大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)資料-高中語(yǔ)法歸類(lèi)和練習(xí)

復(fù)習(xí)一句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分：主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。（-）主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名詞）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代詞）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（數(shù)詞）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（動(dòng)名詞）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名詞化的形容詞）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主語(yǔ)從句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage,（it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式）（三）謂語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：1＞簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfbrtwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：Wearestudents.（四）表語(yǔ)：表語(yǔ)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名詞）Isityours?（代詞）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容詞）Thespeechisexciting.（分詞）Threetimessevenistwentyone?（數(shù)詞）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobby（愛(ài)好）isplayingfootball.（動(dòng)名詞）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介詞短語(yǔ)）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副詞）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表語(yǔ)從句）（五）賓語(yǔ)：賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.（代詞）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（數(shù)詞）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名詞化形容詞）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短語(yǔ)）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）Ithink（that）heisfitfbrhisoffice.（賓語(yǔ)從句）賓語(yǔ)種類(lèi)：（1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如：HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名詞）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容詞）Letthefreshairin.（副詞）Youmustn'tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短語(yǔ)）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（現(xiàn)在分詞）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介詞短語(yǔ)）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（從句）（七）定語(yǔ)：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示：Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容詞）Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分詞）Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.（名詞）HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代i司）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)）Theteachingplanfbrnexttermhasbeenworkedout.（動(dòng)名詞）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介詞短語(yǔ)）（八）狀語(yǔ)：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)。可由以下形式表示：Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）Hehaslivedinthecityfbrtenyears.（介詞短語(yǔ)）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短語(yǔ)）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分詞短語(yǔ)）Waitaminute.（名詞）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（狀語(yǔ)從句）狀語(yǔ)種類(lèi)如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）Lastnightshedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因狀語(yǔ)）Ishallgothereifitdoesn'train.（條件狀語(yǔ)）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式狀語(yǔ)）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴隨狀語(yǔ)）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的狀語(yǔ)）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（讓步狀語(yǔ)）Iamtallerthanheis.（比較狀語(yǔ)）練習(xí)一一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.Hehandedmethenewspaper.shallansweryourquestionafterclass.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.HeistoleavefbrShanghaitomorrow.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.Tomcametoaskmefbradvice.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.Henoticedamanentertheroom.Theapplestastedsweet.二、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的主語(yǔ)（一）、謂語(yǔ)（=）、賓語(yǔ)（?）：Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn*toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.三、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的定語(yǔ)(一)、狀語(yǔ)(=)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(?)：MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.It'sgreat!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents.四、選擇填空：()1.willleavefbrBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather.A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet()4.Hegotupyesterdaymorning.A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter()5.Theactorattheageof70.A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.deaded()6.wereallverytired,butnoneofwouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch.A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.1thinknecessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis()9.Thedogmad.A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked()10.1willneverforgetthedayIjoinedthearmy.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類(lèi)兩種分類(lèi)法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn'thearofyoubefore.2）疑問(wèn)句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can'tshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys;Don'ttalkinclass4）感嘆句：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesfbrthewallnewspapers.2）并列句：由并列連詞（and,but,or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句）、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.（二）簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型1、主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)：e.g.Heisastudent.2、主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞：e.g.Wework.3、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)：e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.4、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)）：e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）：e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。（三）2列句的分類(lèi)1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等連接。e.g.Theteacher'snameisSmith,andthestudent'snameisJohn.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or,either...or...,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou'llmissthetrain.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so,fbr,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（四）高考考點(diǎn)探討1、簡(jiǎn)單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多，但是在閱讀中有時(shí)需借助于劃分句子成分去理解，在書(shū)面表達(dá)中，沒(méi)有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語(yǔ)句子來(lái)表達(dá)清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑問(wèn)句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。有時(shí)把祈使句與反意疑問(wèn)句結(jié)合于一體來(lái)考查。一個(gè)題目，幾個(gè)考點(diǎn)，是近幾年命題的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。3、高考對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對(duì)連詞的選擇和使用上。如：and,but,or,while,以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞。4、各種主從復(fù)合句的考查常常與動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起，以賓語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句最為明顯，時(shí)間從句與條件從句中，如果主句是將來(lái)時(shí)，從句則用一般式表將來(lái)，這一點(diǎn)在高考中經(jīng)?？疾?。如：Wewillgooutingifitdoesn'traintomorrowo練習(xí)二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、判斷下列句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn'tthere?MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn'tit?Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.二、判斷下列短文中各句是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1hopeyouareverywell（）.I'mfine,buttired（）.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm（）.Augustisthehottestmonthhere（）.Itisthetimeofyearfbrthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（）Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors（）.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat().Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm().Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim().Butheemploysmoremenfbrtheharvest().Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden().Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere().Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden().Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell().Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden().MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime().Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy().Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside().It'sgreat()!Americanseatalotofmeat一toomuchinmyopinion().Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer().Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty().InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates().TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates().InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime().HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina()?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep().Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents().三、選擇填空：GivemeonemoreminutePllbeabletofinishit.A.andB.orC.ifD.soIt'sthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenlate,?A.hasn'theB.isn'theC.isn'titD.hasn'titjoyfulhewastomeethisbrotheragain!A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.WhatanLetuspass,?A.shan'tweB.shallweC.won'tweD.willyousupposehe'sserious,?A.doIB.don'tIC.isheD.isn'theYouhadbetternotsmokehere,?A.willyouB.hadyouC.shallyouD.haveyouTrainashardasyoucanyou'llwintheswimmingcompetition.A.thenB.butC.andD.orI'msorrytohavetosaythis,youforgottoturnoffthelightswhenyoulefttheroomlastnight.A.andB.butC.soD.becauseJohnhasnotyetpassedthedrivingtest,and.A.Henryhasn'ttooB.HenryalsohasnoteitherC.neitherHenryhasD.neitherhasHenryTherearemanysportsloversinhisoffice.Someloveclimbing,othersenjoyswimming.A.orB.fbrC.whileD.so-???Doyoufeellikegoingoutwouldyouratherhavedinnerathome?--I'dliketogoout.A.orB.andC.butD.so--一“isthetemperaturetoday?^^--"It's38degrees.”A.WhichB.HowC.HowhotD.Howhigh--Youruncleisn'tanengineer,ishe?-—一.A.Yes,heisn'tB.No,heisn'tC.No,heisD.Heisfriendlytoeveryone!A.How,issheB.What,issheC.How,sheisD.What,sheis15.Marywenttobedearly,shefeltverytired.A.orB.soC.fbrD.yetMotheradresswhenshecutherfinger.A.wasmakingB.makesC.ismakingD.madeHelayinbedreadsomethingborrowedfromlibrary.A.butB.andC.orD.yet-???EdreallylikesomelunchbutIhavesomuchworktodo.-???whatyouwantandIcangetitfbryou.A.TellmeB.IfyouwouldsaytomeC.YouwilltellmeD.IfyoutellmeAsheisstrong,canliftonehundredpounds.A.yetheB.butheC.andD.he-■-Ithoughtyouhadanumbrella.---Ihad,Fvelostit.A.sinceB.butC.becauseD.sodowntheradio---thebaby'sasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn--一Idon'tlikechickenfish.--一Idon'tlikechickenIlikefishverymuch.A.and,andB.and,butC.or,andD.or,but——Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight?-???Fdliketo,I'mtoobusy.A.andB.soC.asD.butWouldyoulikeacupofcoffeeshallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwiseShesetoutsoonafterdarkhomeanhourlater.A.arrivingB.toarriveC.havingarrivedD.andarrived"Can'tyouread?”Marysaidtothenotice.A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointedShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.A.whomB.whereC.whichD.while28.itwithmeandI'llseewhatIcando.A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave.--一Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,?--ButIfedityesterday.A.doyouB.willyouC.didn'tyouD.don'tyou.himandthentrytocopywhathedoes.A.MindB.GlanceatC.StareatD.Watch四、按要求完成下列句子：Hedarestotellthetruth.（改為否定句）Theyhavelivedhereformorethantenyears.（對(duì)畫(huà)線部分提問(wèn)）Therewillbeasportsmeetattheendofthismonth,?（完成反意疑問(wèn)）Youmustbecarefulwithyourpronunciation.（改為祈使句）Theywentforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening.（改為一般疑問(wèn)句）Itisaninterestingstory.（改為感嘆句）Thismagazinecomesout（出版）everyotherweek.（對(duì)畫(huà)線部分提問(wèn)）Theycouldhardlybelievehiswords,?（完成反意疑問(wèn)）Themoonisshiningbrightly.（改為感嘆句）lO.OurEnglishteacherisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass.（對(duì)畫(huà)線部分提問(wèn)）復(fù)習(xí)二主謂一致在英語(yǔ)句子里，謂語(yǔ)受主語(yǔ)支配，其動(dòng)詞必須和主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。尋其規(guī)律，大致可歸納為三個(gè)原則，即語(yǔ)法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。（一）語(yǔ)法一致原則：語(yǔ)法上一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。1、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm./TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy./Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall./Thechildrenwereintheclassroomtwohoursago./Readinginthesunisbadfbryoureyes.注意：由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:WhatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks./WhatIsayanddois（are）helpfultoyou.2、由連接詞and或both…and連接起來(lái)的合成主語(yǔ)后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如：LucyandLilyaretwins./SheandIareclassmates./Theboyandthegirlweresurprisedwhentheyheardthenews./BothsheandheareYoungPioneers.注意：①若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，它后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如:Thewriterandartisthascome.;/②由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no,each,everymorethana(an),manya(an)修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Everystudentandeveryteacherwasintheroom../Noboyandnogirllikesit.3、主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面總艮有with,togetherwith,except,but,like,aswellas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan,besides,including等引起的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：MrGreen,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,hascometoChina./NobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground./She,likeyouandTom,isverytall.4、either,neither,each,every或no+單數(shù)名詞和由some,any,no,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Eachofushasanewbook./Everythingaroundusismatter.注意：①在口語(yǔ)中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有“o升復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或代詞)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Neitherofthetextsis(are)interesting.②若noneof后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù)；若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如：Noneofushas(have)beentoAmerica.5^在定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞that,who,which等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard./Heistheonlyoneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.6,如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family,class,crowd,committee,population,audience等。如：ClassFourisonthethirdfloor./ClassFourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.注意：people,police,cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：Thepolicearelookingfbrthelostchild.7、由“alotof,lotsof,plentyof,therestof,themajorityof+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語(yǔ)中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如：Therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom./Therestofthelectureiswonderful./50%ofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.注意：anumbero儼許多”，作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)；thenumberoF…的數(shù)量”，主語(yǔ)是number,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。8、在倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致。如：Therecomesthebus./Onthewallaremanypictures./Suchistheresult./Sucharethefacts.(二)邏輯意義一致原則：邏輯意義一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須和主語(yǔ)的意義一致(因有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)；有時(shí)形式為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義為單數(shù))。1、what,who,which,any,more,all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來(lái)決定。如：Whichisyourbag?/Whichareyourbags?/Allisgoingwell./AllhavegonetoBeijing.2、表示“時(shí)間、重量、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值''等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式，這是由于作主語(yǔ)的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體，如：Thirtyminutesisenoughfbrthework.3、若英語(yǔ)是書(shū)名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)名、國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如："TheArabianNights^isaninterestingstory-book.4、表數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)“oneandahalf后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式(也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Oneandahalfapplesis(are)leftonthetable.5、算式中表示數(shù)目(字)的主語(yǔ)通常作單數(shù)看待，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用單數(shù)形式。如：Twelvepluseightistwenty./Fifty-sixdividedbyeightisseven.6、一些學(xué)科名詞是以-ics結(jié)尾，如：mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等,都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990./1thinkphysicsisn'teasytostudy.7xtrousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,等詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a(the)pairof等量詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：Myglassesarebroken./Thepairofshoesunderthebedishis.8、“定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類(lèi)人時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。(三)就近一致原則：在英語(yǔ)句子中，有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)與最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。1、當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)由either...or,neither...nor,whether...ornotonly...butalso連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。如：Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends./Neithertheynorheiswhollyright./Isneitherhenortheywhollyright?2、therebe句型be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語(yǔ)。如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。如：Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom..注意：Here引導(dǎo)的句子用法同上。練習(xí)：主謂一致whoyourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouwithyourEnglish.A.amB.isC.areD.beTherichnotalwayshappy.A.areB.isC.hasD.haveNeitherTomnorJackandIhisstudents.A.areB.amC.isD.wasMaryaswellashersistersChineseinChina.A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studiesD.studyNeithermyfathernorIathome.A.amB.isC.areD.beNotonlymybrotherbutalsoIgoodatpainting.Bothofusgoodpainters.,A.are;areB.am;amC.ani;areD.is;isEvery*boyandeverygirltoattendtheeveningparty.A.wishB.wishesC.islikeD.likeOver80percentofthepopulationofChinapeasants.A.wasB.isC.wouldbeD.areThepopulationofChinalargerthanthatof.anyothercountryintheworld.A.isB.areC.hasD.haveEverymeanstriedbutwithoutanyresult.A.havebeenB.istobeC.aretobeD.hasbeenAlice,togetherwithtwoboys,forhavingbrokentherule.A.waspunishedB.punishedC.werepunishedD.beingpunishedTheLeaguesecretaryandthemonitoraskedtoattendthe.meetingthisafternoon.A.isB.wasC.areD.isbeingThegreatwriterandprofessor.A.isanoldmanB.arebotholdmenC.isanoldmanandayoungmanD.weretwoChineseThereapen,twopencilsandthreebooksonthedesk.A.areB.isC.hasD.haveAlargenumberofstudentsinourclassgirls.A.areB.wasC.isD.beThenumberofdeer,mountainlionsandwildrosesmuchifpeopleleavethingsastheyare.A.doesn*tchangeB.don*tchangeC.changeD.changedTheArabianNightswellknowntotheEnglish.A.isB.areC.wasD.wereChairmanMao*sworkspublished.A.hasbeenB.havebeenC.wasD.isAchemicalworksbuiltthere.A.istobeingB.havebeenC.weretoD.hasbeenTheOlympicGamesheldeveryyears.A.is;fburB.are;fburC.is;fiveD.are;five.TheUnitedStatesofAmericaoneofthemostdevelopedcountriesintheworld.A.isB.areC.wasD.wereHeistheonlyoneofdiestudentswhoelected.A.areB.haveC.hasD.isTheisisoneofthemostinterestingquestionsthatasked.A.haveB.hasC.havebeenD.hasbeenManyaman cometohelpus.A.haveB.hasC.isD.are"AHpresentandallgoingonwell,”ourmonitorsaid.A.is;isB.are;areC.are;isD.is;areThepolicethemurderereverywherewhenhesuddenlyappearedinatheatre.A.issearchingforB.weresearchingfbrC.aresearchingfbrD.weresearching.Yourtrousersdirty.Youmusthavewashed.A.is;ilB.are;itC.are;themD.is;them.Thispairoftrouseistoolongforhim.A.isB.beC.areD.were.Oneandahalfbananasleftonthetable.A.isB.areC.hasD.have.Eighttimeseightsixty-four.A.isB.areC.getD.equal.Tenminutesanhourwhenoneiswaitingfbraphonecall.A.seemsB.seemC.seemedD.seemes32.ofthemoneynmout.A.Three-fifth;hasB.Three-fifth;hasbeenC.Three-fifths;hasD.Three-fifths;have33.Thewholeclasstheteacherattentively.A.arelisteningtoB.islisteningtoC.arelisteningD.islisteninghavefinishedalargepartofthebook,therestofwhich moredifficult.A.isB.areC.wasD.wereBetweenthetworowsoftreestheteachingbuilding.A.standB.standsC.standingD.areLargequantitiesofwaterfbrirrigation.A.isneededB.has-neededC.areneededD.needThattheywerewronginthesemattersnowcleartousall.A.isB.wasC.areD.allWhatweneedgoodtextbooks.A.isB.areC.haveD.hasWhatyousaidjustnowthematterwearediscussing.A.havesomethingtoatB.hassomethingtodowithC.hadsomethingtodowithD.hasbeensomethingtodowithMorethanonememberagainsttheplan.A.isB.areC.hasD.haveWhenandwheretobuildthenewfactoryyet.A.hasnotdecidedB.isnotdecidedC.arenotdecidedD.havenotdecidedHalfofthefruitbad.A.areB.hasC.isD.haveeitherofyourparentscometoseeyourecently?A.HaveB.HadC.HasD.IsMathematicsthelanguageofscience.A.areB.aregoingtobeC.isD.istobeMyfamilysmall.A.isB.wereC.areD.makesThefollowingsomeotherexamples.A.areB.isC.wasD.wereTheybothhavesomefriends;buthismoreactive.A.isB.willbeC.wasD.areBothriceandwheatgrowninthatcountry.A.isB.areC.wasD.hasEarlytobedandearlytoriseagoodhabit.A.areB.isC.wereD.wasToplaybasketballandtogoswimmingusefulfbrcharacter-training.A.wasB.isC.areD.wereEitherheorItoattendthemassmeetingthisevening.A.isB.amC.areD.beeitherheorItoattendthemassmeetingthisevening.A.isB.amC.areD.beAnironandsteelworks,withsomesatellitefactories,tobebuilthere.A.areB.wereC.isD.willSheaswellasherbrotheraLeaguemember.A.areB.wereC.willD.isHisfamilyabigone.NowthefamilywatchingTV.A.is,areB.are,isC.is,isD.are,areItisIwhogoingtoattendthemeetingtomorrow.A.isB.amC.areD.beMorethan60%ofthestudentsthecountryside.A.isB.areC.isfromD.arefromManyamanthenovel.A.hasreadB.havereadC.isreadD.arereadTomistheonlyoneofthestudentswhogoingtoswimthisafternoon.A.isB.wasC.areD.wereHereapen,afewpencilsandsomepaperforyou.A.areB.isC.wasD.were復(fù)習(xí)三名詞性從句名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞，可分別作主句的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。因此，名詞性從句廳分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位從句。（一）引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞1、連接代詞：who,whose,whom,what,whicho有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，如主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、或定語(yǔ)等。2、連接副詞：when,where,why,how?有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，作狀語(yǔ)。3、連接詞：that,whether,if,asif。that無(wú)詞義，在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，有時(shí)可省略；if（whether）,asif雖有詞義，但在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。注意：連接代詞與連接副詞在句中不再是疑問(wèn)句，因而從句中謂語(yǔ)不用疑問(wèn)式。連接代詞與連接副詞在從句充當(dāng)句子成分，連接詞whether和if（是否），asif（好象）在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起連接作用。根據(jù)句義，如果連接代詞與連接副詞，whether、if和asif都用不上時(shí)，才用that作連接詞（that本身無(wú)任何含義）。（二）主語(yǔ)從句1、主語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句作主語(yǔ)。e.g.Whowillgoisnotimportant.2^用it作形式主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)從句放在句末。e.g.Itdoesn'tmattersomuchwhetheryouwillcomeornot.3、that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，不能省略。e.g.Thathesuddenlyfellilllastweekmadeussurprised.（三）表語(yǔ)從句1、表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)，位于系動(dòng)詞之后。e.g.Thequestionwaswhocouldgothere.2、引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞that有時(shí)可省去。e.g.Myideais（that）wecangetmorecomradestohelpinthework.（四）賓語(yǔ)從句1、賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞that一般可省略。e.g.Ihope（that）everythingisallright.2、介詞之后的賓語(yǔ)從句，不可用which或if連接，要分別用what或whether。e.g.I'minterestedinwhetheryou'vefinishedthework..I'minterestedinwhatyou'vesaid.3、whether與if都可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，?？苫Q。但下面情況不能互換。①賓語(yǔ)從句是否定句時(shí)，只用if，不用whether。e.g.Iwonderifitdoesn'train.②用if會(huì)引起誤解，就要用whetheroe.g.Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryouwanttogo.（此句如果把whether改成if,容易當(dāng)成條件句理解）③賓語(yǔ)從句中的whether與ornot直接連用，就不能換成if；不直接連用，可換。e.g.Idon'tknowwhetherornotthereportistrue.Idon'tknowwhether/ifthereportistrueornot.④介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句要用whether引導(dǎo)。whether可與不定式連用。whether也可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句，還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，以上均不能換成if。但引導(dǎo)條件從句時(shí)，只能用if,而不能用whetheroe.g.Itdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughtime.Theydon'tknowwhethertogothere.Pleasecometoseemeifyouhavetime.（五）同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語(yǔ)，一般位于該名詞（如：news,fact,idea,suggestion,promise等）之后，說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。e.g.Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody.練習(xí)：名詞性從句一、判斷下列各句哪句含有名詞性從句，并指出是什么從句：Chinaisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.Thetruththattheearthturnaroundthesunisknowntoall.Itwassnowingwhenhearrivedatthestation.Howhepersuadedthemanagertochangetheplanisinterestingtousall.Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadoverthewholeschool.Thenewsthatyoutoldmeyesterdaywasreallydisappointing.ThatiswhereLuXunusedtolive.Hespokeasifheunderstoodwhathewastalkingabout.DoyouremembertheteacherwhotaughtusEnglishatmiddleschool?10.1wonderwhysherefusedmyinvitation.二、用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空：1.1can'tdecidedictionaryIshouldbuy.2.That'sherefusedmyinvitation.3.1amveryinterestedinhehasimprovedhispronunciationinsuchashorttime.weneedismoretime.Thefactshehadnotsaidanythingatthemeetingsurprisedeverybody.andtheywillmeethasnotbeendecidedyet.Pleasetellmeyouarewaitingfor.Isthatyouarelookingfor?Wouldyoupleasetellmethenearestpostofficeis?don'tknow hewillagreetotheplanornot.三、選擇填空：一DoyouseeImean?A.thatB./C.howD.whatTellmeisonyourmind.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whyWemuststicktowehaveagreedon.A.whatB.thatC./D.howLetmesee.A.thatcanIrepairtheradioB.whether-IcanrepairtheradioC.IcanrepairtheradioD.whethercanIrepairtheradioKeepinmind.A.thattheteachersaidB.whatdidtheteachersayC.thatdidtheteachersayD.whattheteachersaidCouldyouadviseme?A.whichbookshouldIreadfirstB.whatbookshouldIreadfirstC.thatbook1shouldreadfirstD.whichbookIshouldreadfirstHewascriticizedfor.A.hehaddoneitB.whathehaddoneC.whathadhedoneD.thathehaddoneitWouldyoukindlytellme?howcanIgettotheBeijingRailwayStationhowIcangettotheBeijingRailwayStationwherecanIgettotheBeijingRailwayStationwhethercanIgettotheBeijingRailwayStationMrs.Smithwasverymuchimpressedby.A.whathadsheseeninChinaB.thatshehadseeninChinaC.whatshehadseeninChinaD.whichhadsheseeninChinaWetookitforgranted A.thattheywerenotcomingB.thatweretheynotcomingC.theywerecomingnotD.weretheynotcoining1reallydon*tknowA.IshoulddonextB.whatshouldIdonextC.whatIshoulddonextD.howIsh