sfi?]n.微球體,微滴primitive['primitiv]adj.原始的,簡陋的self-replicationn.自我復(fù)制Darwinianevolution達(dá)爾文進(jìn)化cyanobacteria['sai?n?u'b?kti?]n.藍(lán)細(xì)菌cyanobacterium的復(fù)數(shù)形式ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)22dynamics[dai'n?miks]n.力學(xué),動BecauselifepreferentiallyuptakestheisotopeCarbon-12,areaswherelifehasexistedcontainahigher-than-normalratioofCarbon-12toitsheavierisotope,Carbon-13.Thisiswidelyknown,buttheinterpretationofsedimentsislessstraightforward,andpaleontologistsdonotalwaysagreeontheircolleague’sconclusions.NotestotheDifficultSentences因?yàn)樯鼉?yōu)先吸收同位素碳-12，所以在生命存在的地方含有比正常值更高的碳-12與更重的同位素碳-13的比值。這是眾所周知的，但是用沉淀物來解釋并不夠直接，所以古生物學(xué)家們并不完全認(rèn)同他們同行的結(jié)論。23BecauselifepreferentiallyupUsingahighlyreduced(non-oxygenated)mixtureofgasessuchasmethane,ammonia,andhydrogen,thesescientistssynthesizedbasicorganicmonomers,suchasaminoacids,inacompletelyinorganicenvironment.Now,free-floatingaminoacidsareafarcryfromself-replicating,metabolism-imbuedmicroorganisms,buttheyatleastgiveasuggestionastohowthingsmighthavegottenstarted.NotestotheDifficultSentences(Continued)這些科學(xué)家使用高度還原的（非氧化）甲烷、氨和氫等的氣體混合物，在一個(gè)絕對無機(jī)環(huán)境中合成了氨基酸等基本的有機(jī)單體。盡管這些游離氨基酸遠(yuǎn)不同于現(xiàn)在的自我復(fù)制并具有各種新陳代謝的微生物，但是它們至少暗示生命是怎樣發(fā)生的。24Usingahighlyreduced(non-ox1.2Exercises-Matching1).stromalitesa).ascientistwhostudiespaleontology,learningabouttheformslifethatexistedinformergeologicperiods,chieflybystudyingfossils.2).proto-genomeb).aproposedexplanationforaphenomenon.3).paleontologistc).theprimitiveformofagenome4).Proto-celld).wavygeologicalformations5).hypothesise).theprimitiveformofacelldcaeb251.2Exercises-Matching1).st1.3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLifeBiologyisthesciencethatdealswiththestudyofvarietiesoflivingorganismsincludingourselves.Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifeliesinthefactthatbiologyattemptstofindouttheunifyingprinciplethatexistsamongdiverseorganismshavingmorphologicalandfunctional

inequalities.Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifecanbeconsideredfromthetwonaturaldivisionsofthescienceitself,plantlifeandanimallife.261.3TheSignificanceofBiologProfessionalWordsandPhrasesmorphological[m?:f?'l?d?ik?l]adj.形態(tài)學(xué)的functional['f??k??n?l]adj.功能的,實(shí)用的inequality[ini'kw?l?ti]n.不平等,不平均,不平坦division[di'vi??n]n.劃分,部門27ProfessionalWordsandPhrasesAgricultureplaysgreatroleinnarratingthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylife.Agricultureislargelytheresultofman’stakingtheadvantageoftheinterrelationsofsoil,climateandnaturalhabitattoselectthoseparticularcombinationsthatmeethisbasicrequirements.Thustoprovidenecessaryfood,mandependsentirelyongreenplantsthatcanalonecapturethesolarenergy.Highyieldingvarietiesofcropplantslikerice,wheat,jute,sugarcane,pulsesetcarenowbredexperimentally.Disease-resistant

grainsandvernalizedseedsaremade.Biologicalcontrolstrategiesareundertakenaspestcontrolemphasizingthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylife.Modernmandoesnotdependonfishingandhuntinglikeourancestorsandinsteadrearsfishesaswellascattleandvariousotherdomesticanimalstogetfoodandothernecessitiesoflife.Thishasresultedinthedevelopmentoffisheryandanimalhusbandry.Theimportanceofbiologyinyourdailylifeliesintheproductionofclothesandtimberformakingfurniture,insuppliedrawmaterialsforpaper,dyes,etc.Fossilsareimportantinlocatingundergroundoilandnaturalgasreserves.Evencoalandmineraloilformedfromdecomposedplantbodiesarekeytoindustrialprosperity.1.3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife(Continued)28Agricultureplaysgreatroleiinterrelation[int?ri'lei??n]n.相互關(guān)系habitat['h?bit?t]n.棲息地,產(chǎn)地greenplants綠色植物solarenergy太陽能jute[d?u:t]n.黃麻纖維sugarcane甘蔗pulse[p?ls]n.豌豆和豆類等結(jié)莢植物可食性種子Disease-resistantadj.抗病的grain[grein]n.谷物,谷類vernalize['v?:n?laiz]v.施以春化處理,以人工方法促進(jìn)發(fā)育biologicalcontrol生物學(xué)防治pestcontrol昆蟲防治domestic[d?'mestik]adj.馴養(yǎng)的fishery['fi??ri]n.漁場,漁業(yè)animalhusbandry畜牧業(yè)decompose[di:k?m'p?uz]vi.分解,腐爛vt.腐爛ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)29interrelation[int?ri'lei??n]Medical

advancementalsoshowsthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylives.Thestudyofdreadeddiseases,theircausativeagents,cureaswellastheactionsofdrugsareawayofbiologicalenlightenmentthatstrivesminimizinghumansuffering.Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifealsoliesinfindingandcuringhereditary

abnormalitieslikehaemophilia,Down’ssyndrome,etc.Biologyaimsinmakingefforttobetterhumanracethrougheugenics.Biologystudyhasavitalroleincontrollingenvironmentalpollutionandattractedsenseofartandbeauty.1.3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife(Continued)30Medicaladvancementalsoshowsmedical['medik?l]adj.醫(yī)療的,醫(yī)學(xué)的,醫(yī)藥的,內(nèi)科的medicaladvancement醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)展dread[dred]adj.可怕的,恐怖的v.恐懼,害怕causative['k?:z?tiv]adj.引起...的causativeagent病原體，病原物hereditary[hi'redit?ri]adj.世襲的,遺傳的abnormality[?bn?:'m?liti]n.異常,畸形haemophilia[hi:m?'fili?]n.血友病,出血不止Down’ssyndrome唐氏綜合癥eugenics[ju:'d?eniks]n.優(yōu)生學(xué)environmentalpollution環(huán)境污染ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)31medical['medik?l]adj.醫(yī)療的,醫(yī)NotestotheDifficultSentencesMedicaladvancementalsoshowsthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylives.Thestudyofdreadeddiseases,theircausativeagents,cureaswellastheactionsofdrugsareawayofbiologicalenlightenmentthatstrivesminimizinghumansuffering.Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifealsoliesinfindingandcuringhereditaryabnormalitieslikehaemophilia,Down’ssyndrome,etc.Biologyaimsinmakingefforttobetterhumanracethrougheugenics.醫(yī)學(xué)上的進(jìn)展也體現(xiàn)出了生物學(xué)在日常生活中的重要意義。研究令人可怕的疾病、治療疾病的藥物、治療疾病的方法以及藥物活性是人類領(lǐng)悟生物學(xué)努力使其痛苦最小化的一種方式。生物學(xué)的重要意義也體現(xiàn)在人們對血友病、唐氏綜合癥等遺傳畸形疾病的發(fā)現(xiàn)和治療方面。生物學(xué)的目的就是致力于借助優(yōu)生學(xué)知識努力改善人的種族。32NotestotheDifficultSentenc1.3Exercise-Matching1).agriculturea).geneticallytransmittedortransmittablefromparenttooffspring2).morphologicalb).agroupofhereditarygeneticdisordersthatimpairthebody'sabilitytocontrolbloodclottingorcoagulation3).hereditaryc).thecultivationofanimals,plants,fungiandotherlifeformsforfood,fiber,andotherproductsusedtosustainlife.4).haemophiliad).theappliedscienceorthebiosocialmovementwhichadvocatestheuseofpracticesaimedatimprovingthegeneticcompositionofapopulation.5).decomposee).relatingtoorconcernedwiththemorphologyofplants,microorganismsandanimals6).eugenicsf).toseparateintocomponentsorbasicelementsorcausetorot.ceabfd331.3Exercise-Matching1).agr1.4TheHistoryofBiology–AdditionalReading

Thehistoryofbiologytracesthestudyofthelivingworldfromancienttomoderntimes.Althoughtheconceptofbiologyasasinglecoherentfieldaroseinthe19thcentury,thebiologicalsciencesemergedfromtraditionsofmedicineandnaturalhistoryreachingbacktoayurveda,ancientEgyptian

medicineandtheworksofAristotleandGalenintheancientGreco-Romanworld.341.4TheHistoryofBiology–AdThisancientworkwasfurtherdevelopedintheMiddleAgesbyMuslimphysiciansandscholarssuchasAvicenna.DuringtheEuropeanRenaissanceandearlymodernperiod,biologicalthoughtwasrevolutionizedinEuropebyarenewedinterestinempiricismandthediscoveryofmanynovelorganisms.ProminentinthismovementwereVesaliusandHarvey,whousedexperimentationandcarefulobservationinphysiology,andnaturalistssuchasLinnaeusandBuffonwhobegantoclassifythediversityoflifeandthefossilrecord,aswellasthedevelopmentandbehavioroforganisms.

Microscopyrevealedthepreviouslyunknownworldofmicroorganisms,layingthegroundworkforcelltheory.Thegrowingimportanceofnaturaltheology,partlyaresponsetotheriseofmechanicalphilosophy,encouragedthegrowthofnaturalhistory(althoughitentrenchedtheargumentfromdesign).1.4TheHistoryofBiology–AdditionalReading(Continued)35Thisancientworkwasfurthermedicine['medisin]n.醫(yī)學(xué)novel['n?v?l]adj.新奇的experimentation[iksperimen'tei?n]n.抽象的實(shí)驗(yàn)法classify['kl?sifai]vt.分類,歸類diversity[dai'v?:siti]n.多樣性,差異microscopy['maikr?.sk?upi]n.顯微鏡使用,用顯微鏡檢查theology[θi'?l?d?i]n.自然神學(xué)mechanicalphilosophy機(jī)械論哲學(xué)ProfessionalWordsandPhrases36medicine['medisin]n.醫(yī)學(xué)ProfeOverthe18thand19thcenturies,biologicalsciencessuchasbotanyandzoologybecameincreasinglyprofessionalscientificdisciplines.Lavoisierandotherphysicalscientistsbegantoconnecttheanimateandinanimateworldsthroughphysicsandchemistry.Explorer-naturalistssuchasAlexandervonHumboldtinvestigatedtheinteractionbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment,andthewaysthisrelationshipdependsongeographylayingthefoundationsforbiogeography,ecologyandethology.Naturalistsbegantorejectessentialismandconsidertheimportanceofextinctionandthemutabilityofspecies.Celltheoryprovidedanewperspectiveonthefundamentalbasisoflife.Thesedevelopments,aswellastheresultsfromembryologyandpaleontology,weresynthesizedinCharlesDarwin'stheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection.Theendofthe19thcenturysawthefallofspontaneousgenerationandtheriseofthegermtheoryofdisease,thoughthemechanismofinheritanceremainedamystery.1.4TheHistoryofBiology–AdditionalReading(Continued)37Overthe18thand19thcenturibiologicalsciences生物科學(xué)naturalist['n?t??r?list]n.自然主義者biogeography[bai?ud?i'?gr?fi]n.生物地理學(xué)mutability[mju:t?'bil?ti]n.易變性species['spi:?i:z]n.種類,（單復(fù)同）物種embryology[embri'?l?d?i]n.胚胎學(xué),發(fā)生學(xué)spontaneousgeneration自然發(fā)生germ[d??:m]n.病原微生物mechanism['mek?niz?m]n.機(jī)制,原理inheritance[in'herit?ns]n.遺傳，繼承ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)38biologicalsciences生物科學(xué)ProfesIntheearly20thcentury,therediscoveryofMendel'sworkledtotherapiddevelopmentofgeneticsbyThomasHuntMorganandhisstudents,andbythe1930sthecombinationofpopulationgeneticsandnaturalselectioninthe"neo-Darwiniansynthesis".Newdisciplinesdevelopedrapidly,especiallyafterWatsonandCrickproposedthestructureofDNA.FollowingtheestablishmentoftheCentralDogmaandthecrackingofthegeneticcode,biologywaslargelysplitbetweenorganismal

biology-thefieldsthatdealwithwholeorganismsandgroupsoforganisms-andthefieldsrelatedtocellularandmolecularbiology.Bythelate20thcentury,newfieldslikegenomicsandproteomicswerereversingthistrend,withorganismalbiologistsusingmoleculartechniques,andmolecularandcellbiologistsinvestigatingtheinterplaybetweengenesandtheenvironment,aswellasthegeneticsofnaturalpopulationsoforganisms.1.4TheHistoryofBiology–AdditionalReading(Continued)39Intheearly20thcentury,thepopulationgenetics數(shù)量遺傳學(xué)CentralDogma中心法則geneticcode遺傳密碼organismalbiology有機(jī)體生物學(xué)proteomics[pr?uti'?umiks]n.蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)biologist[bai'?l?d?ist]n.生物學(xué)家moleculartechnique分子技術(shù)ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)40populationgenetics數(shù)量遺傳學(xué)ProfeAtthebeginningofthe21stcentury,biologicalsciencesconvergedwithpreviouslydifferentiatednewandclassicdisciplineslikePhysicsintoresearchfieldslikebiophysics.Advancesweremadeinanalyticalchemistryandphysicsinstrumentationincludingimprovedsensors,optics,tracers,instrumentation,signalprocessing,networks,robots,satellites,andcomputepowerfordatacollection,storage,analysis,modeling,visualization,andsimulations.Thesetechnologyadvancesallowedtheoreticalandexperimentalresearchincludinginternetpublicationofmolecularbiochemistry,biologicalsystems,andecosystemsscience.Thisenabledworldwideaccesstobettermeasurements,theoreticalmodels,complexsimulations,theorypredictivemodelexperimentation,analysis,worldwideinternetobservationaldatareporting,openpeer-review,collaboration,andinternetpublication.Newfieldsofbiologicalsciencesresearchemergedincludingbioinformatics,theoreticalbiology,computationalgenomics,astrobiologyandsyntheticbiology.1.4TheHistoryofBiology–AdditionalReading(Continued)41Atthebeginningofthe21stcbiophysics[bai?u'fiziks]n.生物物理學(xué)analyticalchemistry分析化學(xué)instrumentation[instr?men'tei??n]n.儀器化sensor['sens?]n.傳感器optics['?ptiks]n.光學(xué)molecularbiochemistry分子生物化學(xué)biologicalsystems生物系統(tǒng)bioinformatics[bai?inf?'m?tiks]n.生物信息學(xué)theoreticalbiology理論生物學(xué)computationalgenomics計(jì)算基因組學(xué)astrobiology[?str?'bai?d?i]n.太空生物學(xué)ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)42biophysics[bai?u'fiziks]n.生NotestotheDifficultSentencesExplorer-naturalistssuchasAlexandervonHumboldtinvestigatedtheinteractionbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment,andthewaysthisrelationshipdependsongeographylayingthefoundationsforbiogeography,ecologyandethology.Naturalistsbegantorejectessentialismandconsidertheimportanceofextinctionandthemutabilityofspecies.Celltheoryprovidedanewperspectiveonthefundamentalbasisoflife.Thesedevelopments,aswellastheresultsfromembryologyandpaleontology,weresynthesizedinCharlesDarwin'stheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection.Theendofthe19thcenturysawthefallofspontaneousgenerationandtheriseofthegermtheoryofdisease,thoughthemechanismofinheritanceremainedamystery.像AlexandervonHumboldt等自然主義者這樣的探索者研究了生物體與環(huán)境的相互作用及其依賴于地理學(xué)的方式，這就為生物物理學(xué)、生態(tài)學(xué)和動物行為學(xué)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。自然主義者開始抵制實(shí)在論并認(rèn)為物種滅絕和易變性的重要性。細(xì)胞理論提供了一個(gè)觀察生命理論基礎(chǔ)的新視角。這些發(fā)展以及胚胎學(xué)和古生物學(xué)的研究成果是在以自然選擇為基礎(chǔ)的達(dá)爾文進(jìn)化理論中被合成的。盡管十九世紀(jì)末遺傳機(jī)制仍是個(gè)謎，但此時(shí)產(chǎn)生了自然發(fā)生說和疾病的病原體理論。43NotestotheDifficultSentenc1.4Exercise-Matching1).novela).thesetofrulesbywhichinformationencodedingeneticmaterial(DNAormRNAsequences)istranslatedintoproteins(aminoacidsequences)bylivingcells.2).experimentationb).dealswiththedetailedresidue-by-residuetransferofsequentialinformation.3).theologyc).onethatadvocatesorpracticesnaturalism4).naturalistd).thesystematicstudyofreligionanditsinfluencesandofthenatureofsupposedreligioustruths,orthelearnedprofessionacquiredbycompletingspecializedcoursesin