考研考博-英語-南京工程學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-南京工程學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Intheatmosphere,carbondioxideactsratherlikeaone-waymirrorortheglassintheroofofagreenhousewhichallowsthesun'sraystoenterbutpreventstheheatfromescaping.

Accordingtoaweatherexpert'sprediction,theatmospherewillbe3°Cwarmerintheyear2050thanitistoday,ifmancontinuestoburnfuelsatthepresentrate.Ifthiswarming-uptookplace,theicecapsinthepoleswouldbegintomelt,thusraisingsealevelseveralmetresandseverelyfloodingcoastalcities.Also,theincreaseinatmospherictemperaturewouldleadtogreatchangesintheclimateofthenorthernhemisphere,possiblyresultinginanalterationoftheearth'schieffoodgrowingzones.

Inthepast,concernaboutaman-madewarmingoftheearthhasconcentratedontheArcticbecausetheAntarcticismuchcolderandhasamuchthickericesheet.ButtheweatherexpertsarenowpayingmoreattentiontoWestAntarctic,whichmaybeaffectedbyonlyafewdegreesofwarming,inotherwords,byawarmingonthescalethatwillpossiblytakeplaceinthenextfiftyyearsfromtheburningoffuels.

SatellitepicturesshowthatlargeareasofAntarcticicearealreadydisappearing.Theevidenceavailablesuggeststhatawarminghastakenplace.Thisfitsthetheorythatcarbondioxidewarmstheearth.

However,mostofthefuelisburntinthenorthernhemisphere,wheretemperaturesseemtobefalling.Scientistsconclude,therefore,thatuptonownaturalinfluencesontheweatherhavegonebeyondthosecausedbyman.Thequestionis:Whichnaturalcausehasmosteffectontheweather?

Onepossibilityisthevariablebehaviorofthesun.Astronomersatoneresearchstationhavestudiedthehotspotsand"cold"spots(thatis,therelativelylesshotspots)onthesun.Asthesunrotates,every27.5days,itpresentshotteror"colder"facestotheearth,anddifferentaspectstodifferentpartsoftheearth.Thisseemstohaveaconsiderableeffectonthedistributionoftheearth'satmosphericpressure,andconsequentlyonwindcirculation.Thesunisalsochangeableoveralongterm:itsheatoutputgoesupanddownincycles,thelatesttrendbeingdownward.

Scientistsarenowfindingsharedrelationsbetweenmodelsofsolarweatherinteractionsandtheactualclimateovermanythousandsofyears,includingthelastIceAge.TheproblemisthatthemodelsarepredictingthattheworldshouldbeenteringanewIceAgeanditisnot.Onewayofsolvingthistheoreticaldifficultyistoassumeadelayofthousandsofyearswhilethesolareffectsovercometheinertiaoftheearth'sclimate.Ifthisisright,thewarmingeffectofcarbondioxidemightthusbeservingasausefulopposedbalancetothesun'sfadingheat.

1.Itcanbeconcludedthataconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheatmospherewould（

）.

2.Thearticlewaswrittentoexplain（

）.

3.Althoughthefuelconsumptionisgreaterinthenorthernhemisphere,temperaturesthereseemtobefalling.Thisis（

）.

4.Onthebasisoftheirmodels,scientistsbelievetheopinionthat（

）.

5.IftheassumptionaboutthedelayofanewIceAgeiscorrect,（

）.

問題1選項

A.preventthesun’sraysfromreachingtheearth’ssurface

B.meanawarming-upintheArctic

C.accountforgreatchangesintheclimateinthenorthernhemisphere

D.raisethetemperatureoftheearth’ssurface.

問題2選項

A.thegreenhouseeffect

B.thesolareffectsontheearth

C.themodelsofsolar-weatherinteractions

D.thecausesaffectingweather

問題3選項

A.mainlybecausethelevelsofcarbondioxidearerising

B.possiblebecausetheicecapsinthepolesaremelting

C.exclusivelyduetotheeffectoftheinertiaoftheearth’sclimate

D.partlyduetovariationsintheoutputofsolarenergy

問題4選項

A.theclimateoftheworldshouldbebecomingcooler

B.itwilltakethousandsofyearsfortheinertiaoftheearth’sclimatetotakeeffect

C.theman-madewarningeffecthelpstoincreasethesolareffects

D.thenewIceAgewillbedelayedbythegreenhouseeffect

問題5選項

A.thebestwaytoovercomethecoolingeffectwouldbetoburnmorefuels.

B.icewouldsooncoverthenorthernhemisphere.

C.theincreasedlevelsofcarbondioxideintheastrospherecouldwarmuptheearthevenmorequickly.

D.thegreenhouseeffectcouldworktotheadvantageoftheearth.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。文章第一段的內(nèi)容為：在大氣中，二氧化碳的作用就像一面單面鏡子或溫室屋頂上的玻璃，它允許陽光進入，但阻止熱量溢出。因此選D，在大氣中二氧化碳的濃度將提高地球表面的溫度。

第2題:主旨大意題。文章第一段至第四段主要講了二氧化碳對全球氣候的影響，最后兩段主要講了太陽活動對全球氣候變暖的影響，因此選D，本文主要解釋影響天氣的原因。

第3題:推理判斷題。由文章第五段中However,mostofthefuelisburntinthenorthernhemisphere,wheretemperaturesseemtobefalling...Thequestionis:Whichnaturalcausehasmosteffectontheweather?和第六段中第一句Onepossibilityisthevariablebehaviorofthesun（一種可能是太陽的變化行為）可知選D，部分的原因是太陽活動的變化。

第4題:細節(jié)事實題。由文章最后一段中TheproblemisthatthemodelsarepredictingthattheworldshouldbeenteringanewIceAgeanditisnot.（問題是，這些模型預測，世界應該進入一個新的冰河時代，但事實并非如此）可知A選項“世界氣候應該變得更冷”符合題意。

第5題:推理判斷題。由文章最后一段中Ifthisisright,thewarmingeffectofcarbondioxidemightthusbeservingasausefulopposedbalancetothesun'sfadingheat.（如果這是正確的，那么二氧化碳的溫室效應可以抵消太陽熱量的減少）可知選B，如果關(guān)于新冰河延期的假設是正確的，那么冰很快就會覆蓋北半球。

2.單選題

Dellquitdealinginsouped-upversionsofothercompanies’products,andstarteddesigning,___andmarketinghisown.

問題1選項

A.fashioning

B.assembling

C.pruning

D.slashing

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項fashioning“使用；改變；做成……的形狀”；B選項assembling“集合，聚集；裝配；收集”；C選項pruning“修剪”；D選項slashing“砍；鞭打”。句意：戴爾不再經(jīng)營其他公司產(chǎn)品的升級版，而是開始設計、___和營銷自己的產(chǎn)品。本句表達“戴爾公司開始設計，裝配和營銷自己的產(chǎn)品”。因此B選項符合題意。

3.單選題

Brunner’s______tobecomethesecondwomanevertoholdCabinetrankwasscuttledbytheoverwhelminglymaleparliament,apparentlybecauseofsexualpolitics.

問題1選項

A.bet

B.hit

C.bid

D.bat

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項bet“打賭；與（某人）以錢打賭；（非正式）敢說”；B選項hit“打擊；襲擊；碰撞；偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)；傷……的感情”；C選項bid“出價；叫牌；向……表示問候；（詩、文）命令；邀請；努力爭取，企圖獲得；告訴，吩咐”；D選項bat“用球棒擊球；擊球率達……；輪到擊球”。句意：布倫納想成為史上第二位女性內(nèi)閣成員的努力被男性占多數(shù)的議會挫敗，顯然是因為性政治。因此C選項正確。

4.單選題

TheplanetVenus,likeEarth,spinsonitsown（）asitorbitstheSun.

問題1選項

A.splinter

B.index

C.axis

D.trace

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項splinter“碎片”；B選項index“指數(shù)”；C選項axis“軸線”；D選項trace“痕跡”。句意：金星和地球一樣，繞著太陽公轉(zhuǎn)，也繞著自己的軸心自轉(zhuǎn)。本句表示自轉(zhuǎn)軸。因此C選項正確。

5.單選題

ForthousandsofCanadians,badserviceisneithermake-believenoramusing.Itisanaggravatingandworseningreal-lifephenomenonthatencompassesbehaviorrangingfromindifferenceandrudenesstonakedhostilityandevenphysicalviolence.Acrossthecountry,betterbusinessbureausreportalengtheninglitanyofcomplaintsaboutcontractors,cardealers,repairshops,movingcompanies,airlinesanddepartmentstores.Thereisalmostanadversarialfeelingbetweenbusinessesandconsumers.

Expertssaythereareseveralexplanationsforillfeelinginthemarketplace.Oneisthatcustomerservicewasanearlyandinevitablecasualtywhenretailersrespondedtobrutalcompetitionbyreplacingemployeeswithtechnologysuchas1~800numbersandvoicemail.Anotherfactoristhatbusinessgenerallyhasbegunplacingmoreemphasisongettingcustomersthanonkeepingthem.Stillanotheristhatstrident,frustratedandimpatientshoppersvexshopownersandmakethemevenlesshospitable—especiallyatbusiertimesoftheyearlikeChristmas.Onbothsides,simplecourtesyhasgonebytheboard.Andforamultitudeofconsumers,servicewentwithit.

TheBetterBusinessBureauatVancouvergets250complaintsaweek,twiceasmanyasfiveyearsago.Thebureauthenhadonecomplaintscounselorandnowhasfour.Peoplecomplainaboutbeinginsulted,havingtheirintelligenceandintegrityquestioned,andbeingthreatened.Onewillhearaboutpeoplebeinghauledalmostbodilyoutthedoorbysomebodysayingthingslike“Idon’thavetoserveyou!”or“thisisprivateproperty,getoutanddon’tcomeback!”Whatcancustomersdo?Ifthebureau’sarbitrationprocessfailstosettleadispute,acustomer’sonlyrecourseistosueinsmallclaimscourt.Butbecauseofthecostsandtimeittakes,relativelyfeweverdo.

Thereisalotofsupportforthenotionthatservicehas,inpart,fallenvictimtogenerationalchange.Manyyoungpeopleregardretailing“asjustadead-endjobthatyou’rejustgoingtodotemporarilyonyourwaytoarealjob”.Youngclerksoftenlackbothknowledgeandcivility.Employersarehavingtotrainyoungpeopleinsimplemannersbecausethatisnotbeingdoneathome.Salespeopletoday,especiallytheyoungerones,havegrownupinatelevision-computersocietywherethey’veinteractedlargelywithmachines.Oneofthebiggestcomplaintsfrombusinessesaboutgraduatesisthelackofinterpersonalskills.

Whatcustomersreallywantisaccess.Theywanttogetthroughwhentheycall,theydon’twantbusysignals,theydon’twantinteractivesystemstellingthemtopushoneforthisandtwoforthat—theydon’twantvoicemail.Andifcustomersdonotgetwhattheywant,theydefect.Somepeoplegobacktolocalsmallbusinesses:theAsiangreengrocer,aGreekbakerandaGreekfishmonger.Theydon’twearnametags,butonegetstoknowthem,allbyname.

46.Atabusinessplaceofbadservice,theworstonecangetis（）.

47.Oneofthereasonsforsuchillfeelinginthemarketplaceisthat（）.

48.WhathaschangedatVancouverBelerServiceBurcauinthepastfiveyears?（）

49.Youngclerksoftenlackinterpersonalskillschieflybecausethey（）.

50.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsbusinessesandbadserviceis（）them.

問題1選項

A.indifferenceandrudeness

B.nakedhostilityandphysicalviolence

C.havingintelligenceandintegrityquestioned

D.beinginsultedandthreatened

問題2選項

A.shoppersareusuallystrident,frustratedandimpatient

B.shoppersoftentakebusinessestocourttosettlethem

C.businessesusenewtechnologyinsteadofemployee

D.businessesarekeenonkeepingcustomers,notgettingthem

問題3選項

A.Moreeffective.

B.Lessbureaucracy.

C.Morebusiness.

D.Betterstaff.

問題4選項

A.areskilledindealingwithmachinesnotpeople

B.arenottrainedinsimplemannersathome

C.fallvictimstogenerationalchange

D.takeretailingtobeatemporaryjob

問題5選項

A.attacking

B.understanding

C.regretting

D.warning

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】46.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題意定位到文章第一段第二句“Itisanaggravatingandworseningreal-lifephenomenonthatencompassesbehaviorrangingfromindifferenceandrudenesstonakedhostilityandevenphysicalviolence.（它是一個正在不斷惡化的現(xiàn)實生活中的現(xiàn)象，包括從漠不關(guān)心、粗俗無禮到不加掩飾的惡意甚至身體暴力等一系列行為。）”可知，這些劣質(zhì)服務行為按照嚴重程度遞增排列。A選項“冷漠和粗魯”；B選項“赤裸裸的敵意和身體暴力”；C選項“智力和正直受到質(zhì)疑”；D選項“被侮辱和威脅”，其中最惡劣的是不加掩飾的惡意甚至身體暴力，因此B選項正確。

47.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題意定位到文章第二段，第二段分析了三個原因。第一個原因是：零售商應對殘酷的競爭采用技術(shù)取代員工。第二個原因是：商家一般都開始把重點更多放在贏得顧客而不是保持顧客上。第三個原因是：一些吵鬧的、失望的沒有耐心的購買者經(jīng)常惹惱店主。A選項“購物者通常是刺耳的、沮喪的和不耐煩的”只是個別現(xiàn)象；B選項“購物者經(jīng)常把商家告上法庭”文中沒有提到；C選項“商家使用技術(shù)替代員工”符合題意；D選項“企業(yè)熱衷于留住顧客，而不是得到他們”與文意不符，因此C選項正確。

48.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題意定位到文章第三段的第一句“TheBetterBusinessBureauatVancouvergets250complaintsaweek,twiceasmanyasfiveyearsago.Thebureauthenhadonecomplaintscounselorandnowhasfour.（溫哥華商業(yè)促進局每周接到250起投訴，是五年前的兩倍。該局當時只有一名投訴顧問，現(xiàn)在有四名。）”可知，投訴多了，業(yè)務更加繁忙了。A選項“效率更高”；B選項“官僚作風減少”；D選項“更好的職員”文中沒有提到，C選項“更多的業(yè)務”符合題意，因此C選項正確。

49.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題意可定位到文章第四段，第四段提到了服務成了代與代之間變化的受害者并對其進行了闡述。A選項“擅長與機器而非人打交道”與年輕職員人際交流能力差相關(guān)，而且是直接原因；B選項“在家沒有接受簡單的禮儀訓練”；C選項“成為代與代之間變化的受害者”；D選項“將零售視為臨時的工作”都是年輕人其他方面的表現(xiàn)，因此A選項正確。

50.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】作者意圖題。文中作者主要描述了劣質(zhì)服務的存在及分析其原因。最后一段作者寫到顧客真正想要的是一個接近的機會。如果顧客得不到他們想要的服務，他們就會跑掉。由此可見作者是在呼吁并警告服務行業(yè)要善于找出他們的服務問題并進行改善。A選項“攻擊的”；B選項“理解的”；C選項“懊悔的”；D選項“警告的”，因此D選項正確。

6.單選題

Thechieffoodseateninanycountrydependlargelyon______bestinitsclimateandsoil.

問題1選項

A.itgrows

B.whatgrows

C.doesitgrow

D.whatdoesitgrow

【答案】B

【解析】考查語法。dependon后面應該接賓語從句。A選項缺少that引導賓語從句；B選項剛好與后面內(nèi)容組成賓語從句；C和D都是疑問句式，不能選；句意：一個國家的主要食物是什么，大體取決于什么作物在其天氣和土壤條件下生長得最好。因此，該題正確答案為B。

7.單選題

Shefelloffherhorseandbadly（

）herself.

問題1選項

A.wounded

B.damaged

C.injured

D.harmed

【答案】C

【解析】同義詞辨析題。A選項wound“受傷”；B選項damage“損害”；C選項injure“傷害”；D選項harm“危害”。句意：她從馬上摔下來，受了重傷。四個選項都有受傷的意思，但wound側(cè)重于在戰(zhàn)爭中受傷；damage通常指對無生命物體造成的損害；injure側(cè)重于意外事故導致的傷害；harm側(cè)重于導致嚴重的后果。所以選項C更符合語境。

8.單選題

Oldbeliefsdiehard;evenwhenjobsbecame（）,thelong-standingfearthatunemploymentcouldreturnatamoment’snoticepersisted.

問題1選項

A.precious

B.pervasive

C.plentiful

D.persuasive

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。Precious“寶貴的，珍貴的”；pervasive“無處不在的，普遍的”；plentiful“富足的，大量的”；persuasive“有說服力的”。句意：舊觀念難改。即使就業(yè)機會充足時，人們還是長期害怕失業(yè)會來臨。選項C符合題意。

9.單選題

Attheweddingceremony,thebridegroomandhisbrideexchangedringsasa______oftheirlove.

問題1選項

A.present

B.token

C.mark

D.sign

【答案】B

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.present禮物；禮品B.token象征；標志

C.mark污點；污漬D.sign跡象；征兆

【考查點】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)thebridegroomandhisbrideexchangedrings（新郎和新娘交換了戒指）可推知，交換戒指是愛情的象征，故該題選擇B項。

【干擾項排除】A、C、D項不符合句意。

【句意】在婚禮上，新郎和新娘交換了戒指作為他們愛情的象征。

10.單選題

問題1選項

A.Thewomanneedsatreatment.

B.Thewomandidn’tgetpaidthisweek.

C.Themanwillprobablypayforthedinner.

D.Themanwillsplitthebillwiththewoman.

【答案】C

【解析】6.M:Let’seatouttonight,shallwe?

W:I’mbroke.I’vegonethroughmypaycheckfortheweekalready.

M:Don’tworryaboutit.It’smytreat.

Q:What’scanbeinferredfromtheconversation.

【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。題干為：從這段交談中可以得出什么？由文中“Don’tworryaboutit.It’smytreat.（不用擔心，我請客）”，可知C選項“Themanwillprobablypayforthedinner.（男士有可能買單）”符合原文。A選項“這個女人需要治療”；B選項“這個女人這周沒有拿到工資”；D選項“男士將與女士AA制”不符合原文。

11.單選題

TheOlympicGameswerewatchedby（

）billionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.

問題1選項

A.virtually

B.deliberately

C.literally

D.appropriately

【答案】A

【解析】句意:幾乎有數(shù)以億計的全世界觀眾觀看奧運會。

副詞辨析。Virtually幾乎，事實上,實際上;deliberately故意,謹慎地;literally字面上;appropriately適當?shù)?。故A符合句意。

12.單選題

Weareallmovedbythe（）ofthesepoorhomelesschildren.

問題1選項

A.plight

B.situation

C.condition

D.circumstance

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。plight“困境；境況”；situation“（在特定的時間和地方所處的）情況；形勢；處境”；condition“（人或物處于）狀況；狀態(tài)，尤指人的健康狀態(tài)好壞”；circumstance“（與某事或某人有關(guān)的）情況，情形，環(huán)境，或生活狀態(tài)，尤指經(jīng)濟狀況等，常用復數(shù)”。句意：我們都被這些貧窮的、無家可歸的孩子的______觸動了。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息poorhomeless，可知這些孩子是處于困難之中，因此選項A符合題意。

13.單選題

HecameallthewaytoChinaforpromotingfriendship（

）formakingmoney.

問題1選項

A.otherthan

B.betterthan

C.morethan

D.ratherthan

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查詞組搭配。A選項otherthan“除了，不同于”；B選項betterthan“比……更好”；C選項morethan“比……多”；D選項ratherthan“而不是，寧可”?？崭癫糠忠钊胍粋€短語連接前后短語形成對比，前面的意思是“forpromotingfriendship為了增進友誼”和后面“formakingmoney為了賺錢”表示不同的目的，句意為：他一路跋涉來到中國是為了友誼而不是賺錢。故這里選項D符合題意。

14.單選題

IthasbeenannouncedthatphysicistsfromdifferentcountrieswillgatherinNewYorkfora____nextmonth.

問題1選項

A.symphony

B.symmetry

C.symposium

D.symptom

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.symphony交響樂B.symmetry對稱（性）

C.symposium研討會D.symptom征兆

【考查點】語義銜接與形近詞辨析

【解題思路】前文提到“來自不同國家的物理學家聚集到一起”，而空格處所填詞是他們聚集到一起的目的，C選項symposium“研討會”最符合語義邏輯。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D選項均為symposium“研討會”的形近詞，但都不能使原句前后語義銜接。

【句意】據(jù)通知，來自不同國家的物理學家將于下個月聚集在紐約參加一個研討會。

15.單選題

Thepriceofthecoalwillvaryaccordingtohowfarithastobetransportedandhowexpensivethefreight（）are.

問題1選項

A.payments

B.charges

C.funds

D.prices

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。payments“付款，薪資”；charges“費用，手續(xù)費”；funds“資金，基金”；prices“價格”。句意：煤的價格將根據(jù)運輸?shù)木嚯x和運費的價格而有所不同。B項符合題意。

16.單選題

Thefarmersreceiveda（

）fromthegovernmenttogrowhiscrop.

問題1選項

A.subsidy

B.subsidiary

C.subordinate

D.successor

【答案】A

【解析】名詞辨析題。A選項subsidy“補貼”；B選項subsidiary“輔助者”；C選項subordinate“下屬，下級”；D選項successor“繼承者”。句意：農(nóng)民們從政府那里得到了補貼來種植作物。選項A符合句意。

17.單選題

TheyearsfollowingthepublicationofDarwin’sworkhaveseenafabulousdevelopmentofgeneralandhumanpaleontology.

問題1選項

A.distinctive

B.parallel

C.marvelous

D.unique

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.distinctive獨特的，特別的B.parallel極相似的，同時發(fā)生的

C.marvelous極好的，非凡的D.unique獨特的，罕見的

【答案】C

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】fabulous的意思為“極好的，絕妙的；很大的，巨大的”，用來形容development，指的是古生物學和人類古生物學發(fā)展得特別好，非常迅速，marvelous與之詞義相近，因此C選項正確。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D選項詞義與之不符。

【句意】在達爾文發(fā)表著作幾年后，古生物學和人類古生物學都取得了驚人的進展。

18.單選題

Nothingwould（）Elizabethtogiveupthecauseofeducation.

問題1選項

A.induce

B.deduce

C.reduce

D.seduce

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項induce“導致”；B選項deduce“推論”；C選項reduce“減少”；D選項seduce“誘惑”。句意：沒有什么能讓伊麗莎白放棄教育事業(yè)。本句表示導致某人放棄。因此A選項正確。

19.單選題

Ⅵ.Internationalenvironmentallawseemstohavereachedanimpasse.Thisishardlysurprising:thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems,evenwhenconsideredapartfromunderlyingsocial,political,andeconomicfactors,isstaggering.Scientificunderstandingsofenvironmentaldegradationanditscausesevolverapidly.Theunderlyingcausesofsuchdegradationareveryoftenactivitiesthatbringsignificantsocialandeconomicbenefits,withtheresultthatpoliticalauthoritieshavenowishtoprohibitorstrictlyregulatethem;incentivestructuresmayoftenconstituteamorepromisingavenue.Thecomplexityofquestionsabouthumanimpactsontheenvironmentandhowtodecreaseormitigatethemcallsforahighdegreeofspecialization,whileatthesametimerequiringcoordinatedactiononanumberoffronts.Inlightofthesechallenges,internationalenvironmentallawhasfollowedatrajectorythatseemsinevitable:fromgeneralruleswhosevaguenessoftenimpededtheirusefulnesstohighlyspecialized,technicalregimesfocusedonnarrowly-definedphenomenaandinteractingwitheachotherinaratherhesitantandclumsyfashion,andmorerecentlytotheaccelerationoftransnational,includingnon-state,regimebuilding.Itbecomesincreasinglydifficulttodiscerntheparticularcontributionthatlawcanmaketoenvironmentalprotectionasittakesontheroleofhandmaidentoscience,economics,politics,ethics,andothersocialsystems.

Inhisdiscussionsofthemanagerialmindsetandthedemoralizationoflaw,Koskenniemifrequentlymakesreferencetoenvironmentallaw,notablytothecarvingoutofimplementationandcomplianceproceduresfromthegenerallawofstateresponsibility,totheincreasedresorttosoftlaw,andtotheheavyrelianceonequitablebalancing.Abriefsketchofthearchitectureofinternationalenvironmentallawrevealsvague,generalprinciplesatoneend;highlydetailedandtechnicalrulesandstandardsarticulatedatthelevelofspecializedregimesattheotherend;andaseriesofpotentiallyusefulbutunderspecified—and,unfortunately,largelyuninfluential—proceduralrulesbetweenthetwo.Furthermore,alargenumberofgeneralprinciplesandregime-specificstandardstaketheformofsoftlaw.Attemptstofleshoutaseriesofgeneralrightsandobligationsforstates(andpotentiallyforotheractors,aswell)havebeenongoing,butthoseeffortsseemtohavefalteredwiththepublicationbytheInternationalLawCommission(ILC)ofthe2001DraftArticlesonPreventionofTransboundaryHarmfromHazardousActivitiesandthe2006DraftPrinciplesontheAllocationofLossinthecaseofTransboundaryHarmarisingoutofHazardousActivities.

1.InternationalenvironmentallawseemstohavereachedanimpasseNOTbecause___.

2.Internationalenvironmentallawhasfollowedapathfrom___to___.

3.Koskenniemiusesenvironmentallawtoillustrate___.

4.Betweenthetwoendsofinternationalenvironmentallaware___.

問題1選項

A.thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems

B.theunderlyingcausesofthedegradationareveryoftenactivitiesthatbringsignificantsocialandeconomicbenefits

C.scientificunderstandingsofenvironmentaldegradationanditscausesevolverapidly

D.politicalauthoritieshavenowishtostrictlyregulateenvironment

問題2選項

A.generalrules,clumsyfashion

B.generalrules,interactingwitheachother

C.generalrules,highlyspecializedregimes

D.generalrules,science,economics,politics,ethics,andothersocialsystems

問題3選項

A.generallawofstateresponsibility

B.thedemoralizationoflaw

C.theincreasedresorttosoftlaw

D.theheavyrelianceonequitablebalancing

問題4選項

A.seriesofproceduralrules

B.generalprinciples

C.highlydetailedandtechnicalrulesandstandards

D.largelyuninfluentialrules

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

【解析】1.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Scientificunderstandingsofenvironmentaldegradationanditscausesevolverapidly.Theunderlyingcausesofsuchdegradationareveryoftenactivitiesthatbringsignificantsocialandeconomicbenefits,withtheresultthatpoliticalauthoritieshavenowishtoprohibitorstrictlyregulatethem;incentivestructuresmayoftenconstituteamorepromisingavenue.（對環(huán)境退化及其原因的科學認識迅速演變。這種退化的根本原因往往是帶來重大社會和經(jīng)濟利益的活動，其結(jié)果是政治當局無意禁止或嚴格管制這些活動；激勵結(jié)構(gòu)往往構(gòu)成一種更有前途的途徑）可知D選項“政治當局不希望嚴格管理環(huán)境”是國際環(huán)境法似乎陷入了僵局的結(jié)果，B選項“退化的根本原因往往是那些帶來重大社會和經(jīng)濟利益的活動”和C選項“對環(huán)境退化及其原因的科學認識迅速演變”是國際環(huán)境法似乎陷入了僵局的原因；第一段Thisishardlysurprising:thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems,evenwhenconsideredapartfromunderlyingsocial,political,andeconomicfactors,isstaggering.（這不足為奇：環(huán)境問題的復雜性，即使撇開潛在的社會、政治和經(jīng)濟因素考慮，也是驚人的）可知A選項“環(huán)境問題的復雜性”是國際環(huán)境法似乎陷入了僵局的原因。因此D選項符合題意。

2.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段Inlightofthesechallenges,internationalenvironmentallawhasfollowedatrajectorythatseemsinevitable:fromgeneralruleswhosevaguenessoftenimpededtheirusefulnesstohighlyspecialized,technicalregimesfocusedonnarrowly-definedphenomenaandinteractingwitheachotherinaratherhesitantandclumsyfashion,andmorerecentlytotheaccelerationoftransnational,includingnon-state,regimebuilding.（鑒于這些挑戰(zhàn)，國際環(huán)境法遵循了一條似乎無可避免的軌跡：從模糊性往往妨礙其有用性的一般規(guī)則，到高度專門化的技術(shù)制度，側(cè)重于界定較窄的現(xiàn)象，并以相當遲疑和呆滯的方式相互作用，以及最近加速跨國，包括非國家，體制建設）可知一般規(guī)則是和高度專門化的技術(shù)制度相對應，選C選項“一般規(guī)則，高度專業(yè)化的制度”；A選項“一般規(guī)則，呆滯的方式”，B選項“一般規(guī)則，相互作用”所提到的內(nèi)容不是互為對應項，D選項“一般規(guī)則、科學、經(jīng)濟、政治、倫理和其他社會制度”內(nèi)有內(nèi)容未提及。因此C選項符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Koskenniemi”定位到原文第二段開頭Inhisdiscussionsofthemanagerialmindsetandthedemoralizationoflaw,Koskenniemifrequentlymakesreferencetoenvironmentallaw,notablytothecarvingoutofimplementationandcomplianceproceduresfromthegenerallawofstateresponsibility,totheincreasedresorttosoftlaw,andtotheheavyrelianceonequitablebalancing.（在他討論的管理思維和法律的道德敗壞，Koskenniemi經(jīng)常借鑒環(huán)境法律，尤其是雕刻的實現(xiàn)和國家責任的一般法律合規(guī)程序，采取軟法的增加，嚴重依賴公平的平衡）可知選B選項“法律的道德敗壞”；A選項“國家責任的一般法律”，C選項“增加對軟法律的求助”以及D選項“嚴重依賴公平平衡”都是借鑒所舉的例子。因此B選項正確。

4.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文第二段andaseriesofpotentiallyusefulbutunderspecified—and,unfortunately,largelyuninfluential—proceduralrulesbetweenthetwo.（以及在這兩端之間一系列可能有用但不明確（不幸的是，基本上沒有影響力）的程序規(guī)則）可知選A選項“一系列程序規(guī)則”，根據(jù)原文可知兩端之間是一系列程序規(guī)則，可能有用但不明確以及不幸的是，基本上沒有影響力都是用于修飾程序規(guī)則，而D選項“基本上沒有影響的規(guī)則”錯誤，該選項只提到了修飾成分，但是核心部分從程序規(guī)則變成了規(guī)則，和原文的范圍不符合；根據(jù)原文Abriefsketchofthearchitectureofinternationalenvironmentallawrevealsvague,generalprinciplesatoneend;highlydetailedandtechnicalrulesandstandardsarticulatedatthelevelofspecializedregimesattheotherend（對國際環(huán)境法架構(gòu)的簡要概述顯示，在一端是模糊的、一般的原則；在另一端的專門制度一級闡明了非常詳細和技術(shù)性的規(guī)則和標準）可知B選項“一般原則”以及C選項“非常詳細和技術(shù)性的規(guī)則和標準”分別是兩端的內(nèi)容，不符合題意。因此A選項正確。

20.翻譯題

教育很可能是現(xiàn)在爭議最大、爭議最多的一個題目。在一個國家未來的經(jīng)濟增長越來越依靠科學和技術(shù)的時候，教育在一個國家未來的前途中起著決定性的作用。今天，享受教育的特權(quán)已不再限于極少部分人。教育的發(fā)展是如此之快，它現(xiàn)在已成為一個大行業(yè)。事實上，它是最大的行業(yè)，其雇傭的人數(shù)和所付的工資比其他任何一個全國性企業(yè)的都要多。有一些教育機構(gòu)包裝得非常漂亮，借以提高知名度和吸引學生。在一定意義上講，教育已經(jīng)變成一種商品。從事教育的人對商業(yè)化這個說法會感到很不舒服，但是，恐怕除了少數(shù)例外，很多大學已經(jīng)陷入了演變成有利可圖的大規(guī)模制造廠的過程中。培養(yǎng)心智不再吃香；推銷可出售的技能成了時髦。這就是教育的悲劇。不用說，某種拯救教育以防其更加衰落的具有想象力的辦法和共同努力早就該出臺了。競爭性的考試應該由素質(zhì)教育取代，死記硬背應該讓位于創(chuàng)造性和解決實際問題的能力的培養(yǎng)。只有這樣，我們才能迎來教育的真正進步。

Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphfromChineseintoEnglish.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】Nowadayseducationisprobablyoneofthemostcontroversialandhotlycontestedtopics.Whenacountry'seconomicgrowthinthefuturedependsmoreandmoreonscienceandtechnology,educationplaysadecisiveroleinitsfuture.Todayenjoyingtheprivilegeofreceivingeducationisnotconfinedtoaverysmallnumberofpeople.Thedevelopmentofeducationissorapidthatithasnowbecomeahugeindustry.Asamatteroffact,itisthebiggestindustry,whichemploysmorepeopleandpaysmorewagesthananyothernationalenterprise.Someeducationalorganizationsareveryattractiveinpackingwherebytheycanenhancetheirpopularityandattractstudents.Inasense,educationhasbecomeacommodity.Educatorsmayfeeluncomfortablewiththeideaofcommercialization.Butexceptforsomeexceptions,mostcollegesanduniversitiesarealreadyinvolvedintheprocessofevolvingintolarge-scaleprofitablemanufacturers.Cultivatingmentalityisnolongersought-after;promotingsalableskillshasbecomeafashion,whichisthetragedyofeducation.Needlesstosay,acertainimaginativewaytorescueeducationfromitsdeclineandjointeffortsshouldhaveappearedlongago.Competitivetestsshouldbereplacedbyquality-orientededucation;learningbyroteshouldgivewaytocultivatingcreativityandabilitytosolvepracticalproblems.Onlyinthiswaycanwegreetagenuineprogressineducation.

21.單選題

Thenewtechnologywillgreatly（）foodproductioninChinatofeedmorepeopleonsuchdenselypopulatedland.

問題1選項

A.boom

B.bound

C.boost

D.bounce

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。C選項boost“促進”正確；A選項boom“使興旺”；B選項bound“界限”；D選項bounce“跳”。本句表示“這項新技術(shù)將大大提高中國的糧食產(chǎn)量，在人口如此密集的土地上養(yǎng)活更多的人”糧食產(chǎn)量需要提高和促進。因此C選項符合題意。

22.單選題

Bothaperson’sheredityandhisenvironmenthelptoshapehischaracter.

問題1選項

A.family

B.education

C.nationality

D.surroundings

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項family“家庭”；B選項education“教育”；C選項nationality“國籍”；D選項surroundings“環(huán)境”。句意：一個人的遺傳和他所處的環(huán)境都有助于塑造他的性格。D選項與原文劃線詞詞義最接近，因此D選項符合題意。

23.單選題

Iwasverypleased（）theroomyouprovided（）me.

問題1選項

A./,to

B./,for

C.with,to

D.with,for

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。bepleasedwith“對……感到滿意”；providesth.forsb.“向某人提供某物”。句意：我對你為我提供的房間非常滿意。因此D選項正確。

24.單選題

Thisistheseventhyear___thatthey’vewonthecup.

問題1選項

A.insubstance

B.insuccession

C.insuspension

D.insequence

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項insubstance“實質(zhì)上；基本上；事實上”；B選項“接連地；連續(xù)地”；C選項insuspension“懸浮中”；D選項insequence“依次；逐一”。句意：這是他們___第七年獲得冠軍。本句表達“連續(xù)第七年”，因此B選項正確。

25.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingParagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoEnglish.

盡管我們對“學習”的理解不盡完善，然而我們對此已有不少了解?！皩W習”可以呈現(xiàn)不同的形式，也可以在許多情況下進行。一般來說，“學習”必然會引起行為的變化?！皩W習”導致人們行為發(fā)生變化吋，這種變化常能持久?！皩W習”也許意味著對一系列細小而不相關(guān)的行為按新的順序重新排列。就好比你在鋼琴上學習一首新的曲子。

【答案】

Althoughourunderstandingoflearningisstillnotcomplete,agreatdealisknown.Learninghasmanydifferentformsandtakesplaceundermanyconditions.Ingeneral,itinvolvesachangeinbehavior.Whenachangeinbehaviortakesplaceasaresultoflearning,thechangeisusuallyalong-lastingone.Learningmaymeanthatanumberofsmallindependentactsarearrangedinaneworder.Thishappens,forexample,whenyoulearntoplayanewpieceonthepiano.

26.單選題

Didyouknowthatyoucouldbestingonafortunewithoutevenrealizingit?Ifyou’relikemostpeople,youhavenoideathatyouprobablyhaveitemsofvalueputawayth