醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù)：顱腦系統(tǒng)的X線攝影

顱腦系統(tǒng)的X線攝影

Radiographicpositionsofskull頭部的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)平面矢狀面：將頭顱分成左右兩半的平面正中面：頭顱正中的一個(gè)矢狀面水平面：兩眼眶下緣至兩外耳孔上緣所成的平面垂直面：經(jīng)過兩外耳孔中心與水平面垂直的平面ThestandardflatofheadSagittalplane:theheadisdividedintoleftandrighthalvesoftheplaneMedianplane:theskullofamediansagittalplaneHorizontal:twoeyestotwoloweredgeoftheupperedgeoftheouterearsintotheplaneVertical:Aftertwoouterearsverticalandhorizontalcenterstraightplane頭顱的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聯(lián)線聽眥線：外耳孔與外眼角的聯(lián)線聽眉線：外耳孔與眉間的聯(lián)線聽眶線：外耳孔與眼眶下緣的聯(lián)線瞳間線：兩瞳孔間（外眼角）的聯(lián)線聽鼻線：外耳孔與鼻翼下緣的聯(lián)線聽口線：外耳孔與口角的聯(lián)線ThestandardlineofheadCanthomeatalline:lineofouterearsandtheoutercornerGlabellomeatalline:lineofouterearsandeyebrowsInfraorbitalline:lineofouterearsandeyesoftheloweredgeIPL:lineoftwoIPLlary(outercorner)Acanthiomeatalline:lineofouterearsandnoseoftheloweredgeOromeatallines:lineofouterearsandmouth聽眉線Glabellomeatalline聽眥線Infraorbitalline聽眶線Infraorbitalline聽鼻線Acanthiomeatalline聽口線Oromeatalline頭顱后前位

SkullPosteroanterior頭顱后前位

SkullPosteroanterior攝影目的：觀察顱骨的骨質(zhì)、對稱性、骨板厚度及顱內(nèi)的情況PhotographyObjective:Toobservetheskullbone,symmetry,boneplatethicknessandintracranialconditions攝影體位：病人俯臥于攝影床上，前額和鼻部緊貼臺(tái)面，兩側(cè)外耳孔與床面等距，聽眥線與臺(tái)面垂直中心線：眉間中點(diǎn)（出射點(diǎn)）Photographyposture:thepatientproneonthephotographicbed,foreheadandnoseclosetothesurface,bothsidesofthebedsurfaceequidistantwithouterears,listeningcanthalverticallineandcountertopsCenterline:themidpointbetweentheeyebrows(theexitpoint)SkullPosteroanterior

頭顱后前位頭顱后前位外板頂骨蝶骨小翼眶上裂內(nèi)聽道鼻中隔鼻甲乳突尖部內(nèi)板冠狀縫矢狀縫人字縫額骨額竇眼眶顴骨上頜竇上頜骨下頜骨SuturasagittalisFrontalboneOccipitalboneTemporalpyramidSeptumnasiMandibleInferiortoothC2TemporalboneSuturacoronalisSinusmaxillarisSinusethmoidales標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.矢狀縫與鼻中隔位于照片正中，眼眶、上頜竇、篩竇左右對稱2.顳骨巖部對稱顯示于雙側(cè)眼眶內(nèi)，內(nèi)聽道顯示在眼眶正中

3.顱縫、顱骨骨小梁及顱板顯示清晰4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1sagittalsuturewiththenasalseptumislocatedinthemiddlephotograph,orbit,maxillarysinus,ethmoidsymmetrical2petrousbonedisplayedinthebilateralorbitalsymmetry,theinternalauditorycanalaredisplayedinthemiddleoftheorbit3craniosynostosis,skullandcranialbonetrabecularplatesshowaclear4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerSkull

Posteroanterior

頭顱后前位R頭顱側(cè)位

Cephalometric頭顱側(cè)位

Cephalometric攝影目的：觀察顱骨的骨質(zhì)、骨縫及蝶鞍的形態(tài)、大小及顱內(nèi)情況PhotographyObjective:Toobservetheskullbone,bonejointsandsellashape,sizeandintracranialconditions攝影體位：病人俯臥于攝影床上，頭側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)，被檢側(cè)耳部緊貼臺(tái)面，被檢側(cè)上肢放于身旁，對側(cè)屈肘支撐下頜，瞳間線垂直于床面,正中面平行于平板中心線：外耳孔上2.5cm和前方2.5cm交界處Photographyposture:thepatientproneonthephotographicbed,headtilt,theMinistrywasseizedearclosecountertops,putinthesubjectsideoftheupperside,thecontralateralelbowbracejawlinebetweenIPLplaneperpendiculartothebed,themedianplaneparalleltotheplateCenterline:externalearopenings2.5cmonthefrontand2.5cmjunction頭顱左側(cè)位Leftlateralskull標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片顯示：額骨頂骨枕骨副鼻竇蝶鞍各骨縫頭顱側(cè)位Standardsheetshows：FrontalParietalboneOccipitalParanasalsinusesSellaSutureCephalometric冠狀縫額竇蝶鞍蝶竇上頜竇鼻骨篩竇外板內(nèi)板人字縫枕骨髁狀突頸椎板障下頜骨上頜骨頂骨GlabellaFrontalsinusSphenoidsinusNasopharangxCervicalvertebraeMastoidaircellsParietalboneSellaturcicaSuturacoronalisSuturalambdoidea標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.蝶鞍呈半月狀顯示，無雙邊影2.雙側(cè)乳突、外耳孔、下頜骨小頭重疊良好3.頭顱各骨邊緣與骨小梁影像清晰4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1sellawashalf-likedisplay,nobilateralshadow2bilateralmastoid,externalear,mandibleheadsuperimposedgood3cranialedgeofthetrabecularboneimageclarity4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerL顴弓頜頂位

Zygomaticarchjawtopsite顴弓頜頂位

Zygomaticarchjawtopsite攝影目的：觀察顱底各骨的形態(tài)、骨質(zhì)、顴骨弓及各孔的大小PhotographyObjective:Toobservethecranialmorphologyofthebone,bone,zygomaticarchandthesizeofthehole攝影體位：病人坐在攝影架前，面向X線管，頭后仰，頭頂緊靠探測器，兩外耳孔與探測器等距，頭頸部盡量向后仰，使聽眶線平行平板探測器（還可用臥位）中心線：兩下頜角的聯(lián)線中點(diǎn)并垂直于聽眥線Photographyposture:thepatientsittinginfrontphotographicframe,facingtheX-raytube,headthrownback,hisheadclosetothedetector,thedetectorequidistantfromtwoouterears,headandneckasfaraspossibletotheback,solistentotheorbitallinesparallelflatdetector(canalsobeusedrecumbent)Centerline:twomandibularanglelinemidpointandperpendiculartolistencanthalline攝影體位：病人仰臥于攝影床上，雙肩與床的上緣平行，頭后仰，頭頂向下，兩外耳孔與平板等距，頸部盡量伸直，使顱頂緊貼平板（還可用坐位）中心線：與聽眥線垂直射入Photographyposture:thepatientsupineonthephotographicbed,shouldersparalleltotheupperedgeofthebed,headthrownback,headdown,twoouterearsandflatequidistant,neckstraightaspossible,sothattheparietaltotheflatbed(alsowithseat)CenterLine:injectperpendiculartothecanthomeatalline乳突枕骨大孔卵圓孔上頜竇下頜骨篩骨垂直板內(nèi)聽道鼻中隔蝶竇頸動(dòng)脈管顴骨ZygomaticumLaminaperpendicularisSeptumnasiSinusmaxillarisMandibulaCanaliscaroticusPorusacusticusinternusProcessusmastoideusFormenoccipitalemagnumForamenovaleSinussphenoidalis標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.顳骨巖部呈“八”字形顯示于枕骨大孔的兩側(cè)，為軸位影像2.雙側(cè)顴骨左右對稱，邊緣銳利

3.鼻中隔、篩骨垂直板、枕骨大孔與照片長軸重合4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1petrousbonewas"eight"shapedisplayedonthesidesoftheforamenmagnum,theaxisdigitalimages2.Bilateralsymmetricalcheekbones,sharpedges3.Thenasalseptum,perpendicularplateofethmoidbone,theforamenmagnumaxiscoincideswithphotos4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerR顴骨Cheekbones顴骨Cheekbones顳骨巖部前后斜位

Petrousbone

anteropsterioroblique

（湯氏位Town′s）湯氏位(Town′s）攝影目的：觀察枕骨及頂骨后部、顳骨巖部、枕骨大孔及鞍背床突PhotographyObjective:Toobservetherearoftheoccipitalandparietalbone,petrousbone,theforamenmagnumandsaddlebackclinoids攝影體位：病人仰臥于攝影臺(tái)上，頦部內(nèi)收，聽眥線與臺(tái)面垂直，兩外耳孔與臺(tái)面等距，雙臂自然放于身旁中心線：足向30°角，眉間上方10cm處Photographyposture:thepatientsupineonthephotographictable,chinadduction,listencanthallineperpendiculartothetable,andthetableequidistantfromtwoouterears,armsnaturallyplacedonthesideCenterLine:footto30°angle,at10cmabovetheeyebrows頭顱湯氏位（Towne′sSkull）頭顱湯氏位人字縫枕骨鞍背前床突顴弓莖突枕骨大孔內(nèi)聽道冠狀縫鼓室竇LambdoidsutureForamenmagnumDorsumsellaeRamusofmandibleMastoidaircellsGroveforlateralsinusOccipitalbone標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.冠狀縫、人字縫左右對稱于矢狀縫

2.枕骨、顳骨巖部、眼眶及下頜骨升支顯示清晰

3.雙側(cè)內(nèi)聽道顯示于巖骨中部4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1coronalsuture,herringbonestitchsymmetricalinsagittalsuture2occipital,petrousbone,eyesandcleardisplayofthemandibleramus3showstheinternalauditorycanalinbilateralpetrousCentral4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerTowne′sSkull

頭顱湯氏位R蝶鞍側(cè)位

Sellalateral蝶鞍側(cè)位

Sellalateral攝影目的：觀察垂體病變侵及蝶鞍、蝶竇的情況，常用于垂體病變的檢查PhotographyObjective:Toobservethepituitarylesionsinvadingthesella,sphenoidsinuscondition,commonlyusedintheexaminationofthepituitarylesions攝影體位：病人被檢者俯臥于攝影臺(tái)上，頭側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)，被檢側(cè)的耳部緊貼臺(tái)面，上肢自然放在身旁，對側(cè)上肢屈肘，手半握拳支撐頦部，瞳間線垂直臺(tái)面

中心線：外耳孔上2.5cm和前方2.5cm交界處Photographyposture:thepatientproneonthephotographwasseizedbythestage,headtilt,wasseizedearclosetothesideofthetable,naturallyontheupperside,contralateralarmelbow,handhalf-fistsupportingthechin,IPLlinebetweenverticaltableCenterline:junctionof

externalearopenings2.5cmandonthefront2.5cm冠狀縫額竇蝶鞍蝶竇上頜竇鼻骨篩竇外板內(nèi)板人字縫枕骨髁狀突頸椎板障下頜骨上頜骨頂骨GlabellaFrontalsinusSphenoidsinusNasopharangxCervicalvertebraeMastoidaircellsParietalboneSellaturcicaSuturacoronalisSuturalambdoidea標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.蝶鞍呈半圓狀顯示，邊緣清晰，無雙邊影2.前床突、后床突、鞍背、鞍底、蝶竇影像清晰

3.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1showsasemicircularSella,sharpedges,nobilateralshadow2anteriorclinoid,rearbedsuddenly,saddleback,sellar,sphenoidimageclarity3leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner乳突勞氏位(Mastoidlaw’s)

乳突勞氏位(Mastoidlaw’s)

攝影目的：觀察乳突氣房、鼓室蓋、乙狀竇、鼓室及外耳孔的情況PhotographyObjective:Toobservethemastoidair,tympanumcover,sigmoidsinus,middleearandexternalearopeningssituation

攝影體位：病人病人俯臥于攝影臺(tái)上，頭側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)，被檢側(cè)緊貼臺(tái)面，耳廓前折，對側(cè)手半握拳支撐頦部，外耳孔置探測器中心的上2.5cm處，瞳間線垂直臺(tái)面。

中心線：足向及面?zhèn)葍A斜15°角，從對側(cè)外耳孔上5cm與后5cm交叉處射入Photographyposture:Thepatientpatientproneonthephotographictable,headtilt,wasseizedsideclosetothesurface,beforefoldingearcontralateralhandhalf-fistsupportingthechin,earsoutsidethecenterofthedetectorissetat2.5cm,inter-IPLlineperpendiculartothesurface.Centerline:footforwardandsidetiltangleof15°fromtheoppositeside5cmontheouterears5cmaftertheintersectionwiththeincident外耳孔髁狀突乳突氣房內(nèi)耳道乳突尖下頜骨HeadofmandibleMastoidaircellsProcessusmastoideusExternalauditorymeatusMandibula標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.乳突氣房呈側(cè)位影像，顳頜關(guān)節(jié)位于乳突前方

2.乳突小房、鼓室蓋、乙狀竇顯示清晰3.內(nèi)耳孔與外耳孔相互重疊4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1mastoidairwaslateralimages,temporomandibularjointislocatedinfrontofthemastoid2mastoid,tympaniccover,cleardisplaysigmoidsinus3innerearswithoverlappingouterears4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerL乳突許氏位(Schüller′s)乳突許氏位(Schüller′s)攝影目的：觀察鼓室、鼓竇、乳突蜂房、乙狀竇及聽骨的情況PhotographyObjective:Toobservethetympanum,mastoidantrum,mastoidhive,sigmoidsinusandearbonescase攝影體位：病人俯臥于攝影臺(tái)上，將頭側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)，被檢側(cè)靠平板，耳廓前折，對側(cè)手握拳支撐頦部，外耳孔置平板上后

1/3處，瞳間線垂直平板中心線：足向25°角，從對側(cè)外耳孔上7cm與后1.5cm交叉處入射Photographyposture:thepatientproneonthephotographytable,headtilt,wasseizedbythesideplate,frontflapearcontralateralfistsupportingthechin,earsoutsidehomeplateafter1/3,flatverticallinebetweenIPLCenterline:footto25°anglefromtheoppositesideontheouterears1.5cmand7cmaftertheincidentattheintersection乳突許氏位內(nèi)耳道外耳孔髁狀突乙狀竇乳突尖鼓室導(dǎo)靜脈乳突氣房乳突竇蝶竇MastoidaircellsExternalauditorymeatusHeadofmandibleSphenoidsinus標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.兩側(cè)下頜關(guān)節(jié)上、下分離，但在同一直線上，髁狀突不與乳突重疊

2.內(nèi)耳孔與外耳孔重疊在一起，平下頜小頭后方3.顳頜關(guān)節(jié)間隙呈切線位顯示4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1onbothsidesofthetemporomandibularjoint,thenextseparation,butinthesameline,thecondyledoesnotoverlapwiththemastoid2innerearsoverlapwiththeouterears,flatheadbehindthemandibular3temporomandibularjointspacewastangentialpositiondisplay4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerL乳突倫氏位(Runstr?m’s)

乳突倫氏位(Runstr?m’s)

攝影目的：觀察鼓竇、上鼓室、迷路、聽骨、及鼓竇入口的情況PhotographyObjective:Toobservethemastoidantrum,theattic,lost,auditoryossicles,andthecaseofdrumsinusentrance

攝影體位：病人俯臥于攝影臺(tái)上，頭側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)，被檢側(cè)緊貼臺(tái)面，耳廓前折，對側(cè)手半握拳支撐頦部，外耳孔置探測器中心上2.5cm處，瞳間線垂直臺(tái)面

中心線：足向傾斜35°角，從對側(cè)外耳孔上方射入Photographyposture:thepatientproneonthephotographytable,headtilt,closetothesurface,beforefoldingearcontralateralhandhalf-fistsupportingthechin,centerofthedetectorontheouterearssetat2.5cm,IPLverticallinebetweenmesaCenterline:foottiltangleof35°fromthetopofthecontralateralexternalearinjection外耳孔髁狀突乳突氣房下頜骨乳突尖MastoidaircellsHeadofmandibleMandibulaProcessusmastoideusExternalauditorymeatus標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.乳突呈側(cè)斜位影像，乳突氣房投影于后上方

2.鼓竇、上鼓室、外耳道、迷路、鼓竇入口顯示清晰3.聽小骨顯示于外耳道內(nèi)

4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1mastoidwasskeweddigitalimagesprojectedonthemastoidairafterthetop2drumsinus,theattic,theexternalauditorycanal,lost,drumssinusentrancecleardisplay3ossiclesdisplayedintheearcanal4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerL乳突梅氏位(Mayer′s)乳突梅氏位(Mayer′s)攝影目的：觀察內(nèi)外耳道、鼓竇、巖骨、下頜骨髁狀突的情況PhotographyObjective:Toobservetheinnerearcanal,drumssinus,petrousbone,mandiblecondylesituation攝影體位：被檢者仰臥于攝影臺(tái)上，雙手自然放于身旁，頭部轉(zhuǎn)向患側(cè)，頭顱正中矢狀面與探測器成45°角，外耳孔置探測器的上后方1/3處，聽眥線垂直臺(tái)面

中心線：足向45°角，對側(cè)眼眉外側(cè)額部射入Photographyposture:sitonthephotographywasseizedbythestage,hishandsplacedonthenaturalside,headturnedtotheaffectedside,theskullmediansagittalplaneangleof45°withthedetector,thedetectorissetontheouterearsrear1/3listencanthallinesperpendiculartothetableCenterline:foottoa45°angle,lateralfrontalcontralateralinjectioneyebrows乳突梅氏位(雙45°)乳突梅氏位髁狀突內(nèi)耳道鼓竇外耳道乳突蜂窩耳廓軟骨鼓室壁錐體前緣錐體后緣CellulaemastoideaeExternalauditorymeatusInternalauditorymeatus標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.巖骨正中長軸呈切線位影像，長徑與橫徑之比為4:1

2.內(nèi)外耳道、乳突小房、骨性迷路、鼓室、錐體前緣、錐體后緣顯示清晰

3.顳頜關(guān)節(jié)間隙顯示清晰

4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1petrousmedianlongaxistangentialimagediameteranddiameterratioof4:12withintheexternalauditorycanal,mastoid,bonylabyrinth,tympanic,coneleadingedge,trailingedgeoftheconecleardisplay3showsacleartemporomandibularjointspace4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerLBilateralmastoidHsuMayer′s

雙側(cè)乳突許氏梅氏位R雙側(cè)乳突許氏梅氏位

BilateralmastoidMayer′s

mastoidHsu

乳突許氏位R右側(cè)角度不夠Rightangleisnotenough位置不佳Poorlocation顳頜關(guān)節(jié)張閉口位

Temporomandibularjointopen-closedmouthposition顳頜關(guān)節(jié)張閉口位

Temporomandibularjointopen-closedmouthposition攝影目的：觀察顳頜關(guān)節(jié)的骨質(zhì)、功能及關(guān)節(jié)腔的情況PhotographyObjective:Toobservethetemporomandibularjointofthebone,functionandjointcavitycase攝影體位：被檢者俯臥于攝影臺(tái)上，頭側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)，被檢側(cè)緊貼臺(tái)面，耳廓前折，對側(cè)手半握拳支撐頦部，體位與許氏位相同,瞳間線垂直臺(tái)面，口盡量張大。分別攝取張口位和閉口位進(jìn)行比較中心線：足向25°角，從對側(cè)外耳孔上7cm與后1.5cm交叉處入射Photographyposition:proneonphotographywasseizedbythestage,headtilt,closetothesurface,beforefoldingearcontralateralhandhalf-fistsupportingthechin,HsubitpositionwiththesameverticallinebetweenIPLcountertops,mouthaswide.Uptake,respectivelymouthbitandclosedpositiontocompareCenterline:footto25°anglefromtheoppositesideontheouterears1.5cm7cmandaftertheincidentattheintersection顳頜關(guān)節(jié)閉口位下頜關(guān)節(jié)凹下頜關(guān)節(jié)間隙關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)節(jié)下頜小頭下頜切跡外耳孔CapsulaarticularisTuberculunarticulareHeadofmandiblePorusacusticusexternusR標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.顳頜關(guān)節(jié)間隙呈切線位顯示

2.同一放大率攝取張口位和閉口位進(jìn)行比較3.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角Standardsheet:1temporomandibularjointspacewastangentialpositiondisplay2Thesamemagnificationintakemouthbitandclosedpositiontocompare3left(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerTemporomandibularjointopen-closedmouthposition

顳頜關(guān)節(jié)張閉口位RR顳頜關(guān)節(jié)張閉口位(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片)

Temporomandibularjointopen-closedmouthposition(standardsheet)顳頜關(guān)節(jié)張閉口位(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片)

Temporomandibularjointopen-closedmouthposition(standardsheet)R角度太小標(biāo)記不佳AngleistoosmallMarkpoor那片海內(nèi)聽道經(jīng)眶位

Transorbitalbitinternalauditorycanal內(nèi)聽道經(jīng)眶位

Transorbitalbitinternalauditorycanal攝影目的：觀察兩側(cè)內(nèi)耳道后前位的影像，比較雙側(cè)內(nèi)聽道的情況PhotographyObjective:Toobservebothsidesoftheposterior-anteriorauditorymeatusimages,comparingthesituationofbilateralinternalauditorycanal攝影體位：被檢者坐于攝影臺(tái)前，前額和鼻尖緊貼平板，兩側(cè)外耳孔與平板等距，聽眥線與平板垂直

（俯臥位）中心線：經(jīng)兩外耳孔上方1cm處連線與正中矢狀面交叉處垂直射入

Photographyposture:sitonthephotographywasseizedbythestage,foreheadandnoseclosetotheplate,andtheplateequidistantfrombothsidesoftheouterears,listeningcanthallinewiththeflatvertical(proneposition)Centerline:Thetwoouterears1cmabovethemediansagittalplaneattheconnectionwiththeincidentattheintersectionoftheverticalR內(nèi)聽道鼻中隔顴骨RTemporalpyramidSeptumnasiZygomaticum標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.雙側(cè)內(nèi)聽道顯示在眼眶中的巖骨中2.巖骨投影于兩側(cè)眼眶中

3.半規(guī)管及耳蝸影像清晰，顯示在外耳道的外側(cè)

4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1showstheinternalauditorymeatusbilaterallyintheeyesofthepetrousbonein2petrousprojectedonbothsidesoftheeyesand3semicircularcanalsandcochleasharpimagesdisplayedontheoutsideoftheearcanal4left(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner斯氏位(Stenever′s)斯氏位(Stenever′s)攝影目的：觀察內(nèi)聽道的情況，此位置與乳突梅氏位相互垂直，是診斷內(nèi)聽道的重要體位PhotographyObjective:Toobservethecaseoftheinternalauditorycanal,thispositionandmastoidMedvedevbitperpendiculartoeachotherisanimportantdiagnosticpositiontheinternalauditorycanal攝影體位：病人俯臥于攝影臺(tái)上，面向?qū)?cè)偏轉(zhuǎn)，使被檢側(cè)前額、顴骨、鼻尖（上三點(diǎn)）緊貼平板，聽眶線與臺(tái)面垂直，前臂彎曲以支撐身體中心線：頭向12°，枕外隆凸Photographyposture:thepatientproneonthephotographicstage,facingtheoppositedeflection,sothatwasseizedsideforehead,cheekbones,nose(onthreepoints)totheflatbed,listeningorbitalperpendicularlineandcountertops,forearmbenttosupportthebodyCenterLine:Headto12°,externaloccipitalprotuberance斯氏位(Stenever′s)內(nèi)聽道髁狀突乳突尖外耳孔PorusacusticusexternusExternalauditorymeatusHeadofmandibleProcessusmastoideus標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.巖骨呈水平位顯示，內(nèi)緣與枕骨基底部分離

2.乳突尖呈后前切線位顯示，髁狀突影像清晰

3.弧狀隆凸下方可見半規(guī)管、前庭、耳蝸、內(nèi)聽道

4.巖骨嵴下方可見鼓竇、鼓室、聽小骨5.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1petroushorizontalpositionshown,theinneredgeofthebaseportionoftheoccipitalbonefrom2Afterthemastoidtipwasdisplayedbeforethetangentialposition,clearimagescondyle3arc-shapedprotuberancevisiblebeneaththesemicircularcanals,vestibule,cochlea,internalauditorycanal4petrousridgebelowthevisibledrumsinus,tympanum,ossicles5leftandright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerL莖突前后位

Styloidanteroposterior莖突前后位

Styloidanteroposterior攝影目的：觀察莖突長度及形態(tài)PhotographyObjective:Toobservethelengthandshapeofthestyloidprocess攝影體位：被檢者仰臥于攝影臺(tái)上，雙手自然放于身旁，用13o的角度板墊高頭部，張大口，聽鼻線垂直探測器，這一方法用于比較雙側(cè)莖突的情況

中心線：經(jīng)兩眼角連線中點(diǎn)垂直射入Photographyposture:thepatientsupineonthephotographicstage,handsnaturallyplacedontheside,witha13oangleplateelevatethehead,dilatingthemouth,noseandlistentotheverticallinedetectors,thismethodisusedtocomparethesituationofbilateralstyloidCenterline:themidpointofthetwoeyesnormallyincident莖突前后位

Styloidanteroposterior莖突StyloidProcessusstyloideusProcessusstyloideus標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.莖突顯示在同側(cè)下頜升支與頸椎之間的空隙中，不與其他組織重疊

2.乳突尖與下頜關(guān)節(jié)部分重疊

3.雙側(cè)莖突顯示清晰

4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1styloiddisplayedintheipsilateralcervicalramusandthegapbetweennotoverlapwithotherorganizations2mastoidalepartiallyoverlapswiththetemporomandibularjoint3showsaclearbilateralstyloid4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner莖突側(cè)位

Lateralstyloid莖突側(cè)位

Lateralstyloid攝影目的：觀察莖突長度及形態(tài)PhotographyObjective:Toobservethelengthandshapeofthestyloidprocess攝影體位：被檢者俯臥于攝影床上，頭側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)，被檢側(cè)耳部緊貼臺(tái)面，被檢側(cè)上肢放于身旁，對側(cè)屈肘支撐下頜，瞳間線垂直于床面,頭稍向下低，口盡量張大中心線：向頭側(cè)傾斜10°角,對側(cè)下頜角后緣射入

Photographyposture:thepatientproneonthephotographicbed,headtilt,theMinistrywasseizedearclosecountertops,putinthesubjectsideoftheupperside,thecontralateralelbowbracejawlinebetweenIPLplaneperpendiculartothebed,headslightlydownlowmouthaswideCenterline:tiltangleof10°tothehead,thetrailingedgeofthecontralateralmandibularangleinjections莖突側(cè)位

Lateralstyloid莖突Processusstyloideus莖突Styloid下頜骨Mandible樞椎A(chǔ)tlantoaxial標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.莖突顯示在下頜切跡與頸椎之間

2.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1styloiddisplayedinthelowerjawandcervicalnotchbetween2leftandright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerL眼眶后前位

OrbitalPosteroanterior眼眶后前位OrbitalPosteroanterior攝影目的：觀察眼眶的形態(tài)、大小及異物定位的情況PhotographyObjective:Toobservetheorbitalshape,size,andforeignbodylocalizationcase攝影體位：被檢者站立于攝影架前，前額和鼻部緊貼平板，頭顱正中矢狀面與平板垂直，兩側(cè)外耳孔與攝影架等距（還可用俯臥位）

中心線：向足側(cè)傾斜23°角，枕外粗隆上方6～7cm處經(jīng)鼻根射入Photographyposition:

Patientstandingbeforethephotographicframe,foreheadandnoseclosetotheplate,andflatskullmediansagittalplaneperpendiculartotheoutersidesoftheears,andphotographicframeisometric(pronepositioncanalsobeused)Centerline:footsidetotilt23°angle,theexternaloccipitalprotuberanceatthetop6~7cminjectionthroughnasion額竇上頜竇巖骨眼眶眶上裂篩竇鼻中隔眶下裂眼眶后前位Sinus

frontalisSinus

ethmoidalesFissuraorbitalissuperiorSeptumnasiSinus

maxillarisParspetrosaR標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.兩側(cè)眼眶呈圓形對稱地顯示在照片中

2.巖骨上緣投影于上頜竇內(nèi)上1/3處

3.眶上裂、眶下裂、鼻中隔、篩竇顯示清晰

4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角Standardsheet:1roundedsymmetricallyonbothsidesoftheeyesinthephotoshow2rockontheedgeoftheprojectioninthemaxillarysinusbonewithintheupper1/33.Thesuperiororbitalfissure,inferiororbitalfissure,nasalseptum,ethmoidcleardisplay4left(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner

OrbitalPosteroanterior眼眶后前位R紫色的夢渾然天成鼻骨側(cè)位

Lateralnasal鼻骨側(cè)位

Lateralnasal攝影目的：觀察鼻骨骨折的情況PhotographyObjective:Toobservethecaseofnasalbonefracture攝影體位：被檢者站立于攝影架前，頭側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)，雙手扶住攝影架，使頭顱矢狀面與平板平行，瞳間線垂直于探測器

中心線：鼻根下方2cm處Photographyposition:thepatientstandingbeforethephotographicframe,headtilt,hishandsheldontothephotographicframe,sothatthesagittalplanewiththeflatheadparallellinesperpendiculartothedetectorbetweenIPLCenterline:2cmatthebottomnasion鼻骨側(cè)位鼻骨嘴唇Nasalboneslips標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.鼻骨呈側(cè)位顯示在照片正中

2.兩側(cè)下頜骨重疊良好3.鼻腔軟組織層次分明

4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1lateralnasalbonewasshowninthephotomiddle2goodoverlaponbothsidesofthemandible3distinctnasalsofttissue4left(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner副鼻竇柯氏位（23°）

Coriolisbitparanasalsinuses副鼻竇柯氏位（23°）Coriolisbitparanasalsinuses攝影目的：觀察額竇、篩竇、眼眶、眶上裂的情況PhotographyObjective:Toobservethefrontal,ethmoid,orbit,superiororbitalfissuresituation攝影體位：被檢者站立于攝影臺(tái)前，頦部與鼻尖緊貼探測器，頭顱正中矢狀面與平板垂直，使中心線與聽眥線夾角為23°角，兩側(cè)外耳孔與攝影架等距

中心線：枕骨粗隆上7cmPhotographyposition:

Patientstandinginfrontofthestagephotography,chinandnoseclosetothedetectorheadwiththeflatverticalmediansagittalplane,sothattheanglebetweenthecenterlineandlistencanthalangleof23°onbothsidesoftheouterearsandphotographystandequidistantCenterline:7cmontheoccipitalprotuberance柯氏位巖骨嵴眶上裂眼眶額竇上頜竇篩竇副鼻竇柯氏位R篩竇上頜竇額竇巖骨RSinus

frontalisSinus

ethmoidalesSinus

maxillarisSeptumnasiParspetrosaOrbita標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.兩側(cè)眼眶呈圓形對稱地顯示在照片中

2.額竇、篩竇、眼眶、眶上裂顯示清晰3.巖骨上緣與上頜竇下緣重疊

4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1roundedsymmetricallyonbothsidesoftheeyesinthephotoshow2frontal,ethmoid,orbit,superiororbitalfissurecleardisplay3petrousedgeandtheloweredgeofthemaxillarysinusoverlap4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner副鼻竇瓦氏位（37°）

ParanasalsinusesofValsalvabit副鼻竇瓦氏位（37°）

ParanasalsinusesofValsalvabit攝影目的：觀察上頜竇、額竇、前后組篩竇、上頜骨的骨質(zhì)及形態(tài)PhotographyObjective:Toobservethemaxillary,frontal,ethmoidsinusbefore,maxillaryboneandmorphology攝影體位：被檢者坐于攝影架前，雙手扶住攝影架，頭后仰，頦部接觸探測器，鼻尖與平板相距約0.5～1.5cm，聽眥線與探測器成37°角中心線：鼻尖（出射點(diǎn)）Photographyposture:sitonthephotographicframebeforethepatient,hishandsheldontothephotographicframe,headthrownback,chincontactdetector,flatnoseandadistanceofabout0.5~1.5cm,listencanthallinewiththedetectorintoa37°angleCenterline:tipofthenose(exitpoint)瓦氏位額竇眼眶篩竇上頜竇巖骨乳突下頜骨Sinus

frontalisSinus

ethmoidalesSinus

maxillarisSeptumnasiMandibulaParspetrosaOrbitaR標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.巖骨上緣投射在上頜竇下緣，無重疊組織影像2.眼眶、篩竇、上頜竇對稱地顯示在鼻中隔兩側(cè)3.上頜竇的竇腔邊緣銳利，周圍骨質(zhì)影像清晰4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角Standardsheet:1petrousprojectedontheupperedgeoftheloweredgeofthemaxillarysinus,withoutoverlappingtissueimages2orbital,ethmoid,maxillarydisplayedsymmetricallyonbothsidesofthenasalseptum3maxillarysinusessharpedgesofthesurroundingboneimageclarity4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerR巖骨上頜竇瓦氏位R面骨后前位（45°）

Facialbones

Posteroanterior面骨后前位（45°）

Facialbones

Posteroanterior攝影目的：觀察面顱各骨的情況，主要是顴骨的情況PhotographyObjective:Toobservethesurfaceofthecranialboneswerethecase,thesituationismainlycheekbones攝影體位：被檢者坐于攝影架前，雙手扶住攝影架，頭后仰，頦部緊靠平板，鼻尖與探測器相距約1～2.5cm，聽眥線與探測器成45°角（還可用俯臥位）

中心線：鼻根Photographyposture:sitonthephotographicframebeforethepatient,hishandsheldontothephotographicframe,headthrownback,chinclosetotheplate,tipofthenoseandthedetectorislocatedabout1~2.5cm,listencanthallineanddetectorangleof45°(canalsobeusedproneposition)CenterLine:nasion大瓦氏位眼眶額竇顴骨下頜頦部鼻腔上頜骨上頜竇乳突OrbitaZygomaticumSinus

frontalisSinus

maxillarisTemperalboneCorpusmandibulaeProcessusmastoideusSeptumnasiR標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.顴骨顯示在上頜竇的兩側(cè)，骨小梁清晰2.眼眶、上頜竇、額竇、篩竇左右對稱3.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角Standardsheet:1cheekbonesdisplayedonbothsidesofthemaxillarysinus,trabecularclear2eyes,maxillary,frontal,ethmoidsymmetrical3leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner下頜骨正位

Anteroposteriormandibular下頜骨正位

Anteroposteriormandibular攝影目的：觀察下頜骨升支及顳頜關(guān)節(jié)的正位情況PhotographyObjective:Toobservetheascendingbranchofthemandibleandtemporomandibularjointanteroposteriorcase攝影體位：被檢者俯臥于攝影臺(tái)上，屈肘，雙手放于頭的兩側(cè)，頭顱正中矢狀面垂直探測器中線，前額鼻尖緊貼臺(tái)面

中心線：嘴唇Photographyposition:proneonphotographywasseizedbythestage,elbow,puthishandsonbothsidesofthehead,theheadmidlinesagittalplaneperpendiculartothedetector,foreheadnoseclosetothetableCenterLine:Lips下頜骨正位頦部下頜角下頜體部下頜支部喙突上頜竇下頜小頭乳突上頜牙下頜牙鼻腔AngulusmandibulaeCorpusmandibulaeMaxillaSinus

maxillarisSeptumnasiMandible標(biāo)準(zhǔn)片:1.雙側(cè)下頜骨對稱地顯示在照片中2.下頜骨升支及顳頜關(guān)節(jié)影像清晰3.下頜骨體部與頸椎有重疊4.左右（L、R）標(biāo)記在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1bilateralmandibularsymmetrydisplayedinphotos2mandibularramusandtemporomandibularjointimageclarity3mandibularbodyoverlapwithcervical4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner

Anteroposteriormandibular下頜骨正位R下頜骨側(cè)位

Lateralmandible下頜骨側(cè)位

Lateralmandible攝影目的：觀察下