生物學(xué)導(dǎo)論詳解

生物學(xué)導(dǎo)論詳解演示文稿第一頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。優(yōu)選生物學(xué)導(dǎo)論第二頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。Contents19.1LivingThingsasChemicalFactories19.2Kilocalories,BasalMetabolism,andWeightControl19.3TheChemicalofYourDiet19.4AmountsandSourcesofNutrients(self-learning)19.5TheFoodGuidePyramidwithFiveFoodGroups19.6EatingDisorders19.7DeficiencyDiseases19.8NutritionThroughtheLifeCycle19.9NutritionforFitnessandSports(self-learning)第三頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。KeytermsAbsorption吸收Anorexianervosa神經(jīng)性厭食癥Assimilation同化Basalmetabolicrate基礎(chǔ)代謝率Bulimia易餓癥Calorie卡路里Digestion消化Foodguidepyramid金字塔食物指南Ingestion攝取Kilocalorie大卡Kwashiorkor惡性營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良Mineral礦物質(zhì)Nutrition營(yíng)養(yǎng)Obese肥胖的Specificdynamicaction(SDA)食物特殊動(dòng)力作用Vitamin-deficiencydisease維生素缺乏癥第四頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。19.1Livingthingsaschemicalfactories:

MatterandEnergyManipulatorsNutrients:moleculesrequiredtosupportlivingthingsNutritionAbranchofscienceProcessesbywhichwetakeinfoodandutilizeitIngestion,digestion,absorption,assimilationGeneticmaterial,DNA,controltheinterconversionprocesses第五頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。19.2Kilocalories,BasalMetabolism,andWeightcontrolKilocalorie大卡:theunitusedtomeasuretheamountofenergyinfoods1kilocalorie=theamountofenergyneededtoraisethetemperatureof1kilogramofwater1oC1kilocalorie(C)=1000calorie第六頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。BasalmetabolicrateBasalmetabolicrate(BMR,基礎(chǔ)代謝率):therateatwhichthebodyusesenergywhenatrestFactorsaffectBMR:age,sex,climate,altitude,physicalcondition,hormones,previousdiet,percentageofweightthatisfat,andtimeofyearSpecificdynamicaction(SDA)食物特殊動(dòng)力作用:amountofenergyneededtoprocessthefood,10%oftotaldailykilocalorieintakeActivitylevel第七頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。Bodymassindex(BMI,體重指數(shù))weightinkilogramsBMI=——————————(heightinmeter)2IdealBMI:18.5~25kg/m2第八頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。Weightcontrol:

amatterofbalancingthekilocaloriesingested攝取withthoseofexpendedDecreasingorincreasing500~1000kilocaloriesperday→1~2pounds(0.45~0.9kilogram)perweek第九頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。Stepsinweightcontrol:CheckwithyourphysicianDeterminethenumberofkilocaloriesyouareconsumingReducetheamountoffoodorincreaseyourintake:1200kilocaloriesAnothervaluablewayisanincreaseinexercisewhilekeepingfoodintakeconstantInsisting第十頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。19.3ThechemicalcompositionofyourdietKindsofnutrients:Carbohydrates(碳水化合物)Lipids(脂類(lèi))Proteins(蛋白質(zhì))Vitamins(維生素)Minerals(礦物質(zhì))Water(水分)第十一頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。CarbohydratesCarbohydrate:monosaccharidesordisaccharides,starch(primaryformofcarbohydrateweobtained),glycogen,celluloseFunction:UtilizedincellularrespirationtoprovideenergyUsedasbuildingblocksinthemanufactureofmoleculessuchasnucleicacidAsourceoffiberthatslowstheabsorptionofnutrientsandstimulatesperistalsis蠕動(dòng)intheintestinaltract第十二頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。LipidsSubclassesoflipids:

Phospholipids(磷脂):essentialcomponentsofcellmembranesSteroids(類(lèi)固醇):manyarehormones,cholesterol膽固醇Truefats(triglycerides,甘油三磷脂):sourceofenergy,essentialfattyacids,dissolvesomevitaminsDefendingfromcoldandheatloss,shockabsorberGivepleasanttaste,fullfeelingofameal第十三頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。ProteinsFunction:Essentialcomponentsofhemoglobin血色素andcellmembranes,antibodies,enzymes,somehormones,hair,muscle,tissuefiber,collagen膠原質(zhì)Providealast-ditch最后的sourceofenergyduringstarvationCannotbestoredforlateruseTheamountofproteinnecessaryinthedietsisabout50grams/day第十四頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。VitaminsVitaminsareorganicmolecules,neededinminuteamountstomaintainessentialmetabolicactivitiesCannotbemanufacturedbythebodyPlayaroleinassistingspecificenzymesthatbringaboutessentialbiochemicalchanges,coenzymes(輔酶)Highdosesofvitamins →toxic第十五頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。MineralsAllmineralsareinorganicelements

CannotbesynthesizedbybodyCannotbebrokendownordestroyedbymetabolismorcookingCanfunctionasregulators,activators催化劑(Mg++),transmitters(Na+,K+)傳導(dǎo)物,controllersofenzymaticreaction第十六頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。WaterUniversalsolventAllthechemicalreactionsinlivingthingstakeplaceinwaterPrimarycomponentofblood,lymph,bodytissuefluids組織液WastesareeliminatedfrombodydissolvedinwaterConveyor傳輸ofheat,wastesEssentialreactantsinhydrolytic水解reactionsofmetabolism第十七頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。19.5ThefoodguidepyramidwithfivefoodgroupsGrainproductsgroupVegetablegroupFruitgroupMeat,poultry,fish,anddrybeansgroupDairyproductsgroup第十八頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。GrainproductsgroupProvidemostofkilocalorierequirementsintheformofcomplexcarbohydrates,fiber,vitaminB,minerals6~11servings(1serving=1sliceofbread;1/2cupofcookedcereal,1ounceofreadytoeatcereal,100kilocalories)eachday第十九頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。Fruitgroup2or4servingperday(1serving=1mediumapple;?cupoffruit;?cupofjuice)Providefiber,carbohydrate,water,vitamins(particularlyvitaminC)第二十頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。Vegetablesgroup3~4servings(1serving=acupofrawleafyvegetables,?cupofothertypes)eachdayProvidevitamins,water,minerals,fiber第二十一頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。Dairyproductsgroup2servings(1serving=1cupoficecream,milk,or2ouncesofcheese)eachdayProvidesminerals,water,vitamins,carbohydrates,protein第二十二頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。Meat,poultry,fish,and

drybeansgroup

5~7ounces(140~200grams)perdayProteinrich第二十三頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。19.6EatingdisordersThreemostcommoneatingdisorders:Obesity(肥胖)Bulimia(易餓癥)Anorexianervosa(神經(jīng)性食欲缺乏)第二十四頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。ObesityBMI≥30kg/m2Affectthepeople’shealthandlifespanImbalancebetweenneedforkilocaloriesandtheamountoffoodatePrevailingcultureGeneticreasonChemicalimbalance ofthenervoussystem第二十五頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。BulimiaBulimia易餓病isadiseaseconditioninwhichthepersonhasacycleofeatingbinges狂歡followedbypurgingthebodyofthefoodbyinducingvomiting嘔吐orusinglaxatives輕瀉劑第二十六頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。AnorexianervosaAnutritionaldeficiencydisease營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏癥,characterizedbysevere,prolongedweightlossasaresultofavoluntarysevererestrictioninfoodintakeThisdiseaseisthoughttostemfromsocialandculturalfactors第二十七頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。19.7Deficiencydiseases營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏癥Protein-deficiencydiseaseKwashiorkor(惡性營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良):distended擴(kuò)大的belly,slowgrowth,slowmovement,emotionallydepressed第二十八頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。Starvation:Vitamin-deficiencydisease維生素缺乏癥:rare第二十九頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。19.8NutritionthroughthelifecycleInfancy(birthto12months):

FirstgrowthspurtAperson’stotalenergyrequirementsperkilogramarehighest:100kilocaloriesperkilogramofbodyweightperday50%forbasalmetabolicrateHumanbreastmilkisthemostappropriatefood第三十頁(yè)，共三十三頁(yè)。Childhood(1yeartopuberty青春期)GrowlowerthaninfancyProtein,