考研考博-英語-天津大學(xué)仁愛學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-天津大學(xué)仁愛學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Manyofhisargumentshavenopertinencetothesubjectunderdiscussion.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.significance

B.value

C.relevance

D.enlightenment

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)significancen.重要性，意義；B選項(xiàng)valuen.價(jià)值，重要性；C選項(xiàng)relevancen.關(guān)聯(lián)，適當(dāng)，中肯；D選項(xiàng)enlightenmentn.啟迪，啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)。句意表明：他的很多觀點(diǎn)都與正在討論的議題無關(guān)。因此本題選擇C項(xiàng)。

2.單選題

Onenight,whentelevisionbeganbroadcastingaboringTVshow,Isaidtomywife,“Theprogrammeisevenlessinterestingthantheadvertisement,orcommercials.Letushaveachange.

Mywife,whohappenedtohavearemotecontrolinherhand,consentedimmediately,switchedtoanotherchannelandenjoyedanadvertisementofriceflourwithme.Justatthemoment,Ifoundthatwewerenolongerasdisgustedwiththecommercialsaswehadbeenbefore.

ThenextdaywhenItoldmyexperiencetomycolleagues,they,tomysurprise,allhadthesamefeeling.Afewevensangseveralofthecommercialssongs.

Afewyearsago,whenadvertisementsbegantoappearintheChinesemedia,mostpeople,includingmyself,wereagainstthepractice.Somesighed,“ThesocialistTV,newspaperhasstartedimitatingthewesternbourgeoismediatool!”Whathaschangedtheaudience’smentalityinonlyseveralyears'time?

First,Chineseadvertisementhaveimprovedtheiradvertisingandtheiradvertisingtechniques,atthebeginning,thelanguageofadvertisementwassimple,themusicinsipidandtheimagescoarseandcrude.Later,somebetterforeignadvertisementscametoChineseTVandnewspapers.

“Wherethereisamountain,thereisaroad;wherethereisaroad,thereisaToyota”.ThewordsoftheJapaneseadvertisementpublicizingtheToyotacarareveryabsurdbutimpressiveandeasytomemorize.“Nestlecoffeeistastyindeed.”TheAmericanadvertisementpromotingthesaleoftheNestlebrandcoffeehasbecomeanewhouseholdphraseinChina.Gradually,Chineseadvertisementsalsohavelearnedhowtodressthemselvesup.Theyhavestrangeandhumorousassociations,charming,deepmalevoices,colorfulimagesandsongsthatarepleasingtotheearandeasytolearn.Forthesereasons,thecommercialsforSantanacars,FudacolourfilmandOrientbeverageshavesuccessfullyattractedaTVaudience.

Second,lifeneedsadvertisements.Everythinginmodemsocietyislinkedtoinformation,whilethemainfunctionofadvertisementsistodisseminateinformationoncommodities,services,culture,employment,studentenrollmentandevenmarriage.

Ofcourse,onecanobtainsuchinformationbylisteningtohearsayandmakingon-the-spotinvestigation,buttheinformationprovidedbyadvertisementsisdoubtlessthemostdirect,comprehensiveanddetailed.

Associetyadvances,people'sdemandshavebecomemoreandmorediversified,andthecommoditiesandservicesprovidedbysocietyhavealsobecomemoreandmorediversified.

Ontheotherhand,aslivingtempoquickens,peoplehavelessleisuretime.Iftheywanttospendtimefindingsuitablecommodities,serviceandemploymentopportunities,theyhavetorelyonadvertisements.So,unconsciously,peoplehavechangedtheirhatredforadvertisementstoanacceptanceandutilizationofthem.

But,duetocertainconditionsinChina,theChinesedonothaveagreatneedforadvertisementforthetimebeing.

1.WhydidChineseadvertisementplayanunpopularroleatthebeginning?

2.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?

3.Comparedwithbefore,whatdidIfoundsuddenly?

4.Whatdoestheword"absurd"meaninthepassage?

5.TheadvantagesofadsareasfollowsEXCEPT（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Becauseadswerenotwellmadeandtheyarenotattractive.

B.Becausewatchingadsisconsideredtobewastingourtime.

C.Becausepeoplearenotfamiliarwithadsandtheycan’tacceptit.

D.BecauseChinaisasocialistcountry.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Mostpeoplelikeadvertisementsatthebeginning.

B.WesternbourgeoismediaarebetterthanChinesemedia.

C.ChinesemedialikestoimitatetheWest.

D.Fewpeoplewereinfavorofadvertisementswhenitappearedseveralyearsago.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.CommercialsarebetterthanTVshows.

B.WealllikecommercialsbetterthanTVshows.

C.TVshowsarenolongerattractive.

D.Wenolongerhatetoseecommercialsasbefore.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.interesting

B.funny

C.ridiculous

D.unpractical

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.adscandisseminateinformationtoaudience

B.adscanprovidesthemostdirect,comprehensiveanddetailedinformation

C.adsaren’tmadebylisteningtohearsay

D.adscanbringushappiness

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“為什么中國(guó)廣告一開始不受歡迎？”文章第五段第一句話提到在開始的時(shí)候廣告語檢點(diǎn)，音樂平淡，畫面粗糙（thelanguageofadvertisementwassimple,themusicinsipidandtheimagescoarseandcrude），因此選項(xiàng)A“因?yàn)閺V告制作不好，沒有吸引力”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章可知下列哪項(xiàng)是真的？”文章第四段第一句話提到“幾年前，當(dāng)廣告開始出現(xiàn)在中國(guó)媒體上時(shí)，大多數(shù)人，包括我自己都反對(duì)這種做法”（Afewyearsago,whenadvertisementsbegantoappearintheChinesemedia,mostpeople,includingmyself,wereagainstthepractice），因此選項(xiàng)D“幾年前廣告出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候很少人喜歡”符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“與以前比，我突然發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么？”文章第二段最后一句提到“我發(fā)現(xiàn)我們不再像以前那樣討厭廣告了”（Ifoundthatwewerenolongerasdisgustedwiththecommercialsaswehadbeenbefore），因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

4.詞義題。題目問的是“文章中absurd是什么意思？”文章第六段提到日本豐田汽車的廣告語“Wherethereisamountain,thereisaroad;wherethereisaroad,thereisaToyota”（有山的地方就有路，有路的地方就有豐田），可以推測(cè)這種說法是“荒誕的”，因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題目問的是“除了下列哪項(xiàng)，其他都是廣告的優(yōu)勢(shì)？”文章倒數(shù)第五段提到廣告的功能是傳播商品、服務(wù)、文化、就業(yè)、招生甚至婚姻方面的信息（themainfunctionofadvertisementsistodisseminateinformationoncommodities,services,culture,employment,studentenrollmentandevenmarriage），因此可知選項(xiàng)A是廣告的一個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)，排除；文章倒數(shù)第四段提到人們可以通過其他途徑來獲取信息，但是廣告提供的信息無疑是最直接、最全面、最詳細(xì)的（buttheinformationprovidedbyadvertisementsisdoubtlessthemostdirect,comprehensiveanddetailed），由此可知選項(xiàng)B與C是廣告的兩個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)。綜上，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.翻譯題

國(guó)畫(Chinesepainting)是世界上最古老的藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)之一。繪畫時(shí)用毛筆蘸黑墨或彩墨在紙張或絲綢上作畫。根據(jù)表現(xiàn)手法，國(guó)畫可分為寫意派(theXieyiSchool)和工筆派(theGongbiSchool)兩大類。寫意派以自由表達(dá)和形式夸張為特點(diǎn)；工筆派則注重以精細(xì)的筆法描繪細(xì)節(jié)。山水畫被公認(rèn)為國(guó)畫的最高形式?？v觀歷史，不同時(shí)期的國(guó)畫都相應(yīng)地反映出人們的社會(huì)意識(shí)。

【答案】Chinesepaintingisoneoftheoldestartistictraditionsintheworld.Thepaintingisdoneonpaperorsilkwithabrushdippedinblackorcoloredink.Accordingtothemeansofexpression,ChinesepaintingscanbedividedintotwocategorieswhicharetheXieyiSchoolandtheGongbiSchool.TheXieyiSchoolischaracterizedbyfreeexpressionandexaggeratedforms,whiletheGongbiSchoolattachesimportancetodetailwithfinebrushwork.LandscapepaintingiswidelyregardedasthehighestformofChinesepainting.Throughouthistory,theChinesepaintingsatdifferenttimesmirrorpeople'ssocialconsciousnessaccordingly.

4.單選題

Thebasiccausesareunknown,althoughcertainconditionsthatmayleadtocancerhavebeen（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.identified

B.guaranteed

C.notified

D.conveyed

【答案】A

【解析】identified識(shí)別,辨認(rèn);guaranteed保證;notified通知,告知;conveyed傳達(dá)。句意：盡管一些可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致癌癥的條件已經(jīng)得到確認(rèn),但最根本的原因還不知道。

5.單選題

Thesupplyofelectricpowertothecityanditsneighboringdistrictshashadtobe______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.weakened

B.minimized

C.restricted

D.slowed

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)weaken“減少，使變?nèi)酢保珺項(xiàng)minimize“使減到最少，小看”，C項(xiàng)restrict“限制，約束”，D項(xiàng)slow“變慢，阻礙”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞Thesupplyofelectricpower“電力供應(yīng)”可知，空格部分表示“限制”更符合語境。句意：這個(gè)城市及其鄰近地區(qū)的電力供應(yīng)不得不受到限制。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Themailmanshouldbehere（）;infact,lieshouldbehereinaboutfiveminutes.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.retrospectively

B.previously

C.currently

D.presently

【答案】D

【解析】句意:這個(gè)郵差應(yīng)該一會(huì)兒就到這里了；事實(shí)上，他應(yīng)該是在5分鐘后到這里。

考查副詞辨析。retrospectively回顧地；previously以前，預(yù)先，倉促地；currently當(dāng)前，現(xiàn)在；presently回前，一會(huì)兒，不久。根據(jù)后半句句意可知D符合句意。

7.單選題

Maryhasbrownhair.Infact,it’squitesimilarinshape______yours.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.with

B.to

C.like

D.as

【答案】B

【解析】考查介詞辨析。similar后面要求跟to，表示“和……差不多”。與with連用，可以是thesamecasewith...，表示“……的情況也如此”。like作介詞，表示“像……一樣”。same后面跟as，組成thesame...as，表示“和……一樣”。句意：瑪麗有棕色的頭發(fā)。事實(shí)上，和你的很相似。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Sincetheearly1930s,Swissbankshadpridedthemselvesontheirsystemofbankingsecrecyandnumberedaccounts.

Overtheyear,theyhadsuccessfully(1)everychallengetothissystembytheirowngovernmentwho,(2)hadbeenfrequentlyurgedbyforeigngovernmentstorevealinformationaboutthefinancialaffairsofcertainaccount(3).Theresultofthispolicyofsecrecywas(4)akindofmystiquehadgrownuparoundSwissbanking.Therewasawidely-heldbeliefthatSwitzerlandwas(5)towealthyforeigners,mainlybecauseofitsnumberedaccountsandbankers'reluctancetoaskawkwardquestions(6)depositors.(7)tothemystiquewastheviewthatifthissecrecywasevergivenup,foreignerswouldfalloverthemselvesintherushto(8)money,andtheSwissbankingsystemwouldvirtuallycollapseovernight.

Tomany,(9),itcamelikeaboltoutofthe(10),when,in1977,theSwissbanksannouncedtheyhadsigneda_(11)withtheSwissNationalBank(theCentralBank).Theaimoftheagreementwas(12)theimproperuseofthecountry'sbanksecrecylaws,andits(13)wastocurbseverelythesystemofsecrecy.

Theruleswhichthebankshadagreedtoobserve(14)heopeningofnumberedaccountssubjecttomuchcloser_(15)thanbefore.Thebankswouldberequired,ifnecessary,to(16)_theoriginofforeignfundsgoingintonumberedandotheraccounts.Theideawastostopsuchaccountsbeingusedfor(17)purposes.Also,theyagreednottoacceptfundsresultingfromtax(18)orfromcrime.

Thepactrepresentedessentiallyatighteningupofbankingrules.(19)thebanksagreedtoendrelationswithclientswhoseidentitieswereunclearorwhowereperformingimproperacts,theywerestillnotobligedtoinform(20

)aclienttoanyone,includingtheSwissgovernment.Tosomeextent,therefore,theprincipleofsecrecyhadbeenmaintained.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.resisted

B.endured

C.withstood

D.opposed

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.inturn

B.inreturn

C.incase

D.inall

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.owners

B.possessors

C.keepers

D.holders

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.that

B.while

C.which

D.therefore

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.disrespectful

B.irresponsible

C.irresistible

D.irrational

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.about

B.of

C.after

D.for

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.Contributed

B.Havingcontributed

C.Contributing

D.Contribute

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.exchange

B.withdraw

C.deposit

D.cash

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.nevertheless

B.asamatteroffact

C.therefore

D.ofcourse

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.shock

B.blue

C.sudden

D.blew

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.pact

B.pretext

C.proviso

D.contract

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.prevent

B.tohaveprevented

C.preventing

D.toprevent

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.effect

B.influence

C.affect

D.impact

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.invoked

B.made

C.caused

D.induced

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.research

B.search

C.scrutiny

D.survey

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.discover

B.identify

C.learn

D.know

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.suspectable

B.unsure

C.dubious

D.implausible

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.evasion

B.neglect

C.omission

D.escape

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.Inspite

B.Although

C.Until

D.Even

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.with

B.about

C.on

D.of

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

第6題:B

第7題:C

第8題:B

第9題:C

第10題:B

第11題:A

第12題:D

第13題:A

第14題:B

第15題:C

第16題:B

第17題:C

第18題:A

第19題:B

第20題:C

【解析】（1）resisted反抗；endured忍耐；withstood抵擋，經(jīng)得起；opposed反對(duì)。句意：一年來，它們成功地頂住了本國(guó)政府對(duì)這一制度提出的每一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

（2）inturn輪流，依次；inreturn作為回報(bào)；incase萬一，假使；inall總共，合計(jì)。句意：反過來，這些政府又經(jīng)常被外國(guó)政府要求披露某些賬戶持有人的財(cái)務(wù)狀況的信息。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

（3）accountholders指賬戶持有人。

（4）that在這里引導(dǎo)同位語從句，不做任何成分。

（5）disrespectful無禮的，失禮的；irresponsible不負(fù)責(zé)任的，不可靠的；irresistible不可抗拒的，極為誘人的；irrational不合理的。根據(jù)下文，瑞士的賬戶數(shù)量有限，而且銀行家們不會(huì)問儲(chǔ)戶一些棘手的問題。所以這對(duì)外國(guó)的富人來說是不可抗拒的，選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

（6）askquestionof+sb.指向某人提問。about關(guān)于，for表原因，句意：銀行家們不會(huì)問儲(chǔ)戶一些棘手的問題。故答案為B。

（7）句意：造成這種神秘感的一個(gè)原因是……。這里用-ing形式表主動(dòng)語態(tài)。

（8）根據(jù)原文：一旦放棄這種保密政策，外國(guó)人就會(huì)爭(zhēng)先恐后地，瑞士銀行體系也會(huì)在一夜之間崩潰。選項(xiàng)B取款符合句意。

（9）對(duì)許多人來說，1977年瑞士銀行宣布與瑞士中央銀行簽署的一項(xiàng)協(xié)議猶如晴天霹靂。根據(jù)上下文邏輯，這里應(yīng)該填選項(xiàng)C更符合。

（10）aboltoutoftheblue為固定搭配，指出人意料的事，晴天霹靂。

（11）pact協(xié)定，契約；pretext借口，托辭；proviso附文，限制性條款；contract合同，婚約。簽署協(xié)議更恰當(dāng)，所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

（12）toprevent表目的。Theaimofsth.is/wastodosth.

（13）effect影響，效果，作用；influence影響，感化；affect做名詞指情感；impact效果，影響。根據(jù)后面的to可知答案為A。influence，affect，impact后面都接on。

（14）invoked呼喚；induced引誘，說服。根據(jù)原文：銀行同意遵守的規(guī)則，使得有編號(hào)賬戶的開戶受到比以前更嚴(yán)格的審查。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

（15）scrutiny指詳細(xì)審查。符合銀行的辦事規(guī)則，所以更恰當(dāng)。

（16）如有必要，銀行將被要求確定進(jìn)入編號(hào)和其他賬戶的外國(guó)資金的來源。選項(xiàng)B正確。

（17）這個(gè)想法是為了阻止這些賬戶被用于可疑的目的。implausible難以置信的；suspectable和dubious都是可疑的意思，suspectable指值得懷疑的；dubious指半信半疑的。選項(xiàng)C更恰當(dāng)。

（18）taxevasion指逃稅，為固定搭配。Omission疏忽，遺漏。

（19）根據(jù)原文：這些銀行同意終止與身份不明或行為不當(dāng)?shù)目蛻舻年P(guān)系，但它們?nèi)詻]有義務(wù)將客戶的信息告知任何人，包括瑞士政府。選項(xiàng)B符合原文轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系。

（20）informonsth.tosb.向某人告知某事。

9.單選題

Thereis（）whatwillhappentothem.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.notelling

B.nottelling

C.nottotell

D.nottobetold

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。thereisnotelling意為：難以預(yù)料，很難說。句意：很那說他發(fā)生了什么事。

10.單選題

Hiscareerwasnotnoticeably（

）bythefactthathehadneverbeentocollege.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.prevented

B.restrained

C.hindered

D.refrained

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。prevent意為“防止，預(yù)防”；restrain意為“抑制，壓抑”，指抑制某種感情；hinder意為“阻礙，妨礙”，指受到約束或阻礙而造成的行動(dòng)困難；refrain意為“抑制，克制”，指抑制做某件事。

句意：他從未上過大學(xué)，但他的事業(yè)并沒有因此而受到明顯的妨礙。

11.單選題

Ifbusinessmenaretaxedtoomuch,theywillnolongerbemotivatedtoworkhard,withtheresultthatincomesfromtaxationmightactually（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.shrink

B.delay

C.disperse

D.sink

【答案】A

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。shrink收縮，減少；delay延期，耽擱；disperse分散，傳播；sink下沉。句意：如果對(duì)商人征稅過多，他們將不再有努力工作的動(dòng)力，結(jié)果是稅收收入實(shí)際上可能會(huì)減少。選項(xiàng)A符合語境。

12.單選題

Thegreatestadvantageofthemarketeconomyisthatitcan（）thedistributionofthenaturalresourcesandmanpower.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.optimize

B.maximize

C.minimize

D.allocate

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A:optimize“使最優(yōu)化；使盡可能有效”；B:maximize“最大化”；C:minimize“最小化”；D:allocate“分配”。句意：市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的最大優(yōu)勢(shì)是它能最優(yōu)化自然資源和人力的分配。結(jié)合語境，由前文談及了市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，以及賓語“distribution分配”可知，A為正確答案。

13.翻譯題

品德的高尚與美好所達(dá)到的程度可能與對(duì)美的感受程度成正比。欣賞美的能力不僅增加了我們快樂的來源，也加強(qiáng)了我們德性的修養(yǎng)。

社區(qū)教育課程建設(shè)是社區(qū)教育發(fā)展的必然產(chǎn)物，科學(xué)適宜的系列教育課程是有效實(shí)施社區(qū)教育的基礎(chǔ)。其課程建設(shè)應(yīng)以滿足社區(qū)發(fā)展需求的多樣化為根本。

禮儀之于社會(huì)猶如衣著之于個(gè)人。人若不穿衣服，就會(huì)一絲不掛，令人恥笑，必然導(dǎo)致道德敗壞。假定社會(huì)是一列火車，禮儀就好比軌道，火車只能沿著它隆隆前進(jìn)。假定社會(huì)是一輛貴賓車，禮儀就好比輪子與軸，馬車只有靠它們才能滾滾前進(jìn)。

【答案】Thedegreetowhichnobilityandbeautyofcharacterareattainedmaybeindirectproportiontothedegreetowhichbeautyisfelt.Thepowertoappreciatebeautynotonlyincreasesoursourcesofhappiness,butalsoenhancesourmoralcultivation.

Constructionofcommunityeducationcurriculumistheinevitableproductofcommunityeducationdevelopment.Thescientificandproperserieseducationcurriculummaybethebasisofeffectiveimplementingcommunityeducation.Itscurriculumconstructionshouldbebasedonthediversificationneedsofcommunitydevelopmentneeds.

Etiquetteistosocietywhatapparelistotheindividual.Withoutapparelpeoplewouldbenakedandlaughedbyothers,whichwouldcertainlyresultinmoralcorruption.Ifsocietywereatrain,theetiquettewouldbetherailsalongwhichthetraincouldrumbleon.Ifsocietywereastatecar,theetiquettewouldbeitswheelsandaxisonlyonwhichthecarriagecouldrollforward.

14.單選題

VI.(Jurisprudence)

AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.

ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture—thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury—wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisciplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthelatterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.ThustheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot,infact,“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorisminpsychology—JohnWatson’sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner—whichwasitselfinthegripsofa“positivistic”conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.

BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism

71.AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut___.

72.Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists___.

73.TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat___.

74.WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Americanlegaleducation

B.Americanlegalscholarship

C.Americanlawreform

D.Americanlawyers

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.werephilosophers

B.wereprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrines

C.werereachingagainst“mechanicaljurisprudence”

D.heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.courtsdecidecasesnotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbasedontheirsenseof“fairness”

B.legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyasprior-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations

C.philosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviewsarenecessary

D.carefulempiricalconsiderationrevealsthatcourtsdecidecasesprimarilybecauseoflaw

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Existingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.

B.Methodofempiricaltesting.

C.Takingnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge.

D.Alldisciplinesshouldalsoemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】71.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.（美國(guó)法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)是20世紀(jì)美國(guó)最重要的本土法學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)，不僅對(duì)美國(guó)的法學(xué)教育和學(xué)術(shù)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響，而且對(duì)美國(guó)的法律改革和律師業(yè)也產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響）可知A選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)法律教育”，B選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)法律學(xué)術(shù)”，C選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)法律改革”符合原文；D選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)律師”原文未提及。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

72.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Scandinavian”定位到原文第一段UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.（與它的斯堪的那維亞表親不同，美國(guó)法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義主要不是從語義學(xué)和認(rèn)識(shí)論的實(shí)質(zhì)哲學(xué)學(xué)說的法律的延伸。現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者是律師（加上一些社會(huì)科學(xué)家），而不是哲學(xué)家，因此，他們的動(dòng)機(jī)是不同的）可以推測(cè)出斯堪的那維亞的法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者們是哲學(xué)家，選A選項(xiàng)“是哲學(xué)家”，同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“主要是實(shí)質(zhì)性哲學(xué)理論對(duì)法律的延伸”錯(cuò)誤，原文只是說美國(guó)法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義主要不是從語義學(xué)和認(rèn)識(shí)論的實(shí)質(zhì)哲學(xué)學(xué)說的法律的延伸，沒有說斯堪的那維亞的法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義是否是實(shí)質(zhì)性哲學(xué)理論對(duì)法律的延伸，B選項(xiàng)偷換概念；第一段Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).（作為律師，他們（指的是美國(guó)的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者）與當(dāng)時(shí)占主導(dǎo)地位的“機(jī)械法學(xué)”或“形式主義”相抗衡。這里所指的“形式主義”認(rèn)為，法官根據(jù)不同的法律規(guī)則和理由來判決案件，這些規(guī)則和理由在大多數(shù)案件（也許是每一個(gè)案件）中證明一個(gè)獨(dú)特的結(jié)果是正當(dāng)?shù)模┛芍狢選項(xiàng)“與‘機(jī)械法學(xué)’相抵觸”和D選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為法官根據(jù)不同的法律規(guī)則和理由判決案件”也屬于偷換概念。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

73.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段最后一句BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.（由于現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者從未對(duì)法律的性質(zhì)或法律理論的概念作出明確的哲學(xué)預(yù)設(shè)，因此，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者今天的重要法理學(xué)任務(wù)之一就是對(duì)這些觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行哲學(xué)重構(gòu)和辯護(hù)，尤其是反對(duì)法律哲學(xué)家的批評(píng)，尤其是H.L.A.Hart）可知C選項(xiàng)“這些觀點(diǎn)的哲學(xué)重建和辯護(hù)是必要的”符合原文；第一段Realistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.（相反，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者認(rèn)為，對(duì)法院如何真正判決案件進(jìn)行仔細(xì)的實(shí)證研究表明，法院的判決主要不是因?yàn)榉?，而是基于（粗略地說）他們對(duì)案件事實(shí)的判斷）可知A選項(xiàng)“法院判決案件主要不是基于法律，而是基于他們的‘公平感’”以及D選項(xiàng)“仔細(xì)的實(shí)證研究表明，法院決定案件主要是因?yàn)榉伞卞e(cuò)誤；第一段Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.（法律規(guī)則和理由僅僅是根據(jù)非法律考慮做出的決定的事后合理化）可知B選項(xiàng)“法律規(guī)則和理由僅僅是根據(jù)非法律考慮做出的決定的臨時(shí)合理化”錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

74.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段開頭ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture…wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge…（但現(xiàn)實(shí)主義也帶有知識(shí)文化的印記，它確實(shí)與它的斯堪的納維亞表親有共同之處。這種文化……是非常“實(shí)證主義”的，因?yàn)樗炎匀豢茖W(xué)視為所有真知的范式……）可知選C選項(xiàng)“以自然科學(xué)為所有真知的范式”；A選項(xiàng)“‘法律’的現(xiàn)有條文并沒有通過對(duì)法院實(shí)際行動(dòng)的實(shí)際觀察而得到‘確認(rèn)’”，B選項(xiàng)“實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)方法”以及D選項(xiàng)“所有學(xué)科都應(yīng)該仿效自然科學(xué)的方法”并不符合題意，排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

alargepartofhumanactivity,particularlyinrelationtotheenvironment,is_____conditionsorevents.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inresponseto

B.infavorof

C.incontrastto

D.inexcessof

【答案】A

【解析】短語辨析。inresponseto響應(yīng)，回答；infavorof有利于，支持，贊同；incontrastto與……形成對(duì)照；inexcessof超過。句意：人類活動(dòng)的很大一部分，特別是與環(huán)境有關(guān)的活動(dòng)，是對(duì)條件或事件的反應(yīng)。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

16.單選題

Theoldman（）thememoryofhisdeadwife.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.embraced

B.disclosed

C.cherished

D.stored

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)embrace“擁抱，信奉”；B選項(xiàng)disclose“公開，揭露”；C選項(xiàng)cherish“珍愛”；D想store“貯藏，儲(chǔ)存”。cherishthememoryof意為“懷念（某人）”。根據(jù)句意“老人懷念他死去的妻子。”所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

17.單選題

Itisn’tworth____anylongerforhim.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.towait

B.wait

C.waited

D.waiting

【答案】D

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.towait等待（不定式）B.wait等待（原形）

C.waited等待（過去分詞）D.waiting等待（動(dòng)名詞）

【考查點(diǎn)】固定搭配

【解題思路】本題考查的是固定搭配itis/isn’tworthdoingsth.“（不）值得做某事”，worth后面搭配的是動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)名詞形式。因此，D選項(xiàng)waiting“等待（動(dòng)名詞）”形式正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、C選項(xiàng)形式不正確，不符合原文搭配。

【句意】不值得再等他一會(huì)兒了。

18.單選題

Printmakingisthegenerictermforanumberofprocesses,ofwhichwoodcutandengravingaretwoprimeexamples.Printsaremadebypressingasheetofpaper(orothermaterial)againstanimage-bearingsurfacetowhichinkhasbeenapplied.Whenthepaperisremoved,theimageadherestoit,butinreverse.

ThewoodcuthadbeenusedinChinafromthefifthcenturyA.D.forapplyingpatternstotextiles.TheprocesswasnotintroducedintoEuropeuntilthefourteenthcentury,firstfortextiledecorationandthenforprintingonpaper.Woodcutsarecreatedbyareliefprocess;first,theartisttakesablockofwood,whichhasbeensawedparalleltothegrain,coversitwithawhiteground,andthendrawstheimageinink.Thebackgroundiscarvedaway,leavingthedesignareaslightlyraised.Thewoodblockisinked,andtheinkadherestotheraisedimage.Itisthentransferredtodamppapereitherbyhandorwithaprintingpress.

Engraving,whichgrewoutofthegoldsmith'sart,originatedinGermanyandnorthernItalyinthemiddleofthefifteenthcentury.Itisanintaglioprocess(fromItalianintagliare,“tocarve”).Theimageisincisedintoahighlypolishedmetalplate,usuallycopper,withacuttinginstrument,orburin.Theartistinkstheplateandwipesitcleansothatsomeinkremainsintheincisedgrooves.Animpressionismadeondamppaperinaprintingpress,withsufficientpressurebeingappliedsothatthepaperpicksuptheink.

Bothwoodcutandengravinghavedistinctivecharacteristics.Engravinglendsitselftosubtlemodelingandshadingthroughtheuseoffinelines.Hatchingandcross-hatchingdeterminethedegreeoflightandshadeinaprint.Woodcutstendtobemorelinear,withsharpercontrastsbetweenlightanddark.Printmakingiswellsuitedtotheproductionofmultipleimages.Asetofmultiplesiscalledanedition.Bothmethodscanyieldseveralhundredgood-qualityprintsbeforetheoriginalblockorplatebeginstoshowsignsofwear.Massproductionofprintsinthesixteenthcenturymadeimagesavailable,atalowercost,toamuchbroaderpublicthanbefore.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Theauthor’spurposesinparagraph2aretodescribe（

）.

3.Theword“incised”inline15isclosestinmeaningto

（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whatdowoodcutandengravinghaveincommon?

5.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueaboutprintsEXCEPTthatthey（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theoriginsoftextiledecoration.

B.Thecharacteristicsofgood-qualityprints.

C.Twotypesofprintmaking.

D.Typesofpaperusedinprintmaking.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thewoodcutsfoundinChinainthefifthcentury

B.theuseofwoodcutsinthetextileindustry

C.theprocessinvolvedincreatingawoodcut

D.theintroductionofwoodcutstoEurope

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.burned

B.cut

C.framed

D.baked

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theirdesignsareslightlyraised.

B.Theyachievecontrastthroughhatchingandcross-hatching.

C.TheywerefirstusedinEurope.

D.Theyallowmultiplecopiestobeproducedfromoneoriginal.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.canbereproducedonmaterialsotherthanpaper

B.arecreatedfromareversedimage

C.showvariationsbetweenlightanddarkshades

D.requireaprintingpress

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。題目問的是“文章主要討論的問題是什么”。文章第一段第一句為文章的中心句：版畫是一系列工藝的總稱，其中木刻和雕刻是兩個(gè)主要的例子（Printmakingisthegenerictermforanumberofprocesses,ofwhichwoodcutandengravingaretwoprimeexamples），接下來的內(nèi)容都是在講述木刻與雕刻，所以選項(xiàng)C“版畫的兩種”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。題目問的是“第二段的目的是為了描述……”。文章第二段介紹了木刻的來源：公元五世紀(jì)中國(guó)開始采用，主要用于紡織；十四世紀(jì)傳入歐洲。然后介紹了木刻工藝的具體流程，因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.詞義題。題目問的是“單詞incised與哪個(gè)詞的意思最接近”。文章第三段提到“圖片被……進(jìn)一塊高度拋光的金屬板”（Theimageisincisedintoahighlypolishedmetalplate），由此可以推測(cè)出incised有“雕刻”的意思。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知，木刻與雕刻的共同點(diǎn)是什么”。文章最后一段提到“版畫很適合多圖制作”（Printmakingiswellsuitedtotheproductionofmultipleimages），可知選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，下列關(guān)于出版哪項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的”。文章第二段提到木刻起源于中國(guó)，用于紡織，由此可知選項(xiàng)A描述正確，排除；文章第一段提到“當(dāng)紙被拿掉時(shí)，圖像會(huì)附著在紙上，但是方向是相反的”（Whenthepaperisremoved,theimageadherestoit,butinreverse），由此可知選項(xiàng)B描述正確，排除；文章第一段提到“印刷是把一張紙（或其他材料）壓在一個(gè)裝有油墨的承載圖像的表面上”（Printsaremadebypressingasheetofpaper(orothermaterial)againstanimage-bearingsurfacetowhichinkhasbeenapplied），由此可知選項(xiàng)D描述正確，排除。