新人教一輪要點重點梳理突破-選修8Unit3Inventorsandinventions

選修8Unit3Inventorsandinventions重點梳理高效梳理·知識備考●重點單詞2．mercifuladj.寬大的；博愛的；慈善的→mercyn．寬大；博愛3．productn．產(chǎn)品4．a(chǎn)bruptadj.突然的；不測的→abruptlyadv.突然地，唐突地5．convenientadj.便利的，方便的，就近的→conveniencen．方便，便利→convenientlyadv.便利地，方便地6．cautionn．小心，謹(jǐn)慎→cautiousadj.小心的，謹(jǐn)慎的→cautiouslyadv.小心地，謹(jǐn)慎地7．passiveadj.被動的；消極的；被動語態(tài)的8．seizevt.抓??；捉??；奪9．filen．文件；檔案；文件夾vt.提交；將歸檔10．freezingadj.冰凍的；嚴(yán)寒的→freezev．冰凍11．innocentadj.清白的；無罪的；天真的→innocencen．天真，清白12．bearvt.忍受；忍受；負(fù)擔(dān)13．tapvt.輕打；輕拍；輕敲n．輕輕地敲擊(聲)；(水)龍頭14．currentn．(水或氣)流；電流adj.現(xiàn)在的；當(dāng)前的15．stableadj.堅固的；堅固的；平定的16．a(chǎn)ssociatevt.聯(lián)想；聯(lián)系n．伙伴，伙伴17．practicaladj.實質(zhì)的；實踐的；合用的18．competencen．能力；勝任；本領(lǐng)●重點短語1．callup給打電話2．nowandthen有時；有時3．setabout開始；著手4．diveinto迅速把手伸入；一心投入5．setout(todo)開始(做)6．hangon不掛斷；稍等；緊緊握住7．outoforder次序顛倒；發(fā)生故障8．getthrough想法聯(lián)系上(想法)做完；經(jīng)過9．ringback回復(fù)電話10．ringoff掛斷電話

(尤指打通電話

)；●重點句型1．ThenextmorningIgotupearlybeforethesunwashot.第二天清早趁天還不太熱，我就早早地起來了。2．Butoncepickedup,theytriedtobiteme.可是它們一被撿起來，就試圖咬我。3．Onlyafteryouhavehadthatrecognitioncanyousaythatyouaretrulyaninventor.只有在你獲得了那種認(rèn)證后

，你才能說是一個真切的發(fā)明家

。4．Thecriteria

aresostrict

thatitisdifficult

togetnewideasacceptedunlesstheyaretrulynovel.(評定)專利標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是很嚴(yán)格的

，除非新的想法真是奇特的

，否則很難被接受。5．Remembertoincludeonechangetoyourinventionincaseitdoesn‘tworkthefirsttime.記住對你的發(fā)明要有變化的余地，以防它第一次不起作用?！窀呖挤段?2007·海南，寧夏，全國Ⅰ)假定你是李華，希望經(jīng)過外籍教師Peter找一位英國筆友。請寫一封短信，描述一下你理想中筆友的條件，并說明為什么選這樣的筆友。詳盡條件包括：1．年齡；2.性別；3.愛好(旅游、運(yùn)動、養(yǎng)寵物等)。注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；2.能夠合適增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連接；3.開頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫好。DearPeter，Iamwritingtoaskwhetheryouareabletodomeafavor.________________________________________________________________________Bestregards，LiHuaDear_Peter，I_am_writing_to_ask_whether_you_are_able_to_do_me_a_favor.Iwanttohaveapenfriend,hopefullyagirlinherearlytwenties,andwithinterestssimilartomine.Inmymind,sheissomeonewhoisinterestedintraveling,swimming,andplayingtabletennis.Besides,itwouldbebetterforhertohaveapetdogasIhavekeptoneathomeforsometime.Withsuchapenfriend,IhopeIcansharewithherourexperiencesintraveling,takingcareofpets,orwhateverwehaveincommon.AndIbelieveIwillimprovemyEnglishbydoingsoandlearnmoreabouthercountry.Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.Best_regards，Li_Hua考點研究互動研究·能力備考Ⅰ.詞匯短語過關(guān)1．distinguishvi.&vt.鑒識；顯示的差別distinguishedadj.優(yōu)異的，出名的，優(yōu)異的distinguishableadj.易分辨的，能區(qū)分的distinguishbetween...and...區(qū)分/鑒識和distinguish...from...使有別于，使擁有差別于的特色distinguishoneself(as...)(作為)表現(xiàn)突出bedistinguishedby/for認(rèn)為特色/出名(1)He‘s____________________himself______ateacher.作為老師，他早已負(fù)有盛名。(2)Weshould__________________major______minorworkandnotputthetrivialabovetheimportant.我們的工作要分主次，不能夠舍本逐末。distinguishedasdistinguishbetweenand(3)Whatwasitthat_____________her______herclassmates?是什么使得她有別于班上其他同學(xué)呢？distinguishedfrom2．convenientadj.方便的；便利的；周邊的conveniencen.方便，便利Itisconvenientforsb.todosth.做某事對某人來說是方便的。Sth.beconvenientto/forsb.對某人來說是方便的。atsb‘sconvenience在某人方便的時候conveniencefood方便食品conveniencestore便利店(1)Wemust____________aconvenienttimeandplace______themeeting.我們必定安排一個合適的時間和地點開會。(2)Whenwould________________________youtogo?你什么時候去方便？(3)Thehotelhasarestaurantfortheguests'_________.這家酒店為方便旅客設(shè)有餐廳。arrangeforitbeconvenientforconvenience3．seizevt.抓住，捉??；掌握(機(jī)遇等)；搶奪某物，占有某地seizesth.突然抓住seizeanopportunity抓住機(jī)遇seizepower搶奪政權(quán)beseizedwith被攪亂；患/得(病)seizesb.bythearm抓住某人的手臂(1)He__________________andshookitheartily.他拉住她的手快樂地握著。(2)Theenemy__________________afteraviolentattack.仇家強(qiáng)攻后占有了這個城鎮(zhèn)。(3)He________________________goingabroad.他抓住了那次出國的機(jī)遇。seizedherhandseizedthetownseizedthechanceof(4)He_________________aslightattackoffever.他有一點發(fā)熱。wasseizedwith4．bearvt.(bore,borne)忍受；忍受；負(fù)擔(dān)；生育beardoing/n．/todo忍受bearsb./sb.’sdoing忍受某人做某事bearsb./sth.out證明；為作證bearwithsb./sth.耐心對待；容忍bearsth.inmind牢記(1)Icouldn‘t__________________anylonger,soIlefttheroom.我實在聽不下去了，就走開了房間。(2)Ican’t_________________waiting.我不能夠忍受長時間的等待。(3)Idoubtifthatchairwill__________________.我思疑那把椅子能否承受得了你的體重。beartolistenbearbeingkeptbearyourweight(4)Youmust________________________thatyourparentshopetodependonyoutobecomeadoctor.你要記住你的父親母親期望你成為一名好醫(yī)生。(5)She____________threechildren.她生了三個孩子。bearitinmindhasborne(6)Who____________theresponsibility/expense?誰要負(fù)擔(dān)這責(zé)任/花銷呢？willbear提示：(1)bear作“忍受”講時，此后接動名詞做賓語，表示習(xí)慣性的動作，也可接不定式做賓語，表示某一次詳盡的動作，且多與can,could及beableto等連用。(2)borne和born是bear的兩個過去分詞，表示“出生，出生”時用語態(tài)，表示“生育”時用borne。

born，并且僅用于被動5．a(chǎn)ssociatevt.聯(lián)想，聯(lián)系n.伙伴，伙伴accociationn．聯(lián)合；聯(lián)想；交往；協(xié)會；集體associatesb./sth.withsb./sth.把和聯(lián)系在一起；由聯(lián)想到beassociatedwith...和相關(guān)associatewithsb.與某人交往或常打交道associateoneselfwithsth.聲稱或表示自己同意某事物inassociationwith...與合伙/合作(1)I’venever_____________you______thisplace.我從未把你和這個地方聯(lián)系在一起。(2)Iwouldn’twantto__________________Mckey’sproject.我不想和麥基的計劃有任何瓜葛。(3)Idon’tliketheselayaboutsyou’re____________.我不喜歡你結(jié)交的這些游手好閑的人。associatedwithbeassociatedwithassociatingwith6．callup呼喊；令人想起；提出；打電話callat接見(某地)callon/upon接見(某人)callonsb.todosth.號召某人做某事callback召回，撤掉callfor需要；要求callout大聲喊叫callforth喚起，引起callin召集；回收calloff取消(1)Thetrip_____________________________ofmyyouth.旅游勾起了我對年輕時代的美好回憶。(2)He____________alltheinformationfromthecomputer.他從計算機(jī)中調(diào)出了所有的信息。calleduphappymemoriescalledup(3)He________________justtotellmethathehadboughtanewDVD.他打電話就是為了告訴我他買了一臺新的DVD。calledmeup拓展：與打電話相關(guān)的短語：ring/callup打電話ring/callback回復(fù)電話ringoff掛斷電話givesb.aring給某人打電話sb.bewantedonthephone有某人的電話answerthephone接電話hang/holdon不掛斷電話7．setabout(doingsth.)開始；著手干某事setaside留出，撥出(時間、金錢等)，把置于一旁setoutfor＝setofffor＝leavefor出發(fā)到某地去setouttodo開始做setdown寫下；記下；規(guī)定setoff出發(fā)；出發(fā)；激起；引起；使爆炸setup建立；設(shè)置；創(chuàng)辦；創(chuàng)辦(1)Youmust________________________atonce.你必定馬上開始工作。(2)Doyouknowhowto__________________onthiswork？你知道怎樣著手進(jìn)行這項工作嗎？(3)Bellnever________________________

the

telephone.(

＝

Bell

never______________________thetelephone.)貝爾向來沒打算去發(fā)明電話。setaboutyourworksetaboutgoingsetouttoinventsetaboutinventing(4)Whenarewe____________(＝___________)onourtrip？我們什么時候出發(fā)去旅游？settingoutsettingoff8．getthrough打通(電話)，完成(工作)，經(jīng)過(考試)；戰(zhàn)勝(困難)getacross被理解；令人認(rèn)識getdownto仔細(xì)地靜下心(工作)(to為介詞)geton/along相處getoutof防范；擺脫getover戰(zhàn)勝getin收獲getaround/round各處走動；流傳出去getaway/off逃脫，走開寫出以下句子中g(shù)etthrough的意思。(1)Itriedseveraltimes,butcouldn'tgetthrough.___________________(2)You'llgetthroughthisproblem._________________________打通(電話)戰(zhàn)勝(困難)(3)I'llgetthroughthisworkbynoon.____________________(4)Wewereverygladwhenweheardthatyouhadgotthroughyourexam.___________________完成(工作)經(jīng)過(考試)拓展：gothrough經(jīng)歷；翻閱；檢查lookthrough閱讀，仔細(xì)檢查livethrough活過一段時間；經(jīng)歷putthrough把電話接通Ⅱ.重點句型詳解1．Butonce_picked_up,_theytriedtobiteme.可是它們一被撿起來，就試圖咬我。(1)once作為連接詞引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時，后邊可接現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞。Onceopened,themuseumwillbeverypopularwiththecitizens.博物館一旦開放，必定會碰到市民的歡迎。(表被動)②Oncetalkingwithhim,you'llfindhimaneasygoingman.一旦與他講話，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個平易的人。(表主動)(2)once引導(dǎo)的從句中，要用一般時代替將來時。OnceyouhavegraspedEnglish,you'llbeeasytogetawell－paidjob.一旦你掌握了英語，你就會很簡單找到一份酬金很高的工作。(現(xiàn)在完成時代替將來完成時)②Oncehearrives,wecanstart.他一到我們就可以開始。(一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時)(2007·福建)Youwillbesuccessfulintheinterview______youhaveconfidence.A．before

B．onceC．until

D．though答案：B剖析：觀察狀語從句。once“一旦”引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。before“在以前”；until“直到”；though“誠然”。2．Remembertoincludeonechangetoyourinventionin_caseitdoesn’tworkthefirsttime.記住對你的發(fā)明要有變化的余地，以防它第一次不起作用。incase(以防)萬一incase后可接從句，也可置于句末。incaseof若是；在時候(后接名詞或代詞inthiscase若是這樣的話inthatcase若是那樣的話

)inanycase無論怎樣innocase決不(位于句首，句子應(yīng)使用倒裝語序)Takeyourumbrellaincaseitrains.拿著你的雨傘以防下雨。IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeofmypromise.若是我忘記了我的誓詞，請?zhí)崾疚?。Incaseoffire,openthissafetydoor.一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)，打開這扇安全門。Innocasemayyouleavethebabyaloneathome.你決不能夠把孩子一個人留在家里。(2007·北京)Leaveyourkeywithaneighbor______youlockyourselfoutoneday.A．eversinceC．soonafter

B．evenifD．incase答案：D剖析：A項意為“自從以來”，B項意為“即使”，C項意為“不久此后”，D項意為“以防；省得”。句意為“留一把鑰匙給鄰居，省得有一天你把自己鎖在門外”。易錯點撥自我完滿·誤區(qū)備考case構(gòu)成的短語的用法(1)Itisreportedthattherewillbeaheavyraintomorrow,______thehikewouldbeputoff.A．inanycaseB．inwhichcaseC．innocaseD．incase答案：B剖析：該題觀察case的相關(guān)短語及定語從句，依照前面說“聽聞明天有大雨”，可知hike在這種情況下要推遲，which引導(dǎo)定語從句，指代整個主句。(2)－Thefirstbushasjustleftandthenextbuswillcomeintwentyminutes.______，wewillhavetowait.A．InthiscaseC．Bythismeans答案：A

B．Inthisway

D．Intheend(3)Johnmayphonetonight.Idon’twanttogoout______hephones.A．a(chǎn)slongas

B．inorderthatC．incase

D．sothat答案：

C剖析：aslongas意為“只要”，inorderthat意為“為了”，incase意為“以防”，sothat意為“以致；為了”。incase引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。(4)Idon’tthinkI

’llneedanymoney,butI’llbringsome______.A．a(chǎn)tlast

B．incaseC．onceagain

D．intime答案：B剖析：依照句子中所說自己當(dāng)前不需要錢，可是要帶一點備用也許以防萬一。防萬一”的意思，恰好吻合此意。intime是“及時，恰好，早晚”的意思。

incase是“以(5)You’dbettertakesomethingtoreadwhenyougotoseethedoctor______youhavetowait.A．evenifB．a(chǎn)sifC．incaseD．inorderthat答案：

C高效作業(yè)自我測評·技術(shù)備考Ⅰ.單詞拼寫1．Successinmoney－makingisnotalwaysagoodc__________ofrealsuccessinlife.2．It’sf___________outside.You’dbetterputonmoreclothes.3．Thepacketofwhitep_________thepolicefoundinhisroomturnedouttobecocaine.4．Whatweneedisas__________government.5．Yourinventionisingenious,butnotveryp__________.criterionfreezingpowderstablepractical6．Heis__________(清白的，無罪的)ofthecharge.7．He_____________(使揚(yáng)名)himselfbyhiscourageatthattime.8．Ikeepmyreferencebooksnearmydeskfor_________(方便)．9．Heatealightlunchin____________(希望)ofagooddinner.10．Shelikesinventionsandshehasappliedfor________(專利)．innocentdistinguishedconvenienceexpectationpatentⅡ.單項選擇1．－Jack,you______onthephone.______.A．a(chǎn)rewanted;ComingB．a(chǎn)reneeded;I’mcomingC．a(chǎn)recalled;I’llcomeD．a(chǎn)rerungup;Thanks答案：A剖析：觀察電話用語。叫人接電話經(jīng)常用表達(dá)有：Youarewantedonthephone./Thereisacallforyou./Foryou.回答用：I’mcoming.或Coming.2．Whoeverinvented______wheelisbelievedtohavemade______mostusefulinventionin______history.A．a(chǎn);the;/B．the;the;/C．the;/;/D．a(chǎn);a;the答案：B剖析：發(fā)明物的前面必定用the；第二空用the表示最高等，故加定冠詞the;inhistory為固定搭配，意為“在歷史上”，不加任何冠詞。3．Watercanabsorbandgiveoffalotofheatwithoutbigchangesintemperature,thuscreatinga______environment.A．peacefulC．common

B．sensitiveD．stable答案：

D剖析：A項“寧靜的”；B項“敏感的”；C項“共同的”；D項“堅固的”。句意為：水能吸取和放出好多熱量，這在溫度上沒有大的變化，所以就創(chuàng)辦出了一個堅固的環(huán)境。4．Havingdecidedtorentaflat,we______contactingalltheaccommodationagenciesinthecity.A．setaboutB．setdownC．setout答案：A剖析：觀察動詞短語。setaboutdoing＝setouttodo開始著手做某事；

D．setupsetdown寫下，記下；setup

建立。5．Colorblindpeopleoftenfinditdifficultto______betweenblueandgreen.A．separateC．compare

B．distinguishD．contrast答案：

B剖析：句意為：色盲的人經(jīng)常感覺很難區(qū)分藍(lán)色和綠色。

separate

“分別，分開”，但與

between不能夠連用；

distinguishbetween

“分辨，鑒識”；compare(to/with)

比較，比較；contrast(with)形成比較。6．Whenweplanourvacation,Motheroftenoffers______suggestions.A．carefulC．effective

B．practicalD．a(chǎn)cceptable答案：B剖析：本題觀察形容詞詞義辨析。

careful

“仔細(xì)的，小心的”；practical

“可行的，合用的”；effective“有效的，見效的”；acceptable“可接受的，碰到歡迎的”。本句的意思是：當(dāng)我們計劃假期的時候，媽媽經(jīng)常提出合用、可行的建議。所以B項最正確。7．—Areyoureadytoleave?—Almost.I'llbereadytogoassoonasI______puttingthecleandishesaway.A．getthroughB．giveupC．goonD．setabout答案：A剖析：getthrough(doing)sth.完成某事。giveup(doing)sth.放棄；goondoing連續(xù)；setaboutdoing

開始做。8．IamsurethatLaura'slatestplay,______staged,willproveagreatsuccess.A．sinceB．unlessC．onceD．until答案：C剖析：觀察“once＋過去分詞”。其中為省略句oncethelatestplayisstaged。9．(2010·安徽皖南八校二聯(lián))WithoutthehelpofmyEnglishteacher,I______thefirstprizeintheEnglishspeakingcompetition.A．wouldwinB．wouldhavewonC．wouldnotwinD．wouldnothavewon答案：D剖析：觀察虛假語氣。這是一個隱含的虛假條件句，含有ifmyEnglishteacherhadn‘thelpedmewithmyspokenEnglish之意，表示與過去的事實相反，故用與過去相反的虛假語氣，所以D項吻合題意。10．Woulditbe______foryoutopickmeupatfouro'clockandtakemetotheairport?A．freeB．vacantC．handyD．convenient答案：D剖析：句意：你四點鐘接我并把我送到機(jī)場方便嗎？Itisconvenientforsb.todosth.某人做某事方便。11．Doesthismealcost$50?I______somethingfarbetterthanthis!A．preferB．expectC．suggestD．suppose答案：B剖析：觀察動詞辨析。expect希望；期盼；prefer更喜歡；suggest建議；suppose猜想；認(rèn)為。12．Hecan'tbear______inpublic.A．tolaughatC．laughingat

B．tobelaughedatD．laughat答案：B剖析：本題中bear為“承受”的意思。也可表示為bearbeinglaughedat。13．AsIgrewupinasmalltownatthefootofamountain,thevisittothevillage______scenesofmychildhood.A．calledupB．calledforC．calledonD．calledin答案：A剖析：A.“喚起”，B.“需要”，C.“號召”，D.“召集”。本題題意為“本次參觀使我想起了童年的情況”。所以選A。14．(2010·北京東城期末)－Hello,everyone!HaveyouheardthemeetingwillbeputofftillnextTuesday?That'swhatwe______aboutwhenyoucamein.A．a(chǎn)retalking

B．weretalkingC．talk

D．talked答案：B剖析：觀察動詞的時態(tài)?！澳蔷褪悄氵M(jìn)來時我們正在談?wù)摰氖虑椤薄４颂帯罢務(wù)摗钡膭幼靼l(fā)生在“你進(jìn)來時”，所以用進(jìn)行時態(tài)，同時從camein能夠看出用“過去進(jìn)行時態(tài)”。答案應(yīng)入選B項。15．(2010·唐山摸底考試)Hewassodeepinthought,thinkingoftheproblem______heknockedintothetreewithoutnoticingit.A．whenC．because

B．whileD．that答案：D剖析：觀察狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。不留神兒撞到了樹上。

so...that表示“這樣，以致”。他思慮問題太投入了，以致一Ⅲ.閱讀理解AChinawillplantomakenewrulestogivemorecontrolsoverthegrowingnumberofblogsandwebcasts(網(wǎng)上直播)．Nowadays,advancednetworktechnologies,suchasHoggingandwebcasting,arebeingimprovedtochallengethegovernment'sabilitytowatchovertheInternet.ChinesegovernmentwasinthemiddleofmakingnewrulesoverInternetpublishing,andblogsandwebsitesthatpublishingwebcastswouldfallundertheserules.GovernmentofficialshopethenewruleswouldensureamorehealthyandactiveInternetenvironmentandwouldfullyrespectandprotectChinesecitizens'freedomofspeech.Specificdetailsonwhatkindofruleswouldbecarriedoutarestillunknowntothepublic.Despitethegrowingpopularity,bloggersandwebcastershavebeenunpopularwithpublicationinstitutions.In2006,aseriesofcasesinvolvingbloggerswhohaddivedintootherpeople'sprivacyandwrittenmaterialsruiningothers'fameurgedthegovernmenttoconsiderwhethertorequirebloggerstousetheirrealnameswhentheylogin.Webcastingwithoutcopyrightandillegally“copying”productsfromcopyrightedmaterialshavealsoledgovernmentofficialstoconsiderstartinganationwidecheckofonlinevideobroadcasting,andallowonlyqualifiedwebsitestocontinueofferingwebcasts.1．Whatcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A．TheIncreasesofBlogsandWebcastsB．NewRulestoControlInternetPublishingC．TechnologiesChallengetheGovernmentD．ThePopularityofOnlineVideoBroadcasting答案及剖析：1．B。主旨馬虎題。第一段就概括了本文的馬虎。2.ChinesegovernmentthinksthecurrentInternetenvironmentis______.A．quitehealthyB．lessactiveC．ratherhopefulD．lesspiloted答案及剖析：2．D。由第四段可知。3.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.Publicationinstitutionsareunhappywithbloggersandwebcasters.B.Allbloggersandwebcastersliketodigoutotherpeople'sprivacy.C.Webcastersarequiteawareofthecopyrightissueswhileonline.D.Copyrightedmaterialscanonlybeofferedtoqualifiedwebsites.答案及剖析：3．A。由第五段可知A項正確。BTheworldeconomyhasrunintoabrickwall.Despitecountlesswarningsinrecentyearsabouttheneedtoaddressalooming(逼近)hungercrisisinpoorcountriesandaloomingenergycrisisworldwide,worldleadersfailedtothinkahead.Theresultisaglobalfoodcrisis.Wheat,cornandricepriceshavemorethandoubledinthepasttwoyears.Andoilpriceshaveincreasedmorethanthreetimessincethestavtof2004.Thesefoodpricesincreases,combinedwithsoaringenergycosts,willslowifnotstopeconomicgrowthinmanypartsoftheworldandwillevenundermine(破壞)politicalstability,asevidencedbytheprotestriotsthathaveeruptedinplaceslikeHaiti,BangladeshandBurkinaFaso.Practicalsolutionstothesegrowingwoesdoexist,butwe'llhavetostartthinkingaheadandactingglobally.So,whatshouldbedone？Herearethreestepstoeasethecurrentcrisisandavert(防范，防范)thepotentialforaglobaldisaster.Thefirstistoscaleup(按比率增加，擴(kuò)大)thedramaticsuccessofMalawi,afamineprone(遭到饑荒)countryinsouthernAfrica,whichthreeyearsagoestablishedaspecialfundtohelpitsfarmersgetfertilizerandhighyieldseeds.Malawi‘sharvestdoubledafterjustoneyear.AninternationalfundbasedontheMalawimodelwouldcostamere$10perpersonannuallyintherichworld,or$10billioninall.Second,theUSandEuropeshouldabandontheirpoliciesofsubsidizing