考研考博-英語-東莞職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-東莞職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

AfterscrutinizingtheSternHitlerDiaries,handwritingexpertsproclaimedthemtobeforgeries.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.examining

B.judging

C.protracting

D.detecting

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：通過……《希特勒日記》，字跡專家宣布這些日記是偽造的。examine“（仔細(xì)地）檢查”；judge“判斷”；protract“延長；繪制”；detect“發(fā)現(xiàn)，察覺”。字跡專家只有通過認(rèn)真檢查才能知曉這個(gè)日記是偽造的，因此可知?jiǎng)澗€單詞scrutinize的意思是“詳細(xì)檢查”，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

2.單選題

Defendersofspecialprotectivelaborlegislationforwomenoftenmaintainthateliminatingsuchlawswoulddestroythefruitsofacenturylongstrugglefortheprotectionofwomenworkers.Evenabriefexaminationofthehistoricpracticeofcourtsandemployerswouldshowthatthefruitofsuchlawshasbeenbitter:theyare,inpractice,moreofacursethanablessing.

Sex-definedprotectivelawshaveoftenbeenbasedonstereotypicalassumptionsconcerningwomen’sneedsandabilitiesandemployershavefrequentlyusedthemaslegalexcusesfordiscriminatingagainstwomen.AfterWorldWarII,forinstance,businessesandgovernmentsoughttopersuadewomentovacatejobsinfactories,thusmakingroominthelaborforceforreturningveterans.Therevivalorpassageofstatelawslimitingthedailyorweeklyworkhoursofwomenconvenientlyaccomplishedthis.Employershadonlytodeclarethatovertimehourswereanecessaryconditionofemploymentorpromotionintheirfactory,andwomencouldbequitelegallyfired,refusedjobs,orkeptatlowwagelevels,allinthenameof“protecting”theirhealth.Byvalidatingsuchlawswhentheyarechallengedbylawsuits,thecourtshaveconspiredovertheyearsinestablishingdifferentlessadvantageousemploymenttermsforwomen’scompetitivenessonthejobmarket.Atthesametime,eventhemostwell-intentionedlawmakers,courtsandemployershaveoftenbeenblindtotherealneedsofwomen.Thelawmakersandthecourtscontinuetopermitemployerstoofferemployeehealthinsuranceplansthatcoverallknownhumanmedicaldisabilitiesexceptthoserelatingtopregnancyandchildbirth.

Finally,laborlawsprotectingonlyspecialgroupsareoftenineffectiveatprotectingtheworkerswhoareactuallyintheworkplace.Somechemicals,forexample,posereproductiverisksforwomenofchildbearingyears;manufacturersusingthechemicalscomplywithlawsprotectingwomenagainstthesehazardsbyrefusingtohirethem.Thusthesex-definedlegislationprotectsthehypotheticalfemaleworker,buthasnoeffectwhateveronthesafetyofanyactualemployee.Thehealthriskstomaleemployeesinsuchindustriescan’tbenegligible,sincechemicalstoxicenoughtocausebirthdefectsinfetusesinwomenarepresumablyharmfultothehumanmetabolism.Protectivelawsaimedatchangingproductionmaterialsortechniquesinordertoreducesuchhazardswouldbenefitallemployeeswithoutdiscriminatingagainstany.

Insum,protectivelaborlawsforwomenarediscriminatoryanddonotmeettheirintendedpurpose.Legislatorsshouldrecognizethatwomenareintheworkforcetostayandthattheirneeds—goodhealthcare,adecentwage,andasafeworkplace—aretheneedsofallworkers.Lawsthatignorethesefactsviolatewomen’srightsforequalprotectioninemployment.

9.Accordingtotheauthor,whichismosthelpfulindecidingthevalueofspecialprotectivelaborlegislationforwomen?

10.Speciallaborlawsprotectingwomenworkerstendto（）.

11.Itcanbeinferredthatmanyemployeehealthinsuranceplans（）.

12.Ashortcomingofprotectivelaborlawsthatsingleoutaparticulargroupofworkersforprotectionis（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Anestimateofthenumberofwomenworkersinfavorofsuchlaws.

B.Ananalysisofthecosttoemployersofcompliancewithsuchlaws.

C.Asurveyoftheactualeffectssuchlawshavehadonwomenworkers.

D.Aconsiderationoftherealintentionsheldbytheadvocatesofsuchlaws.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.makeitlesslikelythatwomenwillbeemployed

B.havelittleimpactofanykindonwomenworkers

C.modifythestereotypesthatemployersoftenholdconcerningwomen

D.increasethelikelihoodthatemployersdenywomendisabilityplans

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.meetminimumlegalrequirements

B.lackthespecialprovisionsforwomenworkers

C.coveronlysomecommonmedicalconditionsaffectingwomen

D.paythemedicalcostsassociatedwithpregnancyandchildbirth

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.suchlawsareoftentooweaktobeeffectiveatprotectingthegroupinquestion

B.employer’scompliancewithsuchlawsresultsinincreasedtensionamongworkers

C.suchlawsexertnopressureonemployerstoeliminatehazardsintheworkplace

D.compliancewithsuchlawsisoftencostlyforemployersconcerned

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

【解析】9.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Evenabriefexaminationofthehistoricpracticeofcourtsandemployerswouldshowthatthefruitofsuchlawshasbeenbitter:theyare,inpractice,moreofacursethanablessing.（即使對法院和雇主的歷史實(shí)踐進(jìn)行簡單的考察，也會發(fā)現(xiàn)這些法律的結(jié)果是苦澀的：在實(shí)踐中，它們更多的是詛咒而不是祝福。），說明調(diào)查這些法律的實(shí)際影響是最有助于決定婦女特殊勞動保護(hù)法的價(jià)值的。因此C選項(xiàng)“調(diào)查這類法律對女工的實(shí)際影響”正確。A選項(xiàng)“對贊成這種法律的女工人數(shù)的估計(jì)”，B選項(xiàng)“對雇主遵守這類法律的成本的分析”，D選項(xiàng)“對這類法律的倡導(dǎo)者所持的真實(shí)意圖的思考”均不符合題意，所以A，B，D錯(cuò)誤。

10.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第一、二句Finally,laborlawsprotectingonlyspecialgroupsareoftenineffectiveatprotectingtheworkerswhoareactuallyintheworkplace.Somechemicals,forexample,posereproductiverisksforwomenofchildbearingyears;manufacturersusingthechemicalscomplywithlawsprotectingwomenagainstthesehazardsbyrefusingtohirethem.（最后，僅保護(hù)特殊群體的勞動法往往無法保護(hù)實(shí)際工作中的工人。例如，一些化學(xué)物質(zhì)對育齡婦女構(gòu)成生育風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；使用這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)的制造商遵守保護(hù)婦女免受這些危險(xiǎn)的法律，拒絕雇用她們。），說明保護(hù)女工的特殊勞動法并不能保護(hù)她們的權(quán)益，反而會造成女性就業(yè)的困難。因此A選項(xiàng)“使女性就業(yè)的可能性降低”正確。B選項(xiàng)“對女工影響不大”，C選項(xiàng)“改變雇主對女性經(jīng)常持有的刻板印象”，D選項(xiàng)“增加了雇主拒絕女性殘疾計(jì)劃的可能性”均不符合題意，所以B，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

11.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“healthinsuranceplans”可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Thelawmakersandthecourtscontinuetopermitemployerstoofferemployeehealthinsuranceplansthatcoverallknownhumanmedicaldisabilitiesexceptthoserelatingtopregnancyandchildbirth.（立法者和法院繼續(xù)允許雇主為雇員提供醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃，該計(jì)劃涵蓋所有已知的人類醫(yī)療殘疾，但與懷孕和分娩有關(guān)的殘疾除外。），說明醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃涵蓋大多數(shù)常見的疾病，但和女性相關(guān)的除外。因此B選項(xiàng)“缺乏對女工的特殊規(guī)定”正確。A選項(xiàng)“符合最低法律要求”，C選項(xiàng)“只涵蓋一些影響婦女的常見病癥”，D選項(xiàng)“支付與懷孕和生育有關(guān)的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用”均不符合題意，所以A，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

12.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到第三段，第三段首先說到Finally,laborlawsprotectingonlyspecialgroupsareoftenineffectiveatprotectingtheworkerswhoareactuallyintheworkplace.（最后，僅保護(hù)特殊群體的勞動法往往無法保護(hù)實(shí)際工作中的工人。），后面又舉了化學(xué)工廠的例子Thehealthriskstomaleemployeesinsuchindustriescan’tbenegligible,sincechemicalstoxicenoughtocausebirthdefectsinfetusesinwomenarepresumablyharmfultothehumanmetabolism.（在這些工廠中，對男性工人健康的危險(xiǎn)也不能被忽略，既然那些化學(xué)毒素能導(dǎo)致胎兒的生育缺陷或使婦女不育，那么推而廣之，其必然會對人類的新陳代謝有害。），說明將某一特定勞動者群體單列出來加以保護(hù)的法律并不能解決實(shí)際問題，比如化學(xué)工廠對工人造成的危害依舊存在，因?yàn)檫@些工廠不會消除化學(xué)毒素的危害，只會遵守保護(hù)女性避免這些危險(xiǎn)的法律而拒絕招聘她們。因此C選項(xiàng)“這些法律不會對雇主施加壓力，使其消除工作場所的危害”正確。A選項(xiàng)“這種法律往往太弱，不能有效地保護(hù)有關(guān)群體”，B選項(xiàng)“雇主遵守這些法律導(dǎo)致工人之間的緊張關(guān)系加劇”，D選項(xiàng)“對有關(guān)雇主來說，遵守這些法律的成本往往很高”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，B，D錯(cuò)誤。

3.單選題

Fishingaddsonlyabout1percenttotheglobaleconomy,butonaregionalbasisitcancontributeenormouslytohumansurvival.Marinefisheriescontributemoretotheworld’ssupplyofproteinthanbeef,poultryoranyotheranimalsource.

Fishingtypicallydoesnotrequirelandownership,andbecauseitremains,ingeneralopentoall,itisoftentheemployeroflastresortinthedevelopingworld—anoccupationwhentherearenootheroptions.Worldwide,about200millionpeopledependonfishingfortheirlivelihoods.WithinSoutheastAsiaalone,morethanfivemillionpeoplefishfull-time.InnorthernChile40percentofthepopulationlivesofftheocean.InNewfoundlandmostemploymentcamefromfishingorservicingthatindustry—untilthecollapseofthecodfisheriesintheearly1990slefttensofthousandsofpeopleoutofwork.

Althoughdebatesovertheconservationofnaturalresourcesareoftencastasaconflictbetweenjobsandtheenvironment,therestorationoffishpopulationswouldinfactboostemployment.MichaelP.SissenwineandAndrewA.RosenbergoftheU.S.NationalMarineFisheriesServicehaveestimatedthatifdepletedspecieswereallowedtorebuildtotheirlong-termpotential,theirsustainableusewouldaddabout$8billiontotheU.S.grossnationalproduct—andprovidesome300,000jobs.Iffishpopulationswererestoredandproperlymanaged,about20millionmetrictonscouldbeaddedtotheworld’sannualcatch.Butrestorationofecologicalbalance,fiscalprofitabilityandeconomicsecuritywillrequireasubstantialreductioninthecapacityofthecommercialfishingindustrysothatwildpopulationscanrecover.

Thenecessaryreductioninfishingpowerneednotcomeattheexpenseofjobs.Governmentcouldincreaseemploymentandreducethepressureonfishpopulationsbydirectingsubsidiesawayfromhighlymechanizedships.Foreach$1millionofinvestment,industrial-scalefishingoperationsrequireonlyonetofivepeople,whereassmall-scalefisherieswouldemploybetween60to3,000.Industrialfishingitselfthreatenstensofmillionsoffishermenworkingonasmallscalebydepletingthefishonwhichtheydependforsubsistence.

1.Theanimalsourcewhichsuppliesthemostproteinforhumanbeingis.

2.Paragraph2impliesthat.

3.Intheconflictbetweenjobsandtheenvironment,theauthortakessideswiththosewhoareinfavorof.

4.Thebalancebetweenjobsandtheemploymentcanbekeptif.

5.Thepassagesuggeststhatmakinglessuseofmoderntechnologymay.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.beef

B.fish

C.pork

D.chicken

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.mostofmen’semploymentisfromfishing

B.mancanalwaysturntofishingforemployment

C.fortypercentofChileansliveonfishingboatsorships

D.fishinghasbeenthebiggestindustryinNewfoundland

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.increasingtheannualcatch

B.creatingmorejobs

C.gettinggreaterfiscalprofitability

D.conservingnaturalresources

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.fishingcapacityisfurtherincreased

B.fishingjobsarefurtherincreased

C.fewerwell-equippedfishingshipsareused

D.fewerspeciesareallowedtorebuild

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.reducepressureonfishpopulations

B.threatentheworld’sannualcatch

C.increasegovernment’sinvestment

D.costtensofthousandsoffishermen’sjobs

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第一段第二句話Marinefisheriescontributemoretotheworld’ssupplyofproteinthanbeef,poultryoranyotheranimalsource.“海洋漁業(yè)對世界蛋白質(zhì)供應(yīng)的貢獻(xiàn)超過牛肉、家禽或任何其他動物來源?！钡诙?，綜合理解，這里講的是魚類貢獻(xiàn)的蛋白質(zhì)比其他動物來源更多所以這里答案選B選項(xiàng)“魚肉”，

A、C、D選項(xiàng)都是其他動物來源，所以不選，這里屬于反向干擾。

2.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。第一步，尋找句內(nèi)線索，定位到文章第二段第一句的最后一個(gè)分句...itisoftentheemployeroflastresortinthedevelopingworld—anoccupationwhentherearenootheroptions.“……在發(fā)展中國家，這往往是最后的謀生手段——當(dāng)沒有其他選擇的時(shí)候時(shí)的一種職業(yè)”，當(dāng)人們沒有選擇的時(shí)候可以選擇這種職業(yè)，也就是人們總能通過漁業(yè)求生，所以答案選B選項(xiàng)“人們總是可以通過捕魚來尋找工作”。

A選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)人的職業(yè)是捕魚”，定位到第二段第二句Worldwide,about200millionpeopledependonfishingfortheirlivelihoods.“全世界約有2億人以捕魚為生”。全球人口約60億，而漁業(yè)占2億，所以不能說大部分人靠漁業(yè)為生，這里屬于偷換概念；

C選項(xiàng)“40%的智利人生活在漁船或船只上”，第一步精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第二段倒數(shù)第二句話InnorthernChile40percentofthepopulationlivesofftheocean“在智利北部，40%的人口靠海洋為生”。第二步，綜合理解，該句只是說智利40%的人口靠海生活，并不是說40%的人口住在船上，這里屬于曲意理解。

D選項(xiàng)“捕魚一直是紐芬蘭最大的產(chǎn)業(yè)”，第一步精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第二段最后一句話InNewfoundlandmostemploymentcamefromfishingorservicingthatindustry—untilthecollapseofthecodfisheriesintheearly1990slefttensofthousandsofpeopleoutofwork“在紐芬蘭，大部分就業(yè)機(jī)會來自漁業(yè)或該行業(yè)的服務(wù)——直到20世紀(jì)90年代初鱈魚漁業(yè)的崩潰，導(dǎo)致數(shù)萬人失業(yè)”。第二步綜合理解，鱈魚在上個(gè)世紀(jì)90年代就已經(jīng)崩潰了，因此紐芬蘭的漁業(yè)早就崩潰了。而題干用的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表達(dá)的意思是漁業(yè)現(xiàn)在仍然是紐芬蘭的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，這不符合題意，這里屬于偷換概念。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。第一步，尋找句內(nèi)線索，定位到第三段第一句話therestorationoffishpopulationswouldinfactboostemployment“但魚類數(shù)量的恢復(fù)實(shí)際上會促進(jìn)就業(yè)?！?，第二步綜合理解，從這里可知作者認(rèn)為保護(hù)資源和就業(yè)之間沒有沖突，保護(hù)了資源就能促進(jìn)就業(yè)，所以作者是支持保護(hù)自然資源的，所以答案選D“保護(hù)自然資源”。

A選項(xiàng)“增加年捕獲量”，定位到第三段最后一句話Butrestorationofecologicalbalance,fiscalprofitabilityandeconomicsecuritywillrequireasubstantialreductioninthecapacityofthecommercialfishingindustrysothatwildpopulationscanrecover.“但是，要恢復(fù)生態(tài)平衡、財(cái)政盈利能力和經(jīng)濟(jì)安全，就需要大幅減少商業(yè)捕魚業(yè)的能力，以便使野生種群能夠恢復(fù)”。這里作者倡導(dǎo)的是減少捕撈，所以這個(gè)選項(xiàng)不能選，這里屬于反向干擾。

B選項(xiàng)“創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會”。見正確選項(xiàng)解析，這里屬于曲意理解。

C選項(xiàng)“獲得更大的財(cái)政盈利能力”。定位到第三段最后一句話Butrestorationofecologicalbalance,fiscalprofitabilityandeconomicsecuritywillrequireasubstantialreductioninthecapacityofthecommercialfishingindustrysothatwildpopulationscanrecover.“但是，要恢復(fù)生態(tài)平衡、財(cái)政盈利能力和經(jīng)濟(jì)安全，就需要大幅減少商業(yè)捕魚業(yè)的能力，以便使野生種群能夠恢復(fù)”。這句和題目無關(guān)，所以這里屬于偷梁換柱。

4.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第四段第二句話Governmentcouldincreaseemploymentandreducethepressureonfishpopulationsbydirectingsubsidiesawayfromhighlymechanizedships.（政府可以通過減少對高度機(jī)械化船只的補(bǔ)貼來增加就業(yè)并減少對魚類種群的壓力）。第二步，綜合理解，上文講到捕魚能力的必要減少并不需要以犧牲就業(yè)為代價(jià)，然后作者提出了這個(gè)主意，減少對機(jī)械漁船的補(bǔ)貼，所以這里答案選C選項(xiàng)“更少的裝備精良的漁船”。

A選項(xiàng)“捕撈能力進(jìn)一步提高”，定位到第三段最后一句話...fiscalprofitabilityandeconomicsecuritywillrequireasubstantialreductioninthecapacityofthecommercialfishingindustrysothatwildpopulationscanrecover.“財(cái)政盈利能力和經(jīng)濟(jì)安全將需要大幅度降低商業(yè)捕魚業(yè)的能力，以便使野生種群能夠恢復(fù)”。從這里可知捕魚能力應(yīng)該減少而不是增加，所以不選A選項(xiàng)，這里屬于反向干擾。

B選項(xiàng)“漁業(yè)工作進(jìn)一步增加”。文章沒有提到工作的增加，這里屬于無中生有。

D選項(xiàng)“更少的物種被允許重建”，見正確選項(xiàng)解析，這里講的是枯竭的物種允許其重建，而不是更少的物種恢復(fù)，這里屬于偷換概念。

5.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。第一步精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第四段最后一句Industrialfishingitselfthreatenstensofmillionsoffishermenworkingonasmallscalebydepletingthefishonwhichtheydependforsubsistence“工業(yè)捕魚本身就威脅著數(shù)千萬小規(guī)模捕撈的漁民，因?yàn)樗麄冑囈陨娴聂~類正在枯竭”。第二步綜合理解，因?yàn)楣I(yè)捕魚導(dǎo)致漁業(yè)資源枯竭，更少的使用工業(yè)漁船也就是現(xiàn)代科技會讓漁業(yè)恢復(fù)，魚就會更多，魚類種群的壓力就沒有那么大了，所以答案選A選項(xiàng)“減少對魚類種群的壓力”。

B選項(xiàng)“威脅到世界的年度捕撈”。定位到第四段最后一句Industrialfishingitselfthreatenstensofmillionsoffishermenworkingonasmallscalebydepletingthefishonwhichtheydependforsubsistence“工業(yè)捕魚本身就威脅著數(shù)千萬小規(guī)模捕撈的漁民，因?yàn)樗麄冑囈陨娴聂~類正在枯竭”。文章題干是減少現(xiàn)代科技的使用會威脅世界的年捕撈量，文章所描述的正是因?yàn)楣I(yè)漁船的使用才造成漁業(yè)資源枯竭的，這里屬于反向干擾。

C選項(xiàng)“增加政府投資”。文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

D選項(xiàng)“損失了成千上萬漁民的工作”。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第四段第一句話Thenecessaryreductioninfishingpowerneednotcomeattheexpenseofjobs.“捕魚能力的必要減少并不需要以犧牲就業(yè)為代價(jià)”，所以D選項(xiàng)不選，這里屬于反向干擾。

4.單選題

Veryfewexpertshave（）withcompletenewanswerstotheworld’seconomicproblems.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.cometo

B.comearound

C.comeup

D.comeon

【答案】C

【解析】詞組辨析題。cometo達(dá)到；comearound恢復(fù)；comeupwith提出；comeon快點(diǎn)。句意：很少有專家能對世界經(jīng)濟(jì)問題提出全新的答案。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

5.單選題

Sharkshaveanundeservedreputationforbeingbloodthirstykillersthatroutinelymakesnacksoutoftourists.Althoughtheriskofgettingeatenbyasharkisextremelysmall,thesamecannotbesaidforunderwaterfiber-opticcablesthatcarrydataaroundtheworld.

Itseemssharkshaveamightycravingforthesevitalintercontinentalcommunicationlinks,whichhassetGoogleonamissiontoreinforceitstrans—PacificcablesbywrappingtheminaKevlar—likematerial.GoogleproductmanagerDanBelcherrevealedtheirshark-proofingeffortsatamarketingmeetinginBoston,NetworkWorldreports.

Butwhyaresharkszeroinginonourglobalcommunicationnetworks?SharkshaveanuncannyabilitytosenseelectromagneticfieldsinthewaterusingtinydetectorsintheirsnoutscalledampullaofLorenzini.Theorgans,whichlooklikefreckles,senseevenminutechangestoelectricalfieldsinthewater,helpingsharksfindprey,navigateorlocatefiber-opticcables.

“Nodoubttheelectromagneticfeldsassociatedwiththesewiresarehighlyattractivetothesesharks,”GeorgeBurgess,directoroftheFloridaProgramforSharkResearch,toldUSA.

Interestingly,sharksdon’tseemtobeluredtotheoldercoppercablesthatrununderwater.It’sledtospeculationthatsharksconfusethehigh-voltage,magneticemissionsfromfiber-opticcableswiththesignalsgivenoffbyfish.Updatedcableswillthuslikelyprotectthesharksandreduceenergy-wastingattacks.

Sharkshavebeengivingglobalcommunicationscompaniesheadachessincethe1980s.AccordingtotheNewYorkTime,afewsharkteethwerefoundplantedinacableoftheCanaryIslandsin1985.Everyyear,morethan50repairsareneededonunderseatranscontinentalcommunicationlinesduetodamagefromwildlife,fishingtrawlersandearthquakes,TheGuardianreports.

Google’sreinforcedcableswillbeinstalledaspartofanew$300millionsystemconnectingtheUnitedStatestoJapan,accordingtoapressreleasefromprojectpartnerNEC.ItwillresultinanInternetconnectionthatrelaysinformationacrossthePacificOceanat60terabytespersecond.That’sgoodnewsforInternetusers,butmaybethesharkshaveahiddenreason:Perhapsthey’resimplyfedupwithfear-mongeringdocumentariesthatcasttheminanegativelight.

1.Whatdoes“thesame”inParagraph1referto?

2.WhatisemphasizedinParagraph2?

3.Whydosharksbitefiber-opticcables?

4.Itcanbelearnedthatsharks（）.

5.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thekillersmakingsnacksoutoftourists.

B.Theriskofgettingeatenbysharks.

C.Theundeservedreputationofsharks.

D.Thesmallchanceofsharkattacks.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thedamagetocablescausedbysharks.

B.Thecostofunderseacablelines.

C.Thefunctionofunderwatercameras.

D.Thedevelopmentofunderseacables.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theymistakecablesforfish.

B.Theylikebitingcable-shapedobjects.

C.Theyarecuriousaboutcables.

D.Theyenjoythetasteofcables.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.likebothcoppercablesandfiber-opticcables

B.prefercoppercablestofiber-opticcables

C.areattractedtofiber-opticcablesonly

D.areattractedtocoppercablesonly

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Sharksarenobloodthirstykillers.

B.Howsharkspicksignalsfromcables.

C.Sharksbenefitfromelectricalfield.

D.Fiber-opticcablesaresharks’prey.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.詞義猜測題。由“Althoughtheriskofgettingeatenbyasharkisextremelysmall,thesamecannotbesaidforunderwaterfiber-opticcablesthatcarrydataaroundtheworld.（盡管被鯊魚吃掉的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)非常小，但在全球范圍內(nèi)傳輸數(shù)據(jù)的水下光纜卻并非如此。）”可知，雖然人類被鯊魚吃掉的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很小，但是水下光纜被鯊魚吃掉的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)卻并非如此。所以thesame表示被鯊魚吃掉的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。A選項(xiàng)“鯊魚拿游客當(dāng)點(diǎn)心”；C選項(xiàng)“鯊魚被冤枉的名聲”；D選項(xiàng)“被鯊魚攻擊的幾率很小”都與上下文不符，因此B選項(xiàng)“被鯊魚吃掉的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”正確。

2.主旨大意題。第二段的最后一句話說到“GoogleproductmanagerDanBelcherrevealedtheirshark-proofingeffortsatamarketingmeetinginBoston,NetworkWorldreports.（據(jù)《網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界》報(bào)道，谷歌產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理丹?貝爾徹在波士頓的市場營銷會議上透露了他們的防鯊魚努力。）”，說明為了防止鯊魚對電纜的破壞，人們做了很多努力，所以該段落更側(cè)重于暗示鯊魚對電纜造成的破壞。B選項(xiàng)“海底電纜線路的費(fèi)用”在第二段沒有表現(xiàn)出來；C選項(xiàng)“水下相機(jī)的功能”第二段沒有提到；D選項(xiàng)“海底電纜的發(fā)展”第二段也沒有提到。因此A選項(xiàng)“鯊魚對電纜造成的損壞”正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第五段寫道“It’sledtospeculationthatsharksconfusethehigh-voltage,magneticemissionsfromfiber-opticcableswiththesignalsgivenoffbyfish.（人們猜測鯊魚會將光纖電纜發(fā)出的高壓磁輻射與魚類發(fā)出的信號相混淆。）”，所以鯊魚會咬電纜是因?yàn)殄e(cuò)把它們當(dāng)成了魚類。B選項(xiàng)“它們喜歡咬電纜形狀的物體”文中沒有提到；C選項(xiàng)“它們對電纜很好奇”；D選項(xiàng)“它們喜歡電纜的味道”都與原文不符，因此A選項(xiàng)“它們把電纜錯(cuò)當(dāng)成了魚”正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第五段寫道“Interestingly,sharksdon’tseemtobeluredtotheoldercoppercablesthatrununderwater.（有趣的是，鯊魚似乎不會被海底的舊銅電纜所吸引。）”，由此可知，鯊魚只被光纖電纜吸引。A選項(xiàng)“銅電纜和光纖電纜都喜歡”；B選項(xiàng)“更喜歡銅電纜而不是光纖電纜”；D選項(xiàng)“只被銅電纜吸引”都與原文意思相悖，因此C選項(xiàng)“只被光纖電纜吸引”正確。

5.主旨大意題。文章主要講述了鯊魚對電纜光纖的破壞。A選項(xiàng)“鯊魚不是嗜血的殺手”文中并沒有側(cè)重講解；B選項(xiàng)“鯊魚如何從電纜中接收信號”文章也沒有提到；C選項(xiàng)“鯊魚受益于電場”說法錯(cuò)誤；D選項(xiàng)“光纖電纜是鯊魚的受害者”更準(zhǔn)確，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

6.翻譯題

Thehistoryofecologicalchangeisstillsoelementarythatweknowlittleaboutwhatreallyhappened,orwhattheresultswere.ThedestructionoftheEuropeanaurochsaslateas1627wouldseemtohavebeenasimplecaseofoverenthusiastichunting.Onmorecomplexmattersitoftenisimpossibletofindsolidinformation.ForathousandyearsormoretheFrisiansandNetherlandershavebeenpushingbacktheNorthSea,andtheprocessisculminatinginourowntimeinthereclamationoftheZuiderZee.What,ifany,speciesofanimals,birds,fish,shorelife,orplantshavediedoutintheprocess?IntheirheroiccombatwiththeseahavetheNetherlandersoverlookedecologicalvaluesinsuchawaythatthequalityofhumanlifeintheNetherlandshassuffered?Icannotdiscoverthatthequestionshaveeverbeenasked,muchlessanswered.

(1)People,then,haveoftenbeenadynamicelementintheirownenvironment,butinthepresentstateofhistoricalscholarshipweusuallydoknowexactlywhen,where,orwithwhateffectsman-inducedchangescame.Asweenterthelastthirdofthe20thcentury,howeverfortheproblemofecologicalbacklashismountingfeverishly.Naturalscience,conceivedastheefforttounderstandthenatureofthings,hadflourishedinseveralerasandamongseveralpeoples.Similarlytherehadbeenanage-oldaccumulationoftechnologicalskills,sometimesgrowingrapidly,sometimesslowly.ButitwasnotuntilaboutfourgenerationsagothatWesternEuropeandNorthAmericaarrangedamarriagebetweenscienceandtechnology,aunionofthetheoreticalandtheempiricalapproachestoournaturalenvironment.TheemergenceinwidespreadpracticeoftheBaconianbeliefthatscientificknowledgemeanstechnologicalpowerovernaturecanscarcelybedatedbeforeabout1850,saveinthechemicalindustries,whereitisanticipatedinthe18thcentury.(2)Itsacceptanceasanormalpatternofactionmaymarkthegreatesteventinhumanhistorysincetheinventionofagriculture,andperhapsinnonhumanearthhistoryaswell.

【答案】1.因此，人們在他們自己的環(huán)境中常常是一個(gè)動態(tài)的因素，但在目前的歷史學(xué)術(shù)狀態(tài)下，我們通常確實(shí)知道人為的變化在何時(shí)、何地或以何種影響出現(xiàn)。

2.它被接受為一種正常的行為模式，可能標(biāo)志著自農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)明以來人類歷史上最重大的事件，也許在非人類的地球歷史上也是如此。

7.翻譯題

ManyadvocatesofauniversalhealthcaresystemintheUnitedStateslooktoCanadafortheirmodel.WhiletheCanadianhealthcaresystemhasmuchtorecommendit,there'sanothermodelthathasbeentoolongneglected.ThatisthehealthcaresysteminFrance.

(1)AlthoughtheFrenchsystemfacesmanychallenges,theWorldHealthOrganizationrateditthebestintheworldin2001becauseofitsuniversalcoverage,responsivehealthcareproviders,patientandproviderfreedoms,andthehealthandlongevityofthecountry'spopulation.TheUnitedStatesranked37.

TheFrenchsystemisalsonotinexpensive.At$3,500percapitaitisoneofthemostcostlyinEurope,yetthatisstillfarlessthanthe$6,100perpersonintheUnitedStates.

(2)TheFrenchshareAmericans'distasteforrestrictionsonpatientchoiceandtheyinsistonautonomousprivatepractitionersratherthanaBritish-stylenationalhealthservice,whichtheFrenchdismissas"socializedmedicine".VirtuallyallphysiciansinFranceparticipateinthenation'spublichealthinsurance,SecuriteSociale.

Theirfreedomsofdiagnosisandtherapyareprotectedinwaysthatwouldmaketheirmanaged-care-controlledUScounterpartsenvious.However,theaverageAmericanphysicianearnsmorethanfivetimestheaverageUSwagewhiletheaverageFrenchphysicianmakesonlyabouttwotimestheaverageearningsofhisorhercompatriots.(3)ButthelowerincomeofFrenchphysiciansisallayedbytwofactors,Practiceliabilityisgreatlydiminishedbyatort-averselegalsystem,andmedicalschools,althoughextremelycompetitivetoenter,aretuition-free.Thus,Frenchphysiciansentertheircareers,withanydebtandpaymuchlowermalpracticeinsurancepremiums.

NordoFrance'sdoctorsfacethehighnonmedicalpersonnelpayrollexpensesthatburdenAmericanphysicians.SecuriteSocialehascreatedastandardizedandspeedysystemforphysicianbillingandpatientreimbursementusingelectronicfunds.

(4)It'snotuncommontovisitaFrenchmedicalofficeandseenononmedicalpersonnel.Whataconcept.Nobackofficearmyofbillingspecialistswhododailybattlewithinsurers'arcaneandconstantlychangingrulesofpayment.

NationalhealthinsuranceinFrancestandsupontwograndhistoricalbargains—thefirstwithdoctorsandasecondwithinsurers.

DoctorsonlyagreedtoparticipateincompulsoryhealthinsuranceiftheJawprotectedapatient'schoiceofpractitionerandguaranteedphysicians'resistancebypermittingthenation'salreadyexistinginsurerstoadministeritsnewhealthcarefunds.PrivatehealthinsurersarealsocentraltothesystemassupplementalinsurerswhocoverpatientexpensesthatarenotpaidforbySecuriteSociale.

Infact,inFrance,thesickeryouare,themorecoverage,care,andtreatmentyouget.Likeallhealthcaresystems,theFrenchconfrontongoingproblems.(5)TodayFrenchreformers'numberonepriorityistomovehealthinsurancefinancingawayfrompayrollandwageleviesbecausetheyhamperemployers'willingnesstohire.Instead,Franceisturningtowardbroadtaxesonearnedandunearnedincomealiketopayforhealthcare.

ReadthepassagecarefullyandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.

【答案】（1）盡管法國的醫(yī)療保健制度面臨著很多的挑戰(zhàn)，但2001年世界衛(wèi)生組織仍將它排在第一位，原因是法國的醫(yī)療保健制度的覆蓋面最廣，擁有積極響應(yīng)的醫(yī)療保健提供者,醫(yī)患的自由性和國民健康、長壽。

（2）法國人和美國人一樣也不愿意在患者選擇上設(shè)限，并且他們堅(jiān)決主張自主的私營執(zhí)業(yè)者，而不是一種英國式的國民保健制度。法國人將這種國民保健制度視為“公費(fèi)醫(yī)療制度”，不予采納。

（3）但是兩方面的因素彌補(bǔ)了法國醫(yī)生的收入低的情形。反侵權(quán)法律制度大大減小了實(shí)踐責(zé)任。另外,盡管進(jìn)入醫(yī)學(xué)院的競爭極其激烈，但其學(xué)費(fèi)是免費(fèi)的。因此，法國醫(yī)生就業(yè)時(shí)很少欠債，所付的醫(yī)療事故保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)非常少。

（4）參觀法國醫(yī)用辦公室看不到非醫(yī)學(xué)的職員是很平常的事情。也就是說在后端辦公的人員中，沒有大批的醫(yī)療賬單專家每天與保險(xiǎn)公司不斷改變的付款規(guī)則作戰(zhàn)。

（5）)如今法國改革者優(yōu)先考慮的事是不再從工資和工資稅上為