考研考博-英語(yǔ)-吉林城市職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解3

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-吉林城市職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Ifanyofthesesymptoms（

）whileyouaretakingthemedicine,consultyourdoctorimmediately.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.establish

B.represent

C.perform

D.occur

【答案】D

【解析】考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。establish“建立;創(chuàng)立”；represent“代表；表現(xiàn)”；perform“表演；執(zhí)行：完成”；occur“發(fā)生”。句意：如果用藥期間出現(xiàn)上述癥狀，請(qǐng)立刻咨詢(xún)醫(yī)生。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.單選題

Mostpeopleleftandthe（）satdowntowait.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.remnants

B.remedy

C.remains

D.remainder

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)remnants“殘余；殘留物”；B選項(xiàng)remedy“補(bǔ)救；解決辦法”；C選項(xiàng)remains“殘余物；剩飯菜”；D選項(xiàng)remainder“殘余；剩余物”。句意：大部分人都離開(kāi)了，……坐著等。remnants一般是指殘余部分、殘跡。remains一般是指古跡，遺跡；遺骸等。句中的主語(yǔ)是人，大部分都走了，還有一部分剩下的人坐著等。remainder做名詞時(shí)側(cè)重于人和錢(qián)的剩余。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

Thebiographerhastodancebetweentwoshakypositionswithrespecttothesubject.Tooclosearelation,andthewritermayloseobjectivity.Notcloseenough,andthewritermaylackthesympathynecessarytoanyefforttoportrayamind,asoulthequalityoflife.Whoshouldwritethebiographyofafamily,forexample?Becauseoftheirclosenesstothesubject,familymembersmayhavespecialinformation,butbythesametoken,theymaynothavethedistancethatwouldallowthemtobefair.Similarly,aking’sservantmightnotbethebestonetowriteabiographyofthatking.Butaforeignermightnothavetheknowledgeandsympathynecessarytowritetheking’sbiography—notforareadershipfromwithinthekingdom,atanyrate.

Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.Thebiographerhastoworkwiththepositionheorshehasintheworld,adjustingthatpositionasnecessarytodealwiththesubject.Everypositionhasstrengthsandweakness:tothrive,awritermusttrytobecomeawareofthese,evaluatethemintermsofthesubject,andselectapositionaccordingly.

Whentheirsubjectsareheroesorfamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocraticmotive:theyattempttoshowthattheirsubjectsareonlyhuman,nobetterthananyoneelse.Otherbiographiesaremeanttochangeus,toinviteustobecomebetterthanweare.ThebiographiesofJesusfoundintheBibleareinthisclass.

Biographersmayclaimthattheiraccountistheauthentic”one.Inadvancingthisclaim,theyarehelpedifthebiographyis“authorized”bythesubject:thispresumablyallowsthebiographerspecialaccesstoprivateinformation.“Unauthorized”biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,however,sincetheycansuggestanindependenceofmindinthebiographer.Inbookpromotions,theunauthorized’characterizationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress.Asubjectmighthaveseveralbiographies,evenseveralauthentic”ones.Wesenseintuitivelythatnooneisinapositiontotellthe”storyoflife,perhapsnoteventhesubject,andthishasbeenprovedbythehistoryofbiography.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,anidealbiographerwouldbeonewho（

）.

2.TheauthorcitesthebiographiesofJesusintheBibleinordertoshowthat（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue,accordingtothepassage?

4.Anunauthorizedbiographyislikelytoattractmorereadersbecause（

）.

5.Inthispassage,theauthorfocuseson（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.possessesspecialprivateinformationandissympathetictowardthesubject

B.isclosetothesubjectandknowsthetechniquesofbiographywriting

C.isindependentandtreatsthesubjectwithfairnessandobjectivity

D.knowsthesubjectsverywellandyetmaintainsaproperdistancefromhim

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.biographiescanservedifferentpurposes

B.biographiesareauthenticaccountsoftheirsubject’slives

C.thebestbiographiesarethoseofheroesandfamousfigures

D.thebestbiographiesaremeanttotransformtheirreaders

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Anauthenticbiographyseldomappealstoitsreaders.

B.Anauthenticbiographyisoneauthorizedbythesubject.

C.Authorizedbiographieshaveawiderreadership.

D.Noonecanwriteaperfectbiography.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.itportraysthesubjectbothfaithfullyandvividly

B.itrevealsalotofaccuratedetailsunknowntooutsiders

C.itcontainsinterestinginformationaboutthesubject'sprivatelife

D.itusuallygivesasympatheticdescriptionofthesubject'scharacter

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.thesecretofabiographertowinmorereaders

B.thedifficultyofabiographerinfindingtheproperperspectivetodohisjob

C.thetechniquesrequiredofabiographertowriteagoodbiography

D.thecharacteristicofdifferentkindsofbiographies.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.根據(jù)第二段的最后一句“tothrive,awritermusttrytobecomeawareofthese,evaluatethemintermsofthesubject,andselectapositionaccordingly.”要想成功，作家必須意識(shí)到這些，并根據(jù)主題對(duì)它們進(jìn)行評(píng)估，選好相應(yīng)的位置。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

2.根據(jù)第三段的第一句“Whentheirsubjectsareheroesorfamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocraticmotive...”當(dāng)他們的主人公是英雄或著名人物時(shí)，傳記往往透露出一種民主動(dòng)機(jī)。這與第二段的最后一句相呼應(yīng)。所以選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

3.根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句“Wesenseintuitivelythatnooneisinapositiontotell‘the’storyoflife,perhapsnoteventhesubject,andthishasbeenprovedbythehistoryofbiography.”沒(méi)有人能夠講述“生命的故事，甚至可能連主題都沒(méi)有，傳記的歷史已經(jīng)證明了這一點(diǎn)。所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

4.根據(jù)第四段的第三句“'Unauthorized'biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,however,sincetheycansuggestanindependenceofmindinthebiographer.”未經(jīng)授權(quán)的傳記也有其吸引力，因?yàn)樗鼈兡鼙砻鱾饔涀髡咚枷氲莫?dú)立性。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

5.這篇文章主要是描述傳記作者很難找到合適的視角來(lái)完成他的工作。選項(xiàng)B更符合主題

4.單選題

Thetaleisbasedonthe______ideaofamanwhoremainsyoungwhilehisportraitonthewallgrowsold.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.tentative

B.whimsical

C.querulous

D.cynical

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)tentative“試驗(yàn)性的，暫定的，躊躇的”，B項(xiàng)whimsical“古怪的，異想天開(kāi)的”，C項(xiàng)querulous“易怒的，暴躁的，愛(ài)發(fā)牢騷的”，D項(xiàng)cynical“憤世嫉俗的，冷嘲的”。根據(jù)后面的定語(yǔ)從句“掛在墻上的肖像會(huì)變老，而他卻依然年輕”可知，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中“異想天開(kāi)的”符合。句意：這個(gè)故事是基于一個(gè)人的異想天開(kāi)的想法，他仍然年輕，而他的肖像在墻上變老。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

5.單選題

Owingtoanacutelackoflower-incomehousing,themunicipalgovernmentisembarrassedbytheimpressinghousingissue.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.urgent

B.grave

C.stressful

D.increasing

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)urgent“緊急的，急迫的”，B項(xiàng)grave“重大的，嚴(yán)肅的”，C項(xiàng)stressful“緊張的，有壓力的”，D項(xiàng)increasing“越來(lái)越多的，漸增的”。句意：由于低收入者住房的嚴(yán)重匱乏，市政府對(duì)于嚴(yán)重的住房問(wèn)題感到為難。acute在句中表示“嚴(yán)重的”，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中意思與之相近的是B項(xiàng)。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

6.單選題

Somepracticalis（）desirableforcandidatesinterestedinapplyingforthisjob.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.exploit

B.adventure

C.initiative

D.experience

【答案】D

【解析】名詞辨析。句意：對(duì)于有興趣申請(qǐng)這份工作的候選人來(lái)說(shuō)，一些實(shí)用

是可取的。exploit功績(jī)，功勛；adventure冒險(xiǎn)；initiative主動(dòng)權(quán)，首創(chuàng)精神；experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)。因此，D項(xiàng)符合句意。

7.單選題

ReformingtheSocialSecurityretirementprogramisanissueofenormouspracticalimportance.YetitremainsthemissingpieceinAmericanpolicyanalysis.AtatimewhentheCongressandtheAdministrationareconsideringwaystoreformwelfare,Medical,Medicaidandtheincometax,electedofficialsarestillunwillingtoconfronttheseriousproblemofourSocialSecuritysystem.Eventually,however,itsdeterioratingfinancialconditionwillforcemajorreforms.Whetherthosereformsaregoodorbad,whethertheydealwithbasiceconomicproblemsofthesystemormerelyprotectthesolvencyofexistinginstitutionalarrangementswilldependinpartonwhetherwe,aseconomists,providetheappropriateintellectualframeworkforanalyzingreformalternatives.

Majorpolicychangesthataffectthepublicatlargecanonlyhappeninourdemocracywhenthereiswidespreadpublicsupportforthenewdirectionpolicy.Inthefieldofeconomics,theviewsofmedia,ofotherprivate-sectoropinionleaders,andofpoliticiansandtheiradvisers,dependverymuchontheirperceptionofwhateconomistsbelievefeasibleandcorrect.Fundamentalpolicyreformsinacomplexarealikesocialsecurityalsorequirethedevelopmentoftechnicalexpertise,bothinandoutofgovernment,abouttheopinionsforchangeandtheirlikelyconsequences.Fortunately,anexpandinggroupofeconomistsisnowthinkingandwritingaboutsocialsecurityreform.Myremarkstodaygreatlybenefitfromwhattheyhavewrittenandfrommyconversationswithmanyofthem.

IbegantodomyresearchontheeffectsofSocialSecurityreformnearly25yearsago(Feldstein,1974,1975).AcentralconceptinmyanalysisofSocialSecurityhasbeenthenotionof“SocialSecuritywealth”,whichIdefinedasthepresentactuarialvalueoftheSocialSecuritybenefitstowhichthecurrentadultpopulationwillbeentitledatageof65(orarealreadyentitledtoiftheyareolderthan65)minusthepresentactuarialvalueoftheSocialSecuritytaxesthattheywillpaybeforereachingthatage.SocialSecuritywealthhasnowgrowntoabout$11trillionormorethan1.5timesGDP.Sincethisisequivalenttomorethan$50000foreveryadultinthecountry,thevalueofSocialSecuritywealthsubstantiallyexceedsallotherassetsforthevastmajorityofAmericanhouseholds.Intheaggregate,SocialSecuritywealthexceedsthree-fourthsofallprivatefinancialwealth,asconventionallymeasured.

SocialSecuritywealthisofcoursenotrealwealthbutonlyaclaimoncurrentandfuturetaxpayers.Insteadoflabelingthiskeymagnitude“SocialSecuritywealth”,Icouldhavecalleditthenation’s“SocialSecurityliability”.Likeordinarygovernmentdebt,SocialSecuritywealthhasthepowertocrowdoutprivatecapitalaccumulation;andSocialSecuritywealthwillcontinuetogrowaslongasourcurrentsystemremainsunchanged,displacinganeverlargerstockofcapital.

The$11trillionSocialSecurityliabilityisthreetimesaslargeastheofficialnationaldebt.AlthoughIcertainlywelcomethecurrentpoliticaleffortstoshrinkfuturebudgetdeficit,itisworthnotingthat,evenifthetraditionaldeficitiseliminatedintheyear2002,sothatthenationaldebtisthennolongerincreasing,thenationaldebtintheformoftheSocialSecurityliabilityislikelytoincreasethatyearbyabout$300billion.

Lookingfurtherintothefuture,theaggregateSocialSecurityliabilitywillgrowasthepopulationexpands,asitbecomesrelativelyolder,andasincomerises.Governmentactuariespredictthatunderexistinglawthetaxraterequiredtopayeachyear’sSocialSecuritybenefitwillriseoverthenext50yearsfromthepresentlevelofslightlylessthan12percenttomorethan18percent,andperhapstoasmuchas23percent.

1.Thedeterioratingfinancialconditionsreferredtowascausedby____.

2.Inthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraph,theunderlinedword“alternatives”refersto____.

3.Inparagraphthree,thenameandthedatesbetweenparentheses____.

4.ThedefinitionofSocialSecuritywealth____.

5.Ratherthanwealth,thismagnitudemaybeconstruedasaliabilitybecause____.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.apooreconomicapproachtotheSocialSecurityretirementprogram

B.thereformofwelfareapprovedbythegovernment

C.government’sheavydebtsbecauseofinappropriateinvestment

D.majorpolicychangesinthepast

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.courses

B.thoughts

C.occasions

D.people

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.identifytheauthor

B.representnewinformation

C.arequestionsofpersonalstyle

D.refertoadifferentsource

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.appliestothebenefitspayablebeforeage65

B.includesthepresentactuarialvaluepaidbeforeage65

C.wasformulatedtwoandahalfdecadeago

D.wastodifferentiateprivatefinancialwealth

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.ithasgrownto$11trillion

B.itexceedsallotherassets

C.itisadebttobepaid

D.itgrowsrapidlythroughtheaccumulationofprivatecapital

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Thedeteriorationfinancialconditionreferredtowascausedby____.文中提到的財(cái)務(wù)狀況惡化是由____造成的。

A.apooreconomicapproachtotheSocialSecurityretirementprogramA.社會(huì)保障退休計(jì)劃的糟糕的經(jīng)濟(jì)方法

B.thereformofwelfareintheSocialSecurityretirementprogramB.社會(huì)保障退休計(jì)劃中的福利改革

C.government’sheavydebtsbecauseofinappropriateinvestmentC.政府投資不當(dāng)導(dǎo)致的沉重債務(wù)

D.majorpolicychangesinthepastD.過(guò)去發(fā)生的重大政策變化

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞deteriorationfinancialcondition定位到原文第一段第四句，該句提到“其日益惡化的財(cái)政狀況（itsdeterioratingfinancialcondition）最終（Eventually）將迫使其進(jìn)行重大改革（majorreforms）?！庇纱丝芍笪慕榻B的應(yīng)該是財(cái)政狀況惡化的結(jié)果——改革，因此，導(dǎo)致財(cái)政狀況惡化的原因應(yīng)該去前文中找。前一句提到“當(dāng)國(guó)會(huì)和政府正在考慮如何改革社會(huì)福利、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助和所得稅時(shí)，官員們?nèi)匀徊辉敢饷鎸?duì)我們社會(huì)保障體系的嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題?！庇纱丝芍?，在討論制定社會(huì)保障計(jì)劃時(shí)，政府官員們的方法不當(dāng)，不愿意處理社會(huì)保障體系中的嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題，由此最終導(dǎo)致需要進(jìn)行改革。A選項(xiàng)“制定社會(huì)保障退休計(jì)劃的糟糕的經(jīng)濟(jì)方法”最符合原文。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)保障退休計(jì)劃中的福利改革”，根據(jù)【解題思路】可知，“改革”是“財(cái)政狀況惡化”的結(jié)果，而本題詢(xún)問(wèn)的是“財(cái)政狀況惡化”的原因，該選項(xiàng)屬于因果倒置；

C選項(xiàng)“政府投資不當(dāng)導(dǎo)致的沉重債務(wù)”，“政府債務(wù)”是原文第四到六段的內(nèi)容，根據(jù)原文可知，與本題無(wú)關(guān)，該選項(xiàng)屬于出處錯(cuò)位；

D選項(xiàng)“過(guò)去發(fā)生的重大政策變化”，“重大政策變化”可定位到原文第二段第一句，該句提到“只有當(dāng)新的政策方向得到公眾的廣泛支持時(shí)，才能發(fā)生影響廣大公眾的重大政策變化”，與本題無(wú)關(guān)，該選項(xiàng)屬于出處錯(cuò)位。

第2題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Inthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraph,theunderlinedword“alternatives”refersto____.第一段的最后一句中劃線(xiàn)詞“alternatives”指的是____。

A.coursesA.課程；路線(xiàn)

B.thoughtsB.想法；看法

C.occasionsC.重大場(chǎng)合

D.peopleD.人民

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】詞匯推測(cè)題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thefirstparagraph和thelastsentence定位到原文第一段最后一句，該句提到“這些改革是好是壞，是解決體系的基本經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題，還是僅僅保護(hù)現(xiàn)有制度安排的償付能力，將部分取決于我們，作為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，是否提供適當(dāng)?shù)闹R(shí)框架來(lái)分析____?！痹~alternatives的本義為“可供替代的選擇”，在這里應(yīng)該指的是一些供選擇的改革方案（reformalternatives）。C選項(xiàng)occasions可以指重大的社會(huì)事件或場(chǎng)合，reformoccasions指的是“改革”這件事，與原文的語(yǔ)義最接近。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A選項(xiàng)courses“課程；路線(xiàn)”、B選項(xiàng)thoughts“想法；看法”、D選項(xiàng)people“人民”完全不符合原文語(yǔ)義，屬于無(wú)中生有。

第3題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Inparagraphthree,thenameandthedatesbetweenparentheses____.在第三段中，括號(hào)里的名字和日期____。

A.identitytheauthorA.標(biāo)明作者的身份

B.representvitalnewinformationB.代表重要的新信息

C.areaquestionofpersonalstyleC.是個(gè)人風(fēng)格的問(wèn)題

D.refertoadifferentsourceD.指另一個(gè)來(lái)源

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Inparagraphthree定位到原文第3段。本段第一句提到“近25年前，我開(kāi)始研究社會(huì)保障改革的影響（費(fèi)爾德斯坦，1974，1975）。”在論文中，通常會(huì)使用括號(hào)中標(biāo)明作者和日期的格式，來(lái)提示這是該作者該時(shí)間的研究。原文中括號(hào)里的名字和日期是為了表明關(guān)于社會(huì)保障改革的影響的研究是費(fèi)爾德斯坦在1974到1975年的著作。A選項(xiàng)“標(biāo)明作者的身份”最符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“代表重要的新信息”，表述錯(cuò)誤，原文中作者已經(jīng)點(diǎn)明這是他自己25年前的研究，所以不屬于新信息，該選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“是個(gè)人風(fēng)格的問(wèn)題”，表述錯(cuò)誤，這種做法是慣例，該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“指另一個(gè)來(lái)源”，表述錯(cuò)誤，括號(hào)里的名字和日期是為了補(bǔ)充該來(lái)源的信息，而不是指另一個(gè)來(lái)源，該選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。

第4題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

ThedefinitionofSocialSecuritywealth____.社會(huì)保障財(cái)富的定義____。

A.appliestothebenefitspayablebeforeage65A.適用于65歲之前可支付的福利

B.includesthepresentactuarialvaluepaidbeforeage65B.包括65歲以前支付的精算現(xiàn)值

C.wasformulatedtwoandahalfdecadeagoC.是25年前形成的

D.wastodifferentiateprivatefinancialwealthD.是為了區(qū)分私人金融財(cái)富

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞definitionofSocialSecuritywealth定位到原文第三段。本段第一句提到“差不多25年前（nearly25yearsago），我開(kāi)始研究社會(huì)保障改革的影響。”該段第二句提到“在我對(duì)社會(huì)保障的分析中（inmyanalysisofSocialSecurity），一個(gè)中心概念是‘社會(huì)保障財(cái)富’，我把它定義為（whichIdefinedas）社會(huì)保障福利的精算現(xiàn)值（thepresentactuarialvalueoftheSocialSecuritybenefits）（現(xiàn)在的成年人在65歲時(shí)將有權(quán)享受或65歲以上的老年人已經(jīng)享受了）減去（minus）他們?cè)谶_(dá)到那個(gè)年齡之前支付的社會(huì)保障稅的精算現(xiàn)值（thepresentactuarialvalueoftheSocialSecuritytaxes）。”由此可知，關(guān)于“社會(huì)保障財(cái)富”的概念是作者在他25年前的一份研究中定義的。C選項(xiàng)“是25年前形成的”最符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“適用于65歲之前可支付的福利”，由【解題思路】可知，根據(jù)定義，65歲之前交稅，65歲及65歲以上才可能有資格享受福利，該選項(xiàng)表述錯(cuò)誤，屬于偷換概念；

B選項(xiàng)“包括65歲以前支付的精算現(xiàn)值”，由【解題思路】可知，“社會(huì)保障財(cái)富”的定義為“65歲及65歲以后享受到的福利的精算現(xiàn)值減去這些人65歲以前交的稅的精算現(xiàn)值”，它是一個(gè)差額，而不是單獨(dú)的某一個(gè)精算現(xiàn)值，該選項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文；

D選項(xiàng)“是為了區(qū)分私人金融財(cái)富”，原文只提到了作者關(guān)于社會(huì)保障財(cái)富這個(gè)概念的定義，并沒(méi)有提及他提出這個(gè)定義的目的，該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有。

第5題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Ratherthanwealth,thismagnitudemaybeconstruedasaliabilitybecause____.這個(gè)的量度可能被理解為負(fù)債而不是財(cái)富，因?yàn)開(kāi)___。

A.ithasgrownto$11trillionA.它已經(jīng)增長(zhǎng)到11萬(wàn)億美元了

B.itexceedsallotherassetsB.它超過(guò)了所有其他資產(chǎn)

C.itisadebttobepaidC.這是一筆需要償還的債

D.itgrowsrapidlythroughtheaccumulationofprivatecapitalD.它通過(guò)私人資本的積累而迅速增長(zhǎng)

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】本題詢(xún)問(wèn)的是為什么把它稱(chēng)之為“負(fù)債”而不是“財(cái)富”。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞wealth、magnitude和liability定位到原文第四段第二句，該句提到“我本可以稱(chēng)其為國(guó)家的‘社會(huì)保障負(fù)債’，而不是將其稱(chēng)為‘社會(huì)保障財(cái)富’?！倍髡哒f(shuō)這句話(huà)的背景是，前一句提到“社會(huì)保障財(cái)富當(dāng)然不是真正的財(cái)富（notrealwealth），而只是（butonly）對(duì)當(dāng)前和未來(lái)納稅人的一種要求（aclaim）?！庇纱丝芍园阉Q(chēng)之為“負(fù)債”是因?yàn)樗枰{稅人交稅，對(duì)于納稅人來(lái)說(shuō)相當(dāng)于一筆要償還的債務(wù)，C選項(xiàng)“這是一筆需要償還的債”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“它已經(jīng)增長(zhǎng)到11萬(wàn)億美元了”，表述正確，但與本題無(wú)關(guān)，該選項(xiàng)屬于出處錯(cuò)位；

B選項(xiàng)“它超過(guò)了所有其他資產(chǎn)”，可定位到原文第三段最后一句，該句提到“總的來(lái)說(shuō)，按照常規(guī)衡量，社會(huì)保障財(cái)富超過(guò)所有私人金融財(cái)富的四分之三（exceedsthree-fourthsofallprivatefinancialwealth）?！庇纱丝芍鼪](méi)有超過(guò)了所有其他資產(chǎn)，并且這也不是本題詢(xún)問(wèn)的原因，該選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾、出處錯(cuò)位；

D選項(xiàng)“它通過(guò)私人資本的積累而迅速增長(zhǎng)”，表述錯(cuò)誤，原文第四段最后一句提到“社會(huì)保障財(cái)富有能力將私人資本積累擠出。”由此可知，原文并沒(méi)有說(shuō)社會(huì)保障財(cái)富是通過(guò)私人資本積累而增長(zhǎng)的，并且這也不是本題詢(xún)問(wèn)的原因，該選項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文、出處錯(cuò)位。

8.寫(xiě)作題

Inmanycountrieschildrenareengagedinsomekindofpaidwork.Somepeopleregardthisascompletelywrong,whileothersconsideritasvaluableworkexperience,importantforlearningandtakingresponsibility.Whatareyouropinionsonthis?Writeapassageonthetopicinabout200words.YoumustwriteclearlyandlogicallyonyourAnswerSheet.

【答案】略。

9.翻譯題

中華民族歷來(lái)尊重人的尊嚴(yán)和價(jià)值。還在遙遠(yuǎn)的古代，我們的先人就已提出“民為貴”的思想，認(rèn)為“天生萬(wàn)物，唯人為貴”。一切社會(huì)的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步，都取決于人的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步，取決于人的尊嚴(yán)的維護(hù)和價(jià)值的發(fā)揮。今天中國(guó)所煥發(fā)出來(lái)的巨大活力，是中國(guó)人民擁有廣泛自由、民主的生動(dòng)寫(xiě)照。

今天，中國(guó)人民堅(jiān)持走自己的路，進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)政治文化建設(shè)，把祖國(guó)建設(shè)成為一個(gè)初步繁榮昌盛的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家。同時(shí)，積極吸收和借鑒世界一切先進(jìn)的文明成果，這些成果對(duì)于中國(guó)的發(fā)展也起了重要的促進(jìn)作用。當(dāng)然，這種對(duì)外國(guó)文明的吸收和借鑒決不能是簡(jiǎn)單的模仿。中國(guó)既不能照抄西方資本主義國(guó)家的發(fā)展模式，也不能硬搬其他國(guó)家建設(shè)社會(huì)主義的模式，而必須走適合自己國(guó)情的發(fā)展道路。這就是建設(shè)有中國(guó)特色的社會(huì)主義的道路。中國(guó)人民將堅(jiān)定不移地沿著這條強(qiáng)國(guó)之路走下去。

【答案】TheChineseNationhasalwaysrespectedhumandignityandvalue.Evenintheancienttimes,ourancestorscameupwiththeideathat“peoplearethemostimportant.”Andtheybelievedthat“humansarethemostvaluableamongallthethingsthatHeavenfosters.”Developmentandprogressofasocietyhingeonthedevelopmentandprogressofhumans,anddependonhowwellhumandignityismaintainedandhowwellhumanvalueisrealized.TheimmensevitalitydisplayedbyChinatoday,isavividreflectionoftheextensivefreedomanddemocracyenjoyedbyChinesepeople.

Today,Chinesepeoplearestickingtotheirownroadtopursuethedevelopmentofeconomy,politicsandculture,turningourmotherlandintoasocialistcountrywithinitialprosperity.Meanwhile,wehaveearnestlyabsorbedanddrawnuponfruitsofadvancedworldcivilization,whichinturnhavegreatlypromotedthedevelopmentofChina.However,itmustbepointedoutthatsuchabsorptionandlearningprocessisbynomeansoneofsimpleimitation.ChinacannotcopythedevelopmentmodelofWesterncapitalistcountries,norcanitmechanicallyfollowothercountries’modelsofbuildingsocialism.Onthecontrary,wemustfollowadevelopmentroadthatissuitedtoournationalconditions.Thatis,theroadtobuildingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.TheChinesepeoplewillmoveforwardunswervinglyalongthisroad.

10.單選題

（）oforganicfoods--atermwhosemeaningvariesgreatly--frequentlyproclaimthatsuchproductsaresaferandmorenutritiousthanothers.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Captives

B.Addicts

C.Contestants

D.Advocates

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。captive“俘虜”；addict“吸毒成癮的人；入迷的人”；contestant“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者”；advocate“擁護(hù)者”。句意：有機(jī)食品這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的意義至今多樣，它的______宣稱(chēng)這類(lèi)食品比其他食品更加安全，更加有營(yíng)養(yǎng)。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

11.單選題

Mostgeologistsbelieve（）fromtheremainsoftinymarineplantsandanimalsthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thatpetroleumwasformed

B.whatwasformedpetroleum

C.whenpetroleumformed

D.petroleumthatformed

【答案】A

【解析】考查賓語(yǔ)從句。BCD三項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與句意不符。A項(xiàng)用that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。句意：大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為石油是從微小的海洋植物和幾百萬(wàn)年前死掉的動(dòng)物的遺骸中形成的

12.單選題

Theusualdistinctionsbetween“basicresearch”,“appliedresearch”,and“development”,usedformanyyearsintheformalgovernmentstatisticskeptbytheNationalScienceFoundationare,unfortunatelyinsufficientfordiscussionsofpolicyforgovernmentinvestmentintechnicalactivities.Indeed,definitionsarethesourceofmuchoftheconfusionovertheappropriateroleforgovernmentinthenationalscientificandtechnicalenterprise.Onecannotdistinguishinanymeaningfulway“basic”from“appliedresearch”byobservingwhatascientistisdoing.

“Appliedresearch”shouldnotbeusedtomean“purposefulanddemonstrablyusefulbasicresearch,”andoneshouldbewaryoftheuseofthetermingovernmentstatistics.Incorporateresearchlaboratories,suchastheTJ.WatsonResearchLaboratoriesofIBM,alloftheworkisreferredtosimplyas“research.”Thereisnoneedtoattemptadistinctionbetween“basic”and“applied”research.Allofthecompany’sresearchinvestmentsaremotivatedbycorporateinterests.Alloftheresearchhasapurpose.Allofitisconductedunderhighlycreativeconditions.Noneofitisso“pure”thattherearenoexpectationsofvaluefromtheresearchinvestment.

Weshouldreservethewords“appliedresearch”forthosenarrowly-definedtasksinwhichlimitedtimeandresourcesaredevotedtoaspecificproblemforanidentifieduserwhogetsallthebenefitandshouldpayallthecosts.Tomakethisviewofappliedresearchclearinthisdiscussion,Iusethewords“problem-solvingresearch”instead.

Narrowproblem-solvinganddevelopmentareactivitiesinitiatedbysomeonewhowishestoapplyresearchmethodspurposefullytoexploitanidentifiedopportunityorsolveaproblem.Theyinvolvetheapplicationoftechnicalresourcestoachieveanidentifiedgoalforaspecifiedbeneficiary,usuallytheinvestorinthework.Itisareasonableassumptionthatthosewhoengageinsuchactivitiesexpecttobenefitfromthem,andtobenefitbyasufficientmarginoverthecosttoaccommodatethetechnicalriskthatisever-presentinresearch.Theinvestorinproblem-solvingmaybeagovernmentagency,butismorelikelytobeaprivatefirm.Inmostcasesthatfirmwouldbeexpectedtobeabletoappropriatesufficientbenefitstoneednogovernmentsubsidytotakethoserisks.Publicinvestmentinthecreationofnewtechnology(technologicaldevelopment,whetherbyresearchorasaproductofproblem-solving)isacriticallinkbetweenidthescientificresearchthatispursuedbyvirtueofsociety’scommitmenttothosegoals.Thusthedesirefortechnologyisanimportant-perhapsthemostimportant-sourceofdemandforscience.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,thedistinctionbetweenBasicandappliedresearchesingovernmentdocumentsis______.

2.Adisturbingresultofthedefinitionsofnatureofresearchingovernmentstatisticsisthat______.

3.Itisimpliedinthesecondparagraphthatbasicresearchischaracterizedby______.

4.The“appliedresearch”astheauthorunderstandsitisbestdefinedintermsof______.

5.Thepassageismainlyconcernedwithdefiningtheroleof______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theoreticallyunjustifiable

B.obscureandmisleading

C.scientificbutinsufficient

D.meaningfulthoughconfusing

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theroleofgovernmentinfundingresearchactivitiesispoorlydefined

B.scientistsarenotsurewhetherwhattheyaredoingismeaningful

C.thegoalsofbothbasicandappliedresearchesarenotrationallyset

D.researchincorporatesettingsisnotpurposefulordemonstrablyuseful

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.lesscreativity

B.highermotivation

C.lackofimmediatevalue

D.insufficientinvestment

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thegoalitservesandtheproblemitsolves

B.thepartythatsponsorsandbenefitsfromit

C.thecostandrisksinvolvedinsuchresearch

D.bothAandB

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.appliedresearchinthecreationofnewtechnology

B.basicresearchinthecreationofnewtechnology

C.privatefirmsinrefundingproblem-solvingresearch

D.governmentinthecreationofnewtechnology

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Theusualdistinctionsbetween‘basicresearch,’‘a(chǎn)ppliedresearch,’and‘development’,usedformanyyearsintheformalgovernmentstatisticskeptbytheNationalScienceFoundationare,unfortunatelyinsufficientfordiscussionsofpolicyforgovernmentinvestmentintechnicalactivities.Indeed,definitionsarethesourceofmuchoftheconfusionovertheappropriateroleforgovernmentinthenationalscientificandtechnicalenterprise.（對(duì)‘基礎(chǔ)研究’和‘應(yīng)用研究’與‘發(fā)展’這些詞語(yǔ)的基本區(qū)分，在國(guó)家科學(xué)基金會(huì)記錄的正式的政府?dāng)?shù)據(jù)中已經(jīng)沿用多年，不幸的是，在討論政府對(duì)技術(shù)活動(dòng)的投資政策時(shí)，這些區(qū)分顯得很不足。的確，在討論政府在國(guó)家科技事業(yè)中的合理角色時(shí)，對(duì)這些詞語(yǔ)的界定引起很多混亂。）”，由此可知“基礎(chǔ)研究”和“應(yīng)用研究”的區(qū)別定義不夠清楚，且會(huì)引起誤導(dǎo)，所以B選項(xiàng)“模糊和誤導(dǎo)性的”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“理論上不合理的”；C選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)但不充分的”；D選項(xiàng)“有意義但令人困惑的”。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Indeed,definitionsarethesourceofmuchoftheconfusionovertheappropriateroleforgovernmentinthenationalscientificandtechnicalenterprise.（的確，在討論政府在國(guó)家科技事業(yè)中的合理角色時(shí)，對(duì)這些詞語(yǔ)的界定引起很多混亂。）”，由此可知政府在資助研究活動(dòng)中的角色定義不明確是導(dǎo)致不安結(jié)果的原因，所以A選項(xiàng)“政府在資助研究活動(dòng)中的角色定義不明確”符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家不確定他們正在做的事情是否有意義”；C選項(xiàng)“基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究的目標(biāo)設(shè)置不合理”；D選項(xiàng)“在公司背景下的研究是沒(méi)有目的的，也沒(méi)有明顯的用處”。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章二段“Alloftheresearchhasapurpose.Allofitisconductedunderhighlycreativeconditions.Noneofitisso‘pure’thattherearenoexpectationsofvaluefromtheresearchinvestment.（所有的研究都有一個(gè)目的。所有這些都是在高度創(chuàng)造性的條件下進(jìn)行的。哪項(xiàng)研究都不是那么‘純粹’，以至于研究的投資者不指望它有任何價(jià)值。）”，由此可推測(cè)，基礎(chǔ)研究（即所謂的純科學(xué)研究）不在于滿(mǎn)足某些人的功利需求，也不在于滿(mǎn)足一個(gè)短期的價(jià)值預(yù)期，所以C選項(xiàng)“缺乏直接價(jià)值”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“更少的創(chuàng)造力”；B選項(xiàng)“更高的動(dòng)機(jī)”；D選項(xiàng)“投資不足”。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Weshouldreservethewords‘a(chǎn)ppliedresearch’forthosenarrowly-definedtasksinwhichlimitedtimeandresourcesaredevotedtoaspecificproblemforanidentifieduserwhogetsallthebenefitandshouldpayallthecosts.Tomakethisviewofappliedresearchclearinthisdiscussion,Iusethewords‘problem-solvingresearch’instead.（我們應(yīng)該把‘應(yīng)用研究’這個(gè)詞保留在那些狹義的定義上，即‘應(yīng)用研究’指在有限時(shí)間內(nèi)利用有限資源為某個(gè)特定使用者完成某個(gè)特定任務(wù)，作為受益者的使用者獲得全部利益，并支付所有研究成本。為了在這次討論中明確應(yīng)用研究的觀點(diǎn)，我使用了‘以解決問(wèn)題為目的的研究’這個(gè)詞。）”，作者稱(chēng)之為“以解決問(wèn)題為目的的研究”這個(gè)定義，以及下一段對(duì)這個(gè)定義的進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)瑥?qiáng)調(diào)了研究的目的性，當(dāng)然也強(qiáng)調(diào)了解決問(wèn)題，因此A選項(xiàng)“它服務(wù)的目標(biāo)和它解決的問(wèn)題”表達(dá)的意思是正確的。同時(shí)，這個(gè)定義也強(qiáng)調(diào)了受益者（=投資者），因此B選項(xiàng)“贊助并從中受益的一方”也是正確的。C選項(xiàng)“這種研究涉及的成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”沒(méi)有提及，所以D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.主旨大意題。第一段前兩句實(shí)際上表達(dá)了本文的主旨。分析“應(yīng)用研究”的定義也是為了澄清概念，說(shuō)明政府在研究中的作用。因此最后一段再次指出“Publicinvestmentinthecreationofnewtechnology(technologicaldevelopment,whetherbyresearchorasaproductofproblem-solving)isacriticallinkbetweenidthescientificresearchthatispursuedbyvirtueofsociety’scommitmenttothosegoals.Thusthedesirefortechnologyisanimportant-perhapsthemostimportant-sourceofdemandforscience.對(duì)新技術(shù)創(chuàng)新進(jìn)行公共投資（區(qū)別于上面提到的私人和公司投資，所謂‘公共的’根據(jù)上下文實(shí)際上指‘政府的’）是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，將社會(huì)目標(biāo)和為追求這些社會(huì)目標(biāo)所做的科學(xué)研究聯(lián)系在一起。因此，對(duì)技術(shù)的追求是對(duì)科學(xué)的追求的一個(gè)重要——也許是最重要的源泉。”最后一句實(shí)際上又強(qiáng)調(diào)了應(yīng)用研究和基礎(chǔ)研究的關(guān)系。可見(jiàn)，本文的主要意圖是如何解決政府在“應(yīng)用研究”和“基礎(chǔ)研究”中的作用，所以D選項(xiàng)“政府在創(chuàng)造新技術(shù)上的支持”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“新技術(shù)創(chuàng)造中的應(yīng)用研究”；B選項(xiàng)“創(chuàng)造新技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)研究”；C選項(xiàng)“私營(yíng)企業(yè)資助問(wèn)題解決研究”。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

13.翻譯題

Myfatherwasamiddle-classblack.Thoughhewasbornpoor,heachievedmiddle-classstandingthroughmuchhardworkandsacrifice（oneofhisfavoritewords）andbyidentifyingfullywithsolidmiddle-classvalues—mainlyhardwork,familylife,propertyownership,andeducationforhischildren（allfourofwhomhaveadvanceddegrees）.Inhismindthesewerenotsomuchvaluesaslawsofnature.Peoplewhoembodiedthemmadeupthepositiveimagesinhisclassidentification.Thenegativeimagescamelargelyfromtheblackshehadleftbehindbecausetheywere"goingnowhere.”

WhetherIliveuptothesevaluesornot,Iknowthatmyacceptanceofthemistheresultoflifelongconditioning.IknowalsothatIsharethisconditioningwithmiddle-classpeopleofallracesandthatIcannomoreeasilybefreeofitthanIcanbefreeofmyrace.Forthemiddle-classblack,conditionedbythesevaluesfrombirth,thesenseofmeaningtheyprovideisasimmutableasthecolorofhisskin.

Ithasalwaysannoyedmetohearfromthemouthsofcertainarbitersofblacknessthatmiddle-classblacksshould"reachback”andpullupthoseblackslessfortunatethanthey—asthoughmiddle-classstatuswereanunearnedandessentiallypassiveconditioninwhichoneneededalargemeasureofnoblesseobligetooccupyone’stime.Myownimageisofreachingbackfromamov