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外文翻譯:固定資產(chǎn)折舊的稅收籌劃再認(rèn)識(shí)原文來源:JournalofJinanUniversity(Philosophy&SocialScienceEdition)更多原創(chuàng)經(jīng)管論文及英文文獻(xiàn)與翻譯請(qǐng)?jiān)L問:http://經(jīng)管論文/r//,并提供定制服務(wù)譯文正文:一、 稅收籌劃的基本方法稅收籌劃是指納稅人在現(xiàn)行稅制的條件下,在應(yīng)稅事實(shí)發(fā)生前,通過充分利用稅收法規(guī)所提供的包括減免稅在內(nèi)的一切優(yōu)惠政策,合理安排自己的投資、融資及經(jīng)營管理、企業(yè)清算等環(huán)節(jié)的經(jīng)營管理活動(dòng),在合法的前提下來達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)稅后利益最大化目標(biāo)的涉稅行為。因此,稅收籌劃的目標(biāo)是使稅后利潤最大化。一項(xiàng)有效的稅收籌劃可以減少籌劃期間的稅額。稅收籌劃方案之所以能夠帶來稅收負(fù)擔(dān)的減少,其內(nèi)容不外乎包含兩個(gè)方面:一是技術(shù)面的因素,即從理財(cái)理論出發(fā),對(duì)應(yīng)稅所得和費(fèi)用扣除進(jìn)行時(shí)機(jī)選擇,從而獲得貨幣的時(shí)間價(jià)值;二是政策面的因素,即利用稅收優(yōu)惠政策如稅收的減免政策,從而減輕稅收負(fù)擔(dān)。(一) 技術(shù)方法從理財(cái)角度來看,稅收籌劃在選擇所得和費(fèi)用的確認(rèn)時(shí)機(jī)時(shí)有四種常規(guī)的方法,從基于貨幣時(shí)間價(jià)值的角度來看,一是推遲確認(rèn)所得,二是提前確認(rèn)費(fèi)用扣除;從基于邊際稅率的考慮來講,一是將所得轉(zhuǎn)至預(yù)計(jì)邊際稅率最低的年度,二是將費(fèi)用扣除轉(zhuǎn)至預(yù)計(jì)邊際稅率最高的年度。(二) 政策因素稅收政策因素,主要指稅收的減免稅等條款,比如所得稅的“減二免三”優(yōu)惠、福利企業(yè)的增值稅優(yōu)惠等等,納稅人如果能充分利用稅收優(yōu)惠條款,就可享受節(jié)稅效益。因此,用好、用足稅收優(yōu)惠政策本身,也是一個(gè)稅收籌劃的過程。在選擇稅收優(yōu)惠作為稅收籌劃的突破口時(shí),人們往往注意到的是一些比較明顯的或顯性的優(yōu)惠措施,因此稅收籌劃方案也比較注重在顯性稅收優(yōu)惠政策的利用上進(jìn)行籌劃技術(shù)的選擇。但是,稅收籌劃是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)工程,在規(guī)劃方案時(shí)如果只注意顯性優(yōu)惠,由此而得到的方案是不全面。比如,通過折舊方法的選擇進(jìn)行所得稅籌劃。二、 固定資產(chǎn)折舊的稅收籌劃(一)固定資產(chǎn)折舊的稅盾效應(yīng)固定資產(chǎn)在企業(yè)進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營活動(dòng)的中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,其價(jià)值計(jì)量,傳統(tǒng)上都是以歷史成本或原始價(jià)值為基礎(chǔ),在使用期間逐步轉(zhuǎn)移到產(chǎn)品中去,是企業(yè)產(chǎn)品成本的重要組成部分。而且固定資產(chǎn)價(jià)值的一經(jīng)確定,改變的彈性很小,因此,納稅人想通過加大固定資產(chǎn)價(jià)值來增加產(chǎn)品成本就很難實(shí)現(xiàn)。而固定資產(chǎn)逐步轉(zhuǎn)移到產(chǎn)品中的價(jià)值即折舊,就成為納稅人進(jìn)行固定資產(chǎn)稅收籌劃首先考慮的問題。折舊作為固定資產(chǎn)在生產(chǎn)使用過程中的價(jià)值轉(zhuǎn)移,可以在計(jì)算應(yīng)納稅所得額時(shí)予以扣除,因此它有著“稅收擋板”或“稅盾”(TaxationShield)的作用,因?yàn)槊總€(gè)納稅期的折舊額的大小,會(huì)影響企業(yè)當(dāng)期的應(yīng)納稅額,從而影響企業(yè)的所得稅稅負(fù)。稅法賦予企業(yè)固定資產(chǎn)折舊方法和折舊年限的選擇權(quán)。對(duì)于折舊年限,除因特殊原因需要縮短折舊年限的,一般固定資產(chǎn)折舊年限稅法都作了明確的規(guī)定,因此納稅人希望通過縮短折舊年限的方式,來加快固定資產(chǎn)成本的回收,使企業(yè)成本費(fèi)用前移,前期利潤后移,從而獲得延期納稅的好處,在實(shí)際操作中就有相當(dāng)?shù)碾y度。那么納稅人就只能著眼于由于折舊方法的不同,而帶來的折舊額分?jǐn)傇诓煌a(chǎn)期間的成本數(shù)量上的不一致,進(jìn)而使各期的成本和利潤出現(xiàn)差異,利用這一差異進(jìn)行稅收籌劃。(二) 折舊方法的選擇對(duì)折舊方法的選擇,實(shí)際上也就是對(duì)企業(yè)費(fèi)用確認(rèn)時(shí)間的技術(shù)選擇問題。雖然,從賬面上看,在固定資產(chǎn)價(jià)值一定的情況下,無論企業(yè)采用何種折舊方法,計(jì)算提取的折舊總額都是一致的,因此折舊總額對(duì)成本和企業(yè)利潤的影響,在整個(gè)固定資產(chǎn)使用期間是相同。但是,由于資金受時(shí)間價(jià)值因素的影響,企業(yè)就會(huì)因?yàn)檫x擇的折舊方法不同,而獲得不同的資金時(shí)間價(jià)值收益和承擔(dān)不同的稅負(fù)水平。按現(xiàn)行制度規(guī)定,企業(yè)常用的折舊方法有直線法(包括平均年限法和工作量法)和加速折舊法(包括雙倍余額遞減法和年數(shù)總和法)。由于運(yùn)用不同的折舊方法計(jì)算出的各期折舊額在量上不一致,分?jǐn)偟綄?duì)應(yīng)期間生產(chǎn)成本中去的固定資產(chǎn)成本會(huì)存在差異。因此,折舊的計(jì)算和提取必然關(guān)系到各期生產(chǎn)成本的大小,直接影響企業(yè)的各期利潤水平,最終影響企業(yè)的稅負(fù)輕重。這樣一來,企業(yè)在比較各種不同的折舊方法所帶來的稅收收益時(shí),就需要采用動(dòng)態(tài)的方法來分析,先將企業(yè)在折舊年限內(nèi)計(jì)算提取的折舊按當(dāng)時(shí)資本市場的利率進(jìn)行貼現(xiàn)后,計(jì)算出各種折舊方法下在規(guī)定折舊年限內(nèi)計(jì)算提取的折舊費(fèi)用的現(xiàn)值總和及稅收抵稅額現(xiàn)值總和,再比較各種折舊方法下的折舊現(xiàn)值總和及稅收抵稅額現(xiàn)值總和,在不違背稅法的前提下,選擇能給企業(yè)帶來最大稅收抵稅現(xiàn)值的折舊方法來計(jì)提固定資產(chǎn)折舊。此外,邊際稅率的變化,也會(huì)對(duì)成本費(fèi)用及利潤的確定帶來影響。所以,對(duì)于享受所得稅優(yōu)惠的企業(yè)而言,在進(jìn)行固定資產(chǎn)折舊方法的選擇時(shí),不只要考慮折舊方法不同所帶來的資金時(shí)間價(jià)值的影響,同時(shí)還要考慮優(yōu)惠期間及期滿后的所得稅稅率變化所帶來的所得稅稅負(fù)影響。一般認(rèn)為,選擇加速折舊法可以使企業(yè)獲得延期納稅的好處,相當(dāng)于企業(yè)在初始年份內(nèi)獲得了一筆無息貸款,而且加速折舊法的這種抵稅作用在通貨膨脹環(huán)境下的作用更加顯著。因?yàn)?,按現(xiàn)行制度規(guī)定,我國對(duì)企業(yè)擁有的資產(chǎn)實(shí)行以歷史成本記賬原則。這樣,如果存在通貨膨脹,則企業(yè)按歷史成本收回的實(shí)際購買力已大大貶值,無法按現(xiàn)行的市價(jià)進(jìn)行固定資產(chǎn)簡單再生產(chǎn)的重置。在這種情況下,如果企業(yè)采用加速折舊的方法,既可以便企業(yè)加快投資的回收速度,并在抑制未來的不確定性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的同時(shí),持補(bǔ)償?shù)恼叟f基金投入企業(yè)再增值過程,以創(chuàng)造更多的財(cái)富;又可以使企業(yè)的折舊速度加快,有利于前期的折舊成本獲得更多的稅收擋避額,從而取得延遲納稅的效應(yīng),為企業(yè)增加投資效益(延續(xù)納稅額與延緩期間企業(yè)投資收益率的乘積)。但是,對(duì)于加速折舊法的使用,普遍的稅收籌劃觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,如果企業(yè)享受所得稅優(yōu)惠,特別是在享受所得稅的“免二減三”優(yōu)惠時(shí),就不宜采用加速折舊法。其理由是:采用加速折舊法,會(huì)使企業(yè)在營利前期享受所得稅減免時(shí),固定資產(chǎn)折舊速度快,使企業(yè)可作為利潤的部分作為了費(fèi)用,而沒能使這部分利潤享受減免稅的優(yōu)惠,加重了所得稅稅負(fù)。并且,該籌劃思路對(duì)折舊的抵稅額折現(xiàn)總值進(jìn)行比較分析,也由于在優(yōu)惠期內(nèi)沒有加速折舊額沒有完全享受高邊際稅率的抵稅效益,從而使得整個(gè)經(jīng)營期間,加速折舊法的抵稅額現(xiàn)值低于直線法的抵稅額現(xiàn)值,從而得出加速折舊法不適于享受所得稅減免優(yōu)惠企業(yè)的結(jié)論。實(shí)際上,這個(gè)籌劃方案就不是一個(gè)全面的籌劃方案,它沒有全面考慮所得稅的優(yōu)惠政策,特別是一個(gè)隱性的優(yōu)惠政策:彌補(bǔ)虧損的政策規(guī)定。(三) 享受所得稅減免優(yōu)惠政策時(shí),企業(yè)折舊方法選擇實(shí)例分析現(xiàn)行的《企業(yè)所得稅暫行條例》和《外商投資企業(yè)和外國企業(yè)所得稅法》規(guī)定:納稅人發(fā)生年度虧損的,可以用下一納稅年度的所得彌補(bǔ);下一納稅年度的所得不足彌補(bǔ)的,可以逐年延續(xù)彌補(bǔ),但是延續(xù)彌補(bǔ)期最長不得超過五年??紤]此項(xiàng)政策規(guī)定,結(jié)合從企業(yè)的開始盈利年度起享受所得稅免二減三”優(yōu)惠的政策,此時(shí),企業(yè)固定資產(chǎn)折舊方法選擇加速折舊法,會(huì)大大優(yōu)于直線法的。從表面上看,加速折舊法會(huì)使企業(yè)在減免稅期間的利潤費(fèi)用化,不能充分享受減免稅的優(yōu)惠。但實(shí)際上,由于企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營初期的利潤通常都比較小甚至出現(xiàn)虧損,采用加速折舊法計(jì)算分?jǐn)偟矫科诔杀局械恼叟f額,就加大了企業(yè)經(jīng)營前期的成本費(fèi)用,使企業(yè)前期的虧損加大,這樣再利用所得稅虧損彌補(bǔ)的政策,通過經(jīng)營后期的正常利潤補(bǔ)虧,從而延緩企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)應(yīng)納稅所得額,這樣一來可以使企業(yè)在經(jīng)營前期通過折舊獲得更多的資金流入,為企業(yè)營造一個(gè)較為寬松的財(cái)務(wù)環(huán)境,二來通過補(bǔ)虧,使企業(yè)的實(shí)際減免稅優(yōu)惠期間延后,在相同的經(jīng)營期內(nèi),企業(yè)利潤按照正常稅率征稅的時(shí)間延后并縮短,相當(dāng)于增加了企業(yè)享受的優(yōu)惠時(shí)期,三是在一個(gè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營周期中,在經(jīng)營中期往往是企業(yè)產(chǎn)品的成熟期,此時(shí)企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)的利潤也最大,通過加速折舊延緩減免優(yōu)惠,就可以使更多的利潤享受到優(yōu)惠政策,從而達(dá)到節(jié)稅的目的。所以,在進(jìn)行稅收籌劃時(shí),當(dāng)企業(yè)適用的稅率前后有差別時(shí),具體采用什么樣的籌劃技術(shù),需要進(jìn)行具體的計(jì)算,同時(shí)在稅收優(yōu)惠政策利用上,不能只看到顯性的優(yōu)惠政策,還必須綜合考慮隱性的優(yōu)惠政策,這樣得出的籌劃方案才不會(huì)失之偏頗。DepreciationUnderstandingTaxPlanningFirst,thebasicmethodoftaxplanningTaxplanningisthattaxpayersinthecurrenttaxsystemundertheconditionsbeforetheoccurrenceofthetaxablefact,byusingtaxlawsandregulationsbytheTigongChongfentheBaokuotaxreliefincludedinallthepreferentialpolicies,torationalizetheinvestment,financingandbusinessmanagement,businessliquidationofpartoftheoperationandmanagementactivitiesinthelegalpremisedowntoachievemaximumtaxbenefitsoftax-relatedbehaviorgoals.Therefore,taxplanningobjectiveistomaximizeafter-taxprofit.Aneffectivetaxplanningcanreducetheamountoftaxplanningperiod.TaxplanningprogramhasbeenabletobringthetaxburdenofthereductioninthecontentsofnomorethanBaohantwoaspects:technicalMianoffactors,JifromthefinancialLilunchufa,pairsoftaxableSuodeandFeiyongkouchuJinxingshijichoiceCongerhuodecurrencyoftimevalue;secondpolicyareafactors,namelytheuseoftaxincentivessuchastaxcredits,whichreducethetaxburden.ofthetechnicalmethodsFromthefinancialpointofview,incometaxplanningandcostinthechoiceoftimewhentheconfirmationoffourconventionalmethods,fromthetimevalueofmoneybasedonthepointofview,YiShideferredincomerecognized,andsecond,toconfirminadvancethecostdeducted;fromBianJi-basedtaxconsiderationsintermsof,first,theproceedsgotothelowestmarginaltaxrateisexpectedtotheyear,thesecondisthenetcostofthehighestmarginaltaxrateisexpectedtogototheyear.policyfactorsTaxpolicyfactors,mainlyreferringtotaxbreaksandothertaxprovisions,suchasincometax"bythesecondfree3"promotion,welfareenterprisesandvalue-addedtaxbenefitssothattaxpayerscouldtakefulladvantageoftaxbreaksifthetermsof,youcanenjoythetaxsavingbenefits.Thus,well,withfulltaxincentivesthemselves,butalsoataxplanningprocess.Taxincentivesinthechoiceoftaxplanningasabreakthrough,peopleoftennotethatsomeofthemoreobviousorexplicitincentives,sotaxplanningprogramispayingmoreattentioninthedominantuseofpreferentialpoliciesontaxplanningfortechnologychoice.However,taxplanningisasystematicproject,inplanningprograms,attention,ifonlythedominantdiscountprogramthusobtainedisnotcomprehensive.Forexample,throughthechoiceofdepreciationmethodforincometaxplanning.Second,thedepreciationoffixedassetstaxplanning(A)FixedassetsdepreciationtaxshieldFixedassetsintheenterpriseproductionandoperationactivitiesplayanimportantrole,thevalueofmeasurement,hastraditionallybeentheoriginalvalueorhistoricalcostbasis,usingtheperiodtograduallyshifttoproducts,productcostisanimportantcomponentbusinesspart.Andthevalueoffixedassetshasbeendeterminedtochangetheelasticityissmall,therefore,thetaxpayerswanttoincreasethevalueoffixedassetstoincreasethecostoftheproductdifficulttoachieve.Thegradualtransferoffixedassets,thevalueoftheproductsthatdepreciationoffixedassetsonataxpayerfortaxplanningthefirstconsideration.Depreciationoffixedassetsinproductionuseasthevalueoftheprocessoftransferoftaxableincomeincomputingtheamountdeductible,soithasa"taxshield"or"taxshield"(TaxationShield)role,becauseeachtaxperiodThesizeofdepreciationwillaffectthetaxableamountofthecurrentperiod,thusaffectingtheincometaxburdenofenterprises.Givebusinessestaxdepreciationoffixedassetsanddepreciationmethodoftheoptionperiod.Thedepreciationperiod,exceptforspecialreasontoshortenthedepreciationperiod,thegeneraldepreciationperiodoffixedassetsaremadebythetaxlaw,sotaxpayerswanttoshortenthedepreciationperiodbytheway,tospeeduptherecoveryoffixedcosts,coststobusinessesforwardandbackwardpre-profitstogainthebenefitsofdeferredtax,inpracticethereisquitedifficult.Thenthetaxpayercanonlyfocusonthoseresultingfromthedifferentdepreciationmethods,depreciationbroughtapportionedZainumberofdifferentcostsduringproductionofinconsistent上thushelpofcostsandprofitsappeardifferentLiyongzheyidifferencefortaxplanning.(B)thechoiceofdepreciationmethodOnthechoiceofdepreciationmethods,infact,thatis,thetimeonthebusinesscoststhatthetechnologychoice.Althoughthebookfromthepointofview,insomecasesthevalueoffixedassets,nomatterwhatmethodofdepreciationusedtocalculatethetotalamountofdepreciationareconsistentextraction,sothetotalamountofdepreciationonthecostandimpactofcorporateprofitsinthefixedassetsusedthesameperiod.However,duetothetimevalueofmoneyfactorsundertheinfluence,thebusinesswillbecausethechoiceofdifferentdepreciationmethods,butbydifferentfundsandcommitmentoftimevaluegainofthedifferentleveloftaxburden.Inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthecurrentsystem,companiescommonlyuseddepreciationmethodsarestraight-linemethod(includingtheaverageyearsoflawandtheworkloadoftheAct)andtheaccelerateddepreciationmethod(includingthedouble-decliningbalancemethodandthenumberofyearsofcombinedmethod).Astheuseofdifferentmethodstocalculatedepreciationoftheamountofdepreciationintheamountofthediscrepancybetweencostofproductionsharingtothecorrespondingperiodinthecostoffixedassetstodiffer.Therefore,thecalculationofdepreciationandextractionnecessarilyrelatedtothesizeofproductioncosts,directlyaffecttheprofitleveleachperiod,theseverityofultimatelyaffectthetaxburden.Asaresult,companiescomparedifferentmethodsofdepreciationtaxbenefitsarisingfromthetime,weneeddynamicapproachtotheanalysis,firstenterprisesinthedepreciationlifeofthedepreciationaccruedbythecapitalmarketatprevailinginterestratesafterthediscount,calculatedundertheprovisionsofvariousdepreciationmethodsdepreciationlifeofdepreciationchargesaccruedbythepresentvalueofthesumandthesumofthepresentvalueofrevenuetaxcredit,underthedepreciationmethodandthencomparethepresentvalueofdepreciationtaxcreditisthesumandthesumoftaxrevenue,Withoutprejudicetothepremiseoftaxlaw,choosetogivebusinessesthegreatestpresentvalueofdepreciationtaxdeductiblewaytoprovisionfordepreciationoffixedassets.Inaddition,changesinmarginaltaxrates,wouldalsodeterminethecostandprofitimpact.So,enjoypreferentialenterpriseincometaxpurposes,depreciationoffixedassetsduringthechoiceofmethods,donotjustconsiderthedepreciationmethodbroughtaboutbythedifferentimpactoftimevalueofmoney,butalsotoconsiderduringandaftertheexpiryofpreferentialincometaxratechangesinincometaxburdenbroughtaboutbytheimpact.Isgenerallybelievedthataccelerateddepreciationmethodmaychoosetogiveenterprisesthebenefitsofdeferredtax,theequivalentofbusinesswithintheinitialyearofasumofinterest-freeloansandaccelerateddepreciationtaxcrediteffectofthisroleintheinflationenvironmentismoresignificantly.Because,accordingtotheprovisionsofthecurrentsystem,Chinaimplementedtheenterprise-ownedassetstohistoricalcostaccountingprinciples.Thus,ifthereisinflation,anenterpriseunderthehistoricalcostrecoveryoftherealpurchasingpowerhasbeengreatlydevaluedbythecurrentmarketpricecannotbeasimplereproductionofthereplacementoffixedassets.Inthiscase,iftheenterpriseCaiyongaccelerateddepreciationmethod,canYipianenterprisestospeeduptheHuishousuduoTouzi,andinhibitionofuncertaintyaboutthefutureriskswhilecompensationforthedepreciationfundsTouruholdingcompanyZaivalue-addedprocesstocreateamoremorewealth;itcanenableenterprisestospeedupthedepreciationrateisconducivetotheearlydepreciationcostsmoretheamountofthetaxshield,toobtaintheeffectofdeferredtaxfortheenterprisestoincreaseinvestmentefficiency(theamountanddelaytherenewaloftaxrevenueduringthebusinessinvestmentrateofproduct).However,theuseofaccelerateddepreciationmethod,thegeneraltaxplanningpointofview,iftheenterprisesreceiveincometaxbenefits,especiallyintheenjoymentoftheincometax"toavoidthesecondbythree"concessions,accelerateddepreciationonunsuitable.Thereasonsare:accelerateddepreciation,companieswillenjoyincometaxreliefmustprofitpre-depreciationoffixedassetsfaster,sothatenterprisescanbeusedaspartoftheprofitasacost,butdidnotmakethispartoftheprofitstoenjoythepreferentialtaxreductionandexemption,increasetheincometaxburden.Also,theplanningideasofthediscountedvalueofdepreciationtaxcreditcomparativeanalysis,butalsobecausethereisnoaccelerateddepreciationintheamountduringthepromotionperiodisnotfullyenjoythebenefitsofhighmarginaltaxratesoftaxcredit,whichmakesthewholeoperationperiod,theaccelerateddepreciationmethodofarrivaltaxislowerthanthestraight-linemethodofthepresentvalueoftaxcredits,accelerateddepreciationmethodisnotsuitabletocometoenjoyapreferentialcorporateincometaxrelieffortheconclusion.Infact,theplanningprogramisnotacomprehensiveplanningprogram,itdoesnottakefullaccountofincometaxpreferentialpolicies,especiallyacovertpolicies:policiesandregulationsmakeupthelosses.enjoypreferentialpoliciesontaxreduction,businesscaseanalysisDepreciationMethodsThecurrent"EnterpriseIncomeTax"and"foreign-investedenterprisesandforeignenterpriseincometaxlaw"providesthat:thetaxpayerintheyearinlosses,youcanusetheincometomakeupforthenexttaxyear;thenexttaxyear'sincomeisinsufficient,youcangraduallycontinuetomakeup,butcontinuetomakeupforamaximumperiodoffiveyears.Considerthispolicy,combinedwiththestartofearningsfromtheenterpriseincometaxfromtheyeartoenjoy"freetwobythree"preferentialpolicies,thistime,enterprisesaccelerateddepreciationoffixedassetsdepreciationmethodchosenmethodwillbemuchbetterthanthestraight-linemethod.Onthesurface,accelerateddepreciationtaxreliefcompanieswillprofitexpenseduringthe

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