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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山東工藝美術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.寫作題
TherearemanyreasonsforapersonplanningtodoPhDresearch(forexample,newexperiences,careerpreparation,andincreasedknowledge).Whydoyouthinkpeopleshouldpursueadoctoraldegree?Writeanessayofnolessthan200wordsaboutyouropiniononthistopic.
【答案】WhydopeoplegoforaPh.D.?Thedisinterestedreasonmostoftengivenissatisfyingtheirthirstforknowledge.Ph.D.studentsarethosewithhighdegreeofinternalmotivationthatstemsfromtheirinborncuriosityandloveofintellectualpursuits.Theyexpectthatafterobtainingtheirdegreetheywillmetamorphoseintoscholars.Forthosethetemptationofresearchingnewandexcitingsubjectsisalsoirresistible,oratleastpreferabletoallotherchoices.
So,aPhDmeansthatyouhavealotofknowledgeandinformationaboutyourfield.Yourknowl-edgeisnotonlytheoretical,butalsoofpracticaluse,andyoucanshareitwithothersforproblem-solving.Youareanexpertandspecialistinyourareaofstudy,andyoureducatedopinionwillbehighlyvaluedamongfriends,colleaguesandeventhemedia.
WithaPhDdegree,youmayhavemorecareerchoices.Atthesametime,youcangainahighersalaryandpositionwithinthecompanycomparedtocandidateswhodonothavethesameeducationallevelasyou.Furthermore,yourexpertiseinthefieldalsogivesyoutheopportunitytoacquireteach-ingpositionsatacollegeoruniversity.
TherearealsootherreasonsforpursuingaPh.D.,whicharemorepragmatic.GoingthroughyearsofstudyforaPhDdegreealsomeansthatyouwillhavebuiltupareliableanddiversesetofprofessionalnetworks.Youwillhaveworkedwithrenownedexpertsandscholarsinthefieldandwillhavemadeimportantcontactsduringconferences,allofwhomcanserveasexcellentcareerreferencesforanyjobpositions.
Inthissense,thedoctoraldegreeisnotonlyapassporttoaworldofresearchandnewknowl-edge,butalsoavaluableassetthatincreasesone’schancesforobtaininghigherpaid,moresatisfyingjobs.Itisseenasaninvestmentinone’slifeforfuturesuccessfulcareer,acertificateprovingone’sspecialabilitiesthatgivesadvantagesoftheownerinthejobmarket.
WhateverreasonsapersonmayhavewhenplanningtodoPh.D.research,theultimategoalistoenjoyabetterlife.APhDprograminvolveshardwork,rigorouscriticalthinkingskillsandalotofin-vestedtime,moneyandresearch.However,youreceivemanybenefitsandrewardsforhavingadoc-toratedegree,whetheritisforpersonalsatisfaction,socialstatus,andemploymentorforthesakeofeducationandknowledgeitself.
2.翻譯題
Assoonasawomanhascaughtherman,she“givesuphercareerforlove”一or,atleast,thatiswhatshewilltellhim.Hecouldhardlybeflatteredbythethoughtthatshehadbeensavedinthenickoftimefromhavingtosweatherwaythroughexaminations,buthewouldmuchrathergetdrunkontheideaofthelove4
【答案】女人一旦捕獲了自己的男人,便會(huì)“為了愛情而放棄事業(yè)”,或者,至少她會(huì)對(duì)男人如是說。雖說他大概不會(huì)既得意洋洋地認(rèn)為,是他在緊要關(guān)頭救了她,使她免受考試的煎熬,但他卻寧愿陶醉于愛情“無(wú)法折衷”的想法,而這種想法是她故意裝作對(duì)她才有的想法。他甚至認(rèn)為,也許她本來(lái)可以成為一名著名的外科醫(yī)生或出色的新聞?dòng)浾?,而她卻為了自己放棄了所有的一切。但他永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)想到,她更愿意當(dāng)一個(gè)著名外科醫(yī)生的太太,既不用上班,也不用承擔(dān)責(zé)任,就能享有他那樣的收入和地位。因此,為了彌補(bǔ)她所做出的巨大犧牲,他決心讓她在自己的身邊過上舒舒服服的曰子。
3.單選題
ThecorporationIheadtookadeepbreathofcleanairlastweekandwentcoldturkey.Smokingonthejobinthehomeofficewasabsolutelyforbidden.Nowweprovideasmokefreeworkingenvironment.Why?
Anythingthatkills350,000Americanseachyeardeservesdecisiveaction,andallthebrawnycowpokesandtawny-hairedsirenscannotblowenoughadvertisingsmoketoobscurethefactthatoneoutofeverysevendeathsinthiscountryislinkedtosmoking.Thecostsrelatedtoitarealsosappingoureconomy.Onerecentreportestimatesthatsmokersutilizethehealth-caresystematleast50percentmorethannonsmokers;theywaste30minuteseachworkdayfumblingwithmatchesandlighters,suckingseductivepoisons.
Still,abancancreateseriouspersonnelproblems.Since25percentofouremployeessmoke,weareofferingthemon-the-jobsmoking-cessationclassesandcounseling.OurmedicalofficeprovidesNicorettes,asugarlesschewinggumformulatedtoeasethephysicalwithdrawalfromnicotine.Mostofour3,000home-office,employeessupportournewpolicy,smokersandnonsmokersalike,butthereisaquerulousminoritythataskswhyweare“discriminatingagainstsmokers.”Wearenot.Ourpolicyaffectsallemployees.Smokersarenotaprotectedclass.Nomatterwhattheirrace,color,religion,sexornationalorigin,theycannotsmokeatwork.
Wearenottryingtodictatepersonallifestyles.Weencourageouremployeestoquitsmokingaltogether,buttheycannotsmokeonthejob.Wesimplycannotaffordtheirhabit.Accordingtoacongressionalstudy,thecosttotheeconomyaverages$65billionannuallyinincreasedmedicalbills,prematuredeathandtimelostfromwork.Andasamajorparticipantinthefieldofhealth-carefinancing,wehaveanobligationtoprovethat,ifproperlyconceived,asmoke-freeworkingenvironmentisattainable.Thisisn’tacrusade.Thisisabusinessdecision.
1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?
2.Whichofthefollowingcouldbeinferredfromthepassage?
3.Thepurposeofthisarticleis______.
4.Whichofthefollowingisnotusedbytheauthorasjustificationforregulatingtobaccosmokingonthejob?
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.Thesmokingemployees,onthewhole,feltuncomfortableaboutthecorporation’srulesthatpermittednosmokingintheworkplace.
B.Thebanoncigarettesmokingwasintroducedatthecompanygraduallyandconditionally.
C.Smokerswereconsideredaquerulousminorityatthemainofficeofthefirm.
D.Smokingwasbannedatthefirm’sheadquartersabruptlyandcompletely.
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.Cigaretteadvertisinggenerallymakesuseoftheappealofseductiveimages.
B.Cigaretteadvertisingtendstoremindpeopleoftherelationshipbetweensmokingandagoodlife.
C.Cigaretteadvertising,asarule,isdesignedtomisleadnonsmokers.
D.Mostcigaretteadvertisingistargetedatstrongandattractivemenandwomen.
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.tocriticizethehabitofcigarettesmokingasahealthhazard
B.toemphasizetheattainabilityofasmokefreeworkingenvironment
C.todefendthepracticeofcontrollingsmokingintheworkplace
D.topresentanargumentformakingsmokingasolelyjob-relatedissue
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.Theassumptionthatsmokers,duetotheirtime-consuminghabit,arenotasefficientatworkasnonsmokers.
B.Thenotionthattobaccosmokingseriouslycontaminatestheworkingenvironment.
C.Smoking-relatedhealthproblemsthatcauseprematuredeaths.
D.Thefactthatthenationaleconomyisweakenedbysmoking-relatedcosts.
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:A
第3題:C
第4題:B
【解析】1.【試題答案】D
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)文章,下列哪一項(xiàng)是正確的?”。文章第一段指出ThecorporationIheadtookadeepbreathofcleanairlastweekandwentcoldturkey.Smokingonthejobinthehomeofficewasabsolutelyforbidden.(我負(fù)責(zé)的公司在上周深吸了一口新鮮空氣,然后就徹底戒掉了吸煙壞習(xí)慣。在家庭辦公室里工作,吸煙是完全禁止的。),根據(jù)wentcoldturkey(快速戒掉壞習(xí)慣)這個(gè)詞語(yǔ),可以推斷出公司是突然禁止吸煙,故D項(xiàng)“公司總部突然全面禁止吸煙”正確,由此也可知B項(xiàng)“該公司逐步、有條件地實(shí)行了禁煙令”錯(cuò)誤;根據(jù)第三段中的Mostofour3,000home-office,employeessupportournewpolicy,smokersandnonsmokersalike,butthereisaquerulousminoritythataskswhyweare“discriminatingagainstsmokers.”(在我們的3000名家庭辦公室員工中,大多數(shù)人支持我們的新政策,吸煙者和不吸煙者都是一樣的,但有少數(shù)人抱怨說,我們?yōu)槭裁匆捌缫曃鼰熣摺薄#┛芍?,關(guān)于公司的禁煙令,包括吸煙者和不吸煙者在內(nèi),大部分的員工是支持的,只有少數(shù)人有抱怨,這其中可能有吸煙者可能也有不吸煙者,因此A項(xiàng)“總的來(lái)說,吸煙的員工對(duì)公司規(guī)定不允許在工作場(chǎng)所吸煙感到不舒服”和C項(xiàng)“在公司的主要辦公室里,吸煙者被認(rèn)為是少數(shù)愛發(fā)牢騷的人”錯(cuò)誤。因此,該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。
2.【試題答案】A
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“下列哪一項(xiàng)可以從文章中推斷出來(lái)?”。根據(jù)第二段中的Anythingthatkills350,000Americanseachyeardeservesdecisiveaction,andallthebrawnycowpokesandtawny-hairedsirenscannotblowenoughadvertisingsmoketoobscurethefactthatoneoutofeverysevendeathsinthiscountryislinkedtosmoking.(任何每年殺死35萬(wàn)美國(guó)人的事情都應(yīng)該采取果斷的行動(dòng),所有強(qiáng)壯的牛仔和黃褐色頭發(fā)的迷人的女人都不能充分地鼓吹香煙廣告,來(lái)掩蓋這個(gè)國(guó)家七分之一的死亡與吸煙有關(guān)的事實(shí)。)可以推斷,香煙廣告通常都是以誘人的形象來(lái)展示,故A項(xiàng)“香煙廣告通常利用誘人形象的吸引力”正確;B項(xiàng)“香煙廣告傾向于提醒人們吸煙和美好生活之間的關(guān)系”從文中推斷不出來(lái);C項(xiàng)“一般來(lái)說,香煙廣告是為了誤導(dǎo)不吸煙的人”也不正確,香煙廣告既可能誘導(dǎo)不吸煙者也可能誤導(dǎo)吸煙者;D項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)香煙廣告的目標(biāo)是強(qiáng)壯和有吸引力的男人和女人”顛倒了文章意思。因此,該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。
3.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“這篇文章的目的是什么?”。通讀全文可知,文章第一段通過公司突然禁煙的做法引出了無(wú)煙工作環(huán)境的觀點(diǎn),第二段闡述了提供無(wú)煙工作環(huán)境的原因,即吸煙的一系列危害,接著第三段講到了公司為了實(shí)行禁令為員工做的一些努力和大多數(shù)員工對(duì)禁令的支持,然后最后一段總結(jié),吸煙導(dǎo)致的增加的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用、死亡和工作時(shí)間損失都會(huì)給經(jīng)濟(jì)造成一定的損失,所以提供無(wú)煙工作環(huán)境是一個(gè)商業(yè)的決策;綜合全文我們可以推斷出,這篇文章的目的是給“提供無(wú)煙工作環(huán)境”這一策略做辯護(hù),C項(xiàng)“為在工作場(chǎng)所控制吸煙的做法辯護(hù)”符合題意;A項(xiàng)“批判吸煙的習(xí)慣對(duì)健康有害”和B項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)無(wú)煙工作環(huán)境的可獲得性”都是文章的部分內(nèi)容,不足以概括全文;D項(xiàng)“提出一個(gè)關(guān)于讓吸煙成為僅僅是與工作相關(guān)的問題的論點(diǎn)”不符合文意。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。
4.【試題答案】B
【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“下列哪項(xiàng)不是作者用以作為管制工作期間吸煙的理由?”。由第二段最后兩句Thecostsrelatedtoitarealsosappingoureconomy.Onerecentreportestimatesthatsmokersutilizethehealth-caresystematleast50percentmorethannonsmokers;theywaste30minuteseachworkdayfumblingwithmatchesandlighters,suckingseductivepoisons.(與此相關(guān)的成本也在侵蝕我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)。最近的一份報(bào)告估計(jì),吸煙者使用醫(yī)療保健系統(tǒng)的人數(shù)至少比不吸煙者多50%;他們每天要浪費(fèi)30分鐘的時(shí)間摸索火柴和打火機(jī),吸食誘人的毒藥。)以及最后一段中的倒數(shù)第二句Accordingtoacongressionalstudy,thecosttotheeconomyaverages$65billionannuallyinincreasedmedicalbills,prematuredeathandtimelostfromwork.(根據(jù)一項(xiàng)國(guó)會(huì)研究,每年因吸煙而增加的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用、過早死亡和工作時(shí)間損失給經(jīng)濟(jì)造成的損失平均為650億美元)可知,A項(xiàng)“由于吸煙者耗時(shí)的習(xí)慣,所以在工作效率不如不吸煙者的假設(shè)”、C項(xiàng)“與吸煙有關(guān)的導(dǎo)致過早死亡的健康問題”和D項(xiàng)“與吸煙有關(guān)的成本削弱了國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的事實(shí)”都是禁止工作期間吸煙的理由;只有B項(xiàng)“吸煙嚴(yán)重污染工作環(huán)境的觀點(diǎn)”沒有提到。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。
4.翻譯題
Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.WriteyourEnglishversiononAnswerSheet.(10%)
充分發(fā)揮個(gè)體、私營(yíng)等非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)在促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)、擴(kuò)大就業(yè)和活躍市場(chǎng)等方面的重要作用。放寬國(guó)內(nèi)民間資本的市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入領(lǐng)域,在投融資、稅收、土地使用和對(duì)外貿(mào)易等方面采取措施,實(shí)現(xiàn)公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。依法加強(qiáng)監(jiān)督和管理,促進(jìn)非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)健康發(fā)展,完善保護(hù)私人財(cái)產(chǎn)的法律制度。
【答案】Weshouldgivefullplaytotheimportantroleofthenon-publicsectorofeconomy,includingindividualandprivatesectors,inpromotingeconomygrowth,expandingemploymentandenliveningthemarket.Wewillrelaxmarketaccessfordomesticprivatecapitalandtakemeasuresininvestmentandfinancing,taxation,landuseandforeigntradetoleveltheplayingfield.Wewillstrengthensupervisionandmanagementinaccordancewiththelaw,promotethehealthydevelopmentofthenon-publicsectoroftheeconomy,andimprovethelegalsystemforprotectingprivateproperty.
5.填空題
Scientistshavediscoveredthataddictionsmaybe(1).AteamfromBritain’sUniversityofCambridgefoundthat(2)ofdrugaddictssharethesamebrainabnormalitiesastheirdrug(3)brothersandsisters.Theresearchteamsaidtheseabnormalbrainstructuresarelinkedto(4)self-controlanddrugdependence.Theresearcherssuggestthataddictionisinsomewaysa“(5)ofthebrain”.Thismayprovideimportantnewwaysintohelpingpeoplewithproblemsofself-controlwhenit(6)toaddictions.Thestudysoughttofindoutifdrugschangedthe“(7)”ofthebrainorwhetherthebrainsofdrugaddictswerewireddifferentlyfrom(8).
LeadresearcherDrKarenErschetoldtheBBC:“Ithas(9)beenknownthatnoteveryonewho(10)drugsbecomesaddicted.”Shecontinued:“Itshowsthatdrugaddictionisnota(11)oflifestyle,itisadisorderofthebrainandweneedtorecognizethis.Thesebrothersandsisterswhodon’thaveaddictionproblems,whattheycantellusishowthey(12)theseproblems,howtheymanageself-controlintheir(13)life.”DrErscheandhercolleaguesstudied50(14)ofsiblings,onewithahistoryofdrugaddictionandonewithno(15)oftakingdrugs.Shecomparedthesewith50healthypeople.Sheconcluded:“Weneedtofindouthowthesenon-addictedsiblingswereabletoresistusingdrugs.”
【答案】1.hereditary
2.siblings
3.using
4.poor
5.disorder
6.comes
7.wiring
8.birth
9.long
10.take
11.choice
12.overcome
13.daily
14.pairs
15.experience
【解析】1.上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)下文“sharethesamebrainabnormalitiesas…brothersandsisters.”,可知和他們的兄弟姐妹存在同樣的異常情況,可判斷出這種吸毒成癮是與遺傳相關(guān)的。故填入hereditary。
2.上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)上文可知,吸毒成癮與遺傳有關(guān),并且下文提到“brothersandsisters”,可判斷出填入的答案與兄弟姐妹相關(guān)。故填入siblings。
3.上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)上文siblingsofdrugaddicts,這里表達(dá)“吸毒成癮的兄弟姐妹”,可知此處對(duì)應(yīng)下文空格中的drug-(
)brothersandsisters,故填入using,drug-using“吸食毒品的”。
4.上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)下文drugdependence“毒品依賴”,可知空格應(yīng)該表達(dá)“較弱的自控力”。句意:這些異常的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)與差的自控能力和藥物依賴有關(guān)。故填入poor。
5.上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)文章第二段,“itisadisorderofthebrainandweneedtorecognizethis.”,這是一種大腦紊亂的現(xiàn)象,我們需要認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)??膳袛喑錾舷挛南嗷フ諔?yīng)。句意:研究人員認(rèn)為,上癮在某種程度上是一種“大腦紊亂”。故填入disorder。
6.固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配whenitcomesto“當(dāng)提到,當(dāng)涉及到……”,可知句意:當(dāng)提到上癮,這可能提供重要的新方法來(lái)幫助有自控問題的人。故填入comes。
7.上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)下文“whetherthebrainsofdrugaddictswerewireddifferently”,可知這項(xiàng)研究試圖找出吸毒者的大腦構(gòu)造是否不同,又根據(jù)并列連詞or,可知前后兩句構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系,空格中填入wired的動(dòng)名詞形式wiring,句意:這項(xiàng)研究試圖找出是藥物改變了大腦的“構(gòu)造”,還是吸毒者的大腦構(gòu)造發(fā)生了變化。故填入wiring。
8.上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)文章開頭提出吸毒成癮與遺傳相關(guān),可知這里強(qiáng)調(diào)遺傳給吸毒者的大腦構(gòu)造帶來(lái)的差異。句意:吸毒者的大腦構(gòu)造是否與出生時(shí)不同。故填入birth。
9.固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配Ithasbeenlongknownthat…“長(zhǎng)時(shí)間來(lái)眾所周知的是……”,句意:一直以來(lái)眾所周知的是,不是所有吸毒的人都會(huì)上癮。故填入long。
10.固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配takedrugs“吸毒”,句意:不是所有吸毒的人都會(huì)上癮。故填入take。
11.上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)下文“itisadisorderofthebrainandweneedtorecognizethis.”,可知我們都應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到吸毒成癮是一種大腦紊亂現(xiàn)象,可判斷出吸毒成癮并不是一種生活方式的選擇。句意:這表明吸毒成癮不是一種生活方式的選擇,而是一種大腦的紊亂,我們需要認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。故填入choice。
12.上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)文章“Thesebrothersandsisterswhodon’thaveaddictionproblems,whattheycantellus…h(huán)owtheymanageself-control.”,沒有成癮問題的兄弟姐妹能夠告誡我們?nèi)绾巫钥?。可判斷出空格表達(dá)的意思為“如何克服問題”。句意:沒有成癮問題的兄弟姐妹能夠告誡我們?nèi)绾慰朔栴}以及如何自控。故填入overcome。
13.固定搭配。固定搭配dailylife“日常生活,句意:他們?cè)谌粘I钪腥绾螌?shí)現(xiàn)自控。故填入daily。
14.固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配apairof“一對(duì)”,可知這里表達(dá)的意思為“50對(duì)兄弟姐妹”。句意:Ersche博士和她的同事調(diào)查了50對(duì)兄弟姐妹。故填入pairs。
15.上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)并列連詞and,可知前后兩句構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系。根據(jù)上文“onewithahistoryofdrugaddiction”,先研究了一些有毒癮史的人,可判斷出下文強(qiáng)調(diào)的是沒有吸毒經(jīng)歷的人。句意:Ersche博士和她的同事研究了50對(duì)兄弟姐妹,其中一些有吸毒史,另一些沒有吸毒經(jīng)驗(yàn)。故填入experience。
6.單選題
Amongthe74citiesmonitoredforairqualitystandards,thelevelofPM2.5fellby11.1%()in2014,butonly8metthenationalstandardforcleanair,theMinistryofEnvironmentalProtectionsaidFriday.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.inconsequence
B.atallcosts
C.onaverage
D.intheextreme
【答案】C
【解析】考查介詞短語(yǔ)詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)inconsequence表示“因此,結(jié)果”,B選項(xiàng)atallcosts表示“無(wú)論如何,不惜一切代價(jià)”,C選項(xiàng)onaverage表示“平均,普通,通?!?,D選項(xiàng)intheextreme表示“非常,極度”。由句意可知,在進(jìn)行空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)監(jiān)測(cè)的74個(gè)城市中,2014年P(guān)M2.5水平()下降了11.1%,所以只有C選項(xiàng)詞義最符合原文句意,故本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。
7.單選題
Youmustn'tallowyourworktobecomesloppy,butratheryoushouldtrytoimproveit.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.falloff
B.comeoff
C.putoff
D.wearoff
【答案】A
【解析】動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。句意:你不應(yīng)該讓你的工作水平下滑,而應(yīng)當(dāng)努力提高。、
falloff:下降,降低。comeoff:舉行,達(dá)到效果。Putoff:推遲,延遲。Wearoff:麿損,逐漸消逝。sloppy:馬虎的,草率的,粗心的。故A與原文相符。
8.單選題
Davidtendstofeeluselessandunwantedinasocietythatgivessomuch()tothosewhoareaggressiveandcompetewell.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.regime
B.prestige
C.superiority
D.legislature
【答案】B
【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)regime“政權(quán);政體;社會(huì)制度;管理體制”;B選項(xiàng)prestige“威望;聲望;聲譽(yù)”;C選項(xiàng)superiority“優(yōu)越;優(yōu)勢(shì)”;D選項(xiàng)legislature“立法機(jī)關(guān);立法機(jī)構(gòu)”。句意:在一個(gè)給予那些有進(jìn)取心且相當(dāng)有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的人很多聲譽(yù)的社會(huì)里,大衛(wèi)傾向于認(rèn)為自己無(wú)用且不被該社會(huì)所需要。根據(jù)句意可知B選項(xiàng)正確。
9.翻譯題
Directions:Therearetwopassagesinthispartwith5sentencesunderlined.YouarerequiredtotranslatethosesentencesfromEnglishintoChinese.ReadthefollowingshortpassagescarefullyandONLYtranslatethe5sentencesthatareunderlined.
(1)Anewcommittee,setupbytheeditorsofnineprominentmedicaljournals,calledlastweekforgovernmentstotacklescientificmisconductandfraudulentpublicationinamoresystematicway.
“Casesarestillexposedmostlybychance,andweworryaboutthescaleoftheproblem,”saysRichardSmith,editoroftheBritishMedicalJournalandamemberoftheCommitteeonPublicationEthics(COPE),whichisoneofseveralorganizationsinEuropecurrentlylookingintowaystobeefupmechanismstodealwithpublicationmisconduct.(2)COPE,whosemembersincludetheeditorsoftheLancet,Gut,andTheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,invitedmorethan100othereditorsheretodiscussthescopeoftheproblemandhowtodealwithevidenceofmisconductinpublicationssubmittedtothemforreview.Editorsrelatedtheirexperienceswithincidentsincludingtheforgingofsignaturesofpatientsandmembersofethicscommitteesthatmonitorresearchprograms,plagiarismofresearchpublishedinmajorWesternjournalsforrepublicationinEasternEuropeanjournals,publishingreportsofpatientswhocouldbeidentifiedwithouttheirconsent.
(3)Theseincidentsweredescribedwithoutrevealingnamesbecauseofworriesaboutlibellawsandsothatthecareersofwhistleblowerswhobroughtcasestolightwouldnotbejeopardized.
COPE,saysSmith,willpublishalistofreportedcasesofmisconducteachyeartosensitizeeditorstotheproblems.
COPE’seffortsarebeingmatchedbyotherinitiativesinEurope.(4)TheMaxPlanckSociety,Germany’spremierresearchorganization,isalsocarryingoutareviewofproceduresitmayadopttohelpcountermisconduct,andtheresultsarealsoexpectedshortly.AndatthemostrecentmeetingoftheEuropeanheadsofresearchcouncilsinDublinlastmonth,theproblemofscientificmisconductwasatthetopoftheagenda.ThecouncilheadsarelookinginparticularatDanisheffortsthathaveculminatedinanewnationalcommitteeonscientificdishonesty.(5)UnliketheU.S.OfficeofResearchIntegrity,whichcaninvestigatemisconductclaimsonlywhentheyinvolvegovernmentfunds,theDanishcommitteecanworkacrossthescientificspectrum.COPEisalsointerestedintheU.S.andDanishefforts.“Editorscanonlygosofar,”saysKennedy.“Eventuallyyouneedanindependentbodytoinvestigateclaimsfairly.”
【答案】1.由九家著名醫(yī)學(xué)雜志的編輯組建的一個(gè)新委員會(huì)上周呼吁各國(guó)政府以一種更系統(tǒng)的方式解決科學(xué)不當(dāng)行為和虛假發(fā)表。
2.COPE的成員包括《柳葉刀》《腸道》和《美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)雜志》的編輯,邀請(qǐng)了100多名其他編輯在這里討論這個(gè)問題的范圍,以及如何處理提交給他們審查的出版物中的不當(dāng)行為證據(jù)。
3.由于擔(dān)心違反誹謗法,這些事件的描述沒有透露姓名,這樣將案件公布于眾的告密者的職業(yè)生涯就不會(huì)受到損害。
4.德國(guó)首要的研究機(jī)構(gòu)馬克斯?普朗克學(xué)會(huì)(MaxPlanckSociety)也在對(duì)可能采取的幫助打擊不當(dāng)行為的程序進(jìn)行審查,結(jié)果也將很快公布。
5.美國(guó)研究誠(chéng)信辦公室(OfficeofResearchIntegrity)只有在涉及到政府資金的情況下才能調(diào)查不當(dāng)行為指控,與此不同的是,丹麥委員會(huì)可以在整個(gè)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域開展工作。
10.單選題
InEnglishlearning,a()circleoccurswhenastudentmakesmoreerrorsafterbeingscolded.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.vigorous
B.vicious
C.voluntary
D.vertical
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)vigorous“精力充沛的,有力的”;B選項(xiàng)vicious“惡劣的,嚴(yán)重的”;C選項(xiàng)voluntary“志愿的;自發(fā)的”;D選項(xiàng)vertical“垂直的;直上的”。句意:在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中,如果學(xué)生挨罵后犯錯(cuò)更多,就會(huì)形成()循環(huán)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境,vicious“惡劣的,嚴(yán)重的”搭配circle“循環(huán)”比較合理,翻譯成惡性循環(huán)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
11.單選題
()theassignmentsareturnedin
beforetheendofthisweek.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.Seeitthat
B.Makeitsurethat
C.Assurethat
D.Seethat
【答案】D
【解析】句意:務(wù)必在本周末之前交作業(yè)。seethat指務(wù)必,
保證。選項(xiàng)A,B中it多余,assure的主語(yǔ)一般是人,
用法為sb.assurethat...,
所以只有選項(xiàng)D正確。
12.單選題
Jim’sscoreonthetestisthehighest;he()hard.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.shouldhavestudied
B.couldhavestudied
C.musthavestudied
D.couldstudy
【答案】C
【解析】句意:吉姆的考試分?jǐn)?shù)最高,他一定很用功。表示肯定的推測(cè)用must。
13.翻譯題
1.Ahealthysystemofhighereducationoffersmanyrewards:scientificdiscoveries,eventualandevenunforeseenapplications,thoughtfulpoliticalleadership,intelligentpublicdiscourse,culturalvitality,andaneducatedworkforce.Higherlearningservesseveralgoalsincoordination,goalsthataremutuallyreinforcing.Theaimsareatoncepersonalandsocial,privateandpublic,economic,ethical,andintellectual.Ofcourse,highereducationhasautilitarianfunction.Inthatregard,asRobertBellah(羅伯特·貝拉)states,itpossesses"itsownlegitimacy".Yet,itiscrucialtocombineandintegratethatfunctionwithotheraimsandends,withwhatBellahcalls"educationforthedevelopmentofcharacter,citizenship,andculture.''
2.Whileitistruethatlivingorganismsareprofoundlyaffectedbytheirenvironment,itisequallyimportanttorememberthatmanyorganismsarealsocapableofalteringtheirhabitantsignificantly,sometimeslimitingtheirowngrowth.Theinfluenceofthebiologicalcomponentofanecosystemisoftengreaterinfreshwatersthanthatinmarineorterrestrialsystems,becauseofthesmallsizeofmanyfreshwaterbodies.
【答案】1.健康的高等教育系統(tǒng)提供許多獎(jiǎng)勵(lì):科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)(最終甚至不可預(yù)見的應(yīng)用)、深思熟慮的政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、智慧的公共演講、文化活力以及受過教育的勞動(dòng)力。高等院校有以下幾個(gè)協(xié)調(diào)目標(biāo),這幾個(gè)目標(biāo)是相輔相成的。其目的在于個(gè)人與社會(huì),私人和公共,經(jīng)濟(jì)、道德和智力之間的協(xié)調(diào)。當(dāng)然,高等教育具有實(shí)用功能。在這方面,正如羅伯特·貝拉指出的那樣,它擁有"自己的合法性"。然而,關(guān)鍵是要結(jié)合和整合其他意圖和目的的功能,就像貝拉所呼吁的那樣"教育為品格、公民身份和文化的發(fā)展服務(wù)"。
2.盡管生物會(huì)深受其環(huán)境的影響是確鑿無(wú)疑的,但同樣重要的是,我們應(yīng)記住,許多生物也能極大地改變它們的棲息地,從而在某些情況下限制著它們自身的生長(zhǎng)。某一生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的生物組成部分的影響在淡水環(huán)境中往往要比在海洋或陸地系統(tǒng)中大,因?yàn)榈性S多生物體的身體尺寸都很小。
14.單選題
Thereasonforthetrafficaccidentinthemorningwas(
)oneofthedrivershadlostcontrolofhiscar.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.that
B.why
C.how
D.when
【答案】A
【解析】答案:A。
句意:今天早上的這場(chǎng)交通事故的原因是一個(gè)司機(jī)的車失控了。
語(yǔ)法題??疾楸碚Z(yǔ)從句。系動(dòng)詞was后面接的是一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句,且表語(yǔ)從句中不缺少成分,空格處應(yīng)填表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞,因此填that。
15.單選題
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodiesandmusicaltechniquesintoabriefquadrille-likestructure,designedtobeplayed(exactlyaswritten)onthepiano.AstronganalogyexistsbetweenEuropeancomposerslikeRalphVaughanWilliams,EdvardGrieg,andAntonDvorakwhocombinedfolktunesandtheirownoriginalmaterialsinlargercompositionsandthepioneerragtimecomposersintheUnitedStates.ComposerslikeScottJoplinandJamesScottwereinasensecollectorsormusicologistscollectingdanceandfolkmusicinBlackcommunitiesandconsciouslyshapingitintobriefsuitesoranthologiescalledpianorags.
Ithassometimesbeenchargedthatragtimeismechanical.Forinstance,WilfredMellerscomments“ragsweretransferredtothePianolarollandevenifnotplayedbyamachine,shouldbeplayedlikeamachine,withmeticulousprecision.”However,thereisnoreasontoassumethatragtimeisinherentlymechanicalsimplybecausecommercialmanufacturersappliedamechanicalrecordingmethodtoragtime,theonlywaytorecordpianosatthatdate.Ragtime’sisnotamechanicalprecision,anditisnotprecisionlimitedtothestyleofperformance,itarisesfromragtime’sfollowingawell-definedformandobeyingsimpleruleswithinthatform.
Theclassicformulaforthepianoragdisposesthreetofivethemesinsixteen-barstrains,oftenorganizedwithrepeats.Theragopenswithabrightmemorablestrainortheme,followedbyasimilartheme,leadingtoatrioofmarkedlyricalcharacter,withthestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.Theaimofthestructureistorisefromonethemetoanotherinastair-stepmanner,endingonanoteoftriumphorexhilaration.Typicallyeachstrainisdividedintotwo8-barsegmentsthatareessentiallyalike,sotherhythmic-melodicunitofragtimeisonlyeightbarsof2/4measure.Therefore,themesmustbebriefwithclear,sharpmelodicfigures.Notconcernedwithdevelopmentofmusicalthemes,theragtimecomposerinsteadsetsathemedownintactinfinishedform,andlinksittovariousrelatedthemes.Tensioninragtimecompositionsarisesfromapolaritybetweentwobasicingredients:acontinuousbasscalledbyjazzmusiciansaboom—chickbass—inthepianist’slefthandanditsmelodicsyncopatedcounterpartintherighthand.
Ragtimeremainsdistinctfromjazzbothasaninstitutionalstyleandasagenre.Ragtimestylestressesapatternofrepeatedrhythms,nottheconstantinventionsandvariationsofJazz.Asagenreragtimerequiresstrictattentionofstructure,notinventivenessorvirtuosity.Itexistsasatradition,asetofconventions,abodyofwrittenscores,separatefromtheindividualplayersassociatedwithit.Inthissenseragtimeismoreakintofolkmusicofthenineteenthcenturythantojazz.
36.AccordingtoParagraph1,RalphVaughanWilliams,AntonDvorak,andScottJoplinaresimilarinthattheyall______.
37.Theword“inherently”inParagraph2canbebestreplacedby______.
38.AccordingtoParagraph3,allthefollowingarewhattheragtimecomposermostconcernedwithEXCEPT______.
39.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatarethemaindifferencesbetweenragtimeandjazz?
40.Itcaninferredthattheauthorofthepassagebelievesthatthemostimportantfeatureofragtimemusicisits______.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.conductedresearchintomusicologicalhistory
B.wroteoriginalcompositionsbasedonfolktunes
C.collectedandrecordedabbreviatedpianosuites
D.createdintricatesonata-likemusicalstructures
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.intrinsically
B.artificially
C.monotonously
D.apparently
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.developmentofmusicalthemes
B.asubjectdownintactinfinishedform
C.clear,sharpmelodicfigures
D.connectingittovariousrelatedsubjects
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.Aninstrumentalandmusicaltechniques.
B.Aninstrumentalmannerandamelody.
C.Agenreandmusicaltechniques.
D.Aninstrumentalmannerandagenre.
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.formalstructure
B.emotionalrange
C.improvisationalopportunities
D.roleasaforerunnerofjazz
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:A
第3題:A
第4題:D
第5題:A
【解析】36.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
36.AccordingtoParagraph1,RalphVaughanWilliams,AntonDvorak,andScottJoplinaresimilarinthattheyall______.36.根據(jù)第一段,拉爾夫沃恩威廉姆斯、安東德沃夏克和斯科特喬普林都______,這一點(diǎn)很相似。
A.conductedresearchintomusicologicalhistoryA.對(duì)音樂學(xué)歷史進(jìn)行了研究
B.wroteoriginalcompositionsbasedonfolktunesB.是根據(jù)民間曲調(diào)創(chuàng)作的原創(chuàng)作品
C.collectedandrecordedabbreviatedpianosuitesC.收集并錄制了簡(jiǎn)短的鋼琴組曲
D.createdintricatesonata-likemusicalstructuresD.創(chuàng)造了復(fù)雜的奏鳴曲式的音樂結(jié)構(gòu)
【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【解題思路】定位第一段“雷格泰姆是一種音樂形式,它將民間旋律(folkmelodies)和音樂技巧綜合成一種簡(jiǎn)短的類似方舞舞曲的形式,嚴(yán)格地按照創(chuàng)作一樣在鋼琴上演奏。拉爾夫沃恩威廉姆斯、愛德華格里格和安東德沃夏克等歐洲作曲家與美國(guó)的先驅(qū)拉雷格泰姆作曲家有著強(qiáng)烈的相似之處。像斯科特喬普林和詹姆斯斯科特這樣的作曲家在某種意義上是收藏家或音樂學(xué)家,他們收集黑人社區(qū)的舞蹈和民間音樂(folkmusic),并有意識(shí)地把它們編成簡(jiǎn)短的組曲或選集(consciouslyshapingitintobriefsuitesoranthologies),稱為鋼琴散拍樂曲?!?,從中我們可知,雷格泰姆音樂是將民間旋律和音樂技巧結(jié)合,并在鋼琴上演奏,拉爾夫沃恩威廉姆斯、安東德沃夏克和雷格泰姆風(fēng)格類似,而斯科特喬普林也是收集民間音樂并編曲,其中的關(guān)鍵詞是folkmusic,所以他們的相似之處就是,他們都是根據(jù)民間旋律創(chuàng)作作品,B項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A、D選項(xiàng)在該段沒有提到,屬于無(wú)中生有;
C選項(xiàng)只是針對(duì)斯科特喬普林來(lái)說,并不全面,屬于以偏概全。
37.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
37.Theword“inherently”inParagraph2canbebestreplacedby______.37.第二段中的“inherently”一詞最好用______代替。
A.intrinsicallyA.本質(zhì)地,固有的
B.artificiallyB.人工地
C.monotonouslyC.無(wú)變化地,單調(diào)地
D.apparentlyD.顯然地
【考查點(diǎn)】詞義推測(cè)題。
【解題思路】定位第二段第三句“然而,沒有理由僅因?yàn)樯虡I(yè)制造商采用了一種機(jī)械的錄音方法來(lái)錄制散拍樂,而這是當(dāng)時(shí)錄制鋼琴音樂的唯一方法,就認(rèn)為散拍樂inherently就是呆板的”,在第一句也同樣提到“有時(shí)人們認(rèn)為散拍樂是呆板的”,從中我們可以推測(cè),inherently表示“本來(lái)的”的意思,所以A項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)均不正確,屬于曲解原文。
38.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
38.AccordingtoParagraph3,allthefollowingarewhattheragtimecomposermostconcernedwithEXCEPT______.38.根據(jù)第三段,除了______,下面所有的都是散拍樂曲作曲家最關(guān)心的。
A.developmentofmusicalthemesA.音樂主題發(fā)展
B.asubjectdownintactinfinishedformB.一個(gè)完整的主題
C.clear,sharpmelodicfiguresC.清晰的、尖銳的旋律
D.connectingittovariousrelatedsubjectsD.將其與各種相關(guān)主題聯(lián)系起來(lái)
【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【解題思路】定位第三段倒數(shù)第二句“散拍樂作曲家關(guān)心的不是音樂主題的發(fā)展(Notconcernedwithdevelopmentofmusicalthemes),而是把一個(gè)完整的主題(atheme)以完整的形式記錄下來(lái),并把它與各種相關(guān)的主題聯(lián)系起來(lái)(linksittovariousrelatedthemes)”,以及倒數(shù)第三句“因此,主題必須是簡(jiǎn)短的,清晰的,尖銳的旋律(clear,sharpmelodicfigures)”,從中可知A項(xiàng)是散拍樂曲作曲家不關(guān)心的。因此,該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)均是散拍樂曲作曲家關(guān)心的。
39.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
39.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatarethemaindifferencesbetweenragtimeandjazz?39.根據(jù)第四段,散拍樂和爵士樂的主要區(qū)別是什么?
A.Aninstrumentalandmusicaltechniques.A.一種樂器技巧和音樂技巧。
B.Aninstrumentalmannerandamelody.B.一種樂器方法和旋律。
C.Agenreandmusicaltechniques.C.音樂流派和音樂技巧。
D.Aninstrumentalmannerandagenre.D.一種樂器方法和流派。
【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【解題思路】定位至第四
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