考研考博-英語-呼倫貝爾職業(yè)技術(shù)學院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-呼倫貝爾職業(yè)技術(shù)學院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓練(共50題)1.單選題

Wehavedoneallwecouldandnowourcherishedprojectis（

）ournewCEO.

問題1選項

A.ontheagendaof

B.inthepowerof

C.undertheguidanceof

D.withtheguidanceof

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項ontheagendaof“列入會議議程的”；B選項inthepowerof“受……支配，在……的控制下”；C選項undertheguidanceof“在……的指導(dǎo)下”；D選項withtheguidanceof“在……的指導(dǎo)下”，作伴隨狀語表原因。由project（項目）與CEO（執(zhí)行總裁）之間的關(guān)系可知項目應(yīng)處于CEO的控制下較符合邏輯搭配。句意：我們已經(jīng)竭盡所能，現(xiàn)在我們珍視的項目掌握在新任CEO的手中。

2.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingParagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoChinese.

Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.，theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety’sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone’slife.Furthermore，thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.Examplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthe19thcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalsociety.

【答案】青春期，即從童年到成年之間的這段時期，可能很長，也可能很短，這取決于社會的期望和社會對什么是成熟和成年的定義。在原始社會，青春期往往是相對較短的一段時間，而在人們受教育時間較長的工業(yè)社會，再加上反對童工的法律，青春期的時間要長得多，可能包括人生第二個十年的大部分時間。此外，隨著社會和經(jīng)濟條件的變化，在特定社會中，青春期的長度和成年身份的定義可能會發(fā)生變化。這類變化的例子如：19世紀后半葉美國邊疆的消失，更普遍的是農(nóng)業(yè)社會的工業(yè)化。

3.單選題

Whatwecallnatureis,______,thesumofthechangesmadebyallthevariouscreaturesandnaturalforcesintheirintricateactionsandinfluencesuponeachotherandupontheirplaces.

問題1選項

A.incommonsense

B.fromasense

C.bythesense

D.inasense

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.incommonsense普通常識B.fromasense從一種感覺

C.bythesense憑感覺D.inasense在某種意義上

【考查點】插入語。

【解題思路】分析句子可知，句子結(jié)構(gòu)意義完整，而空格處位于系動詞和表語之間，且用逗號隔開，可推知空格處填入一個插入語，按照句意“我們所稱的自然，______，就是一切不同的生物和自然力在其相互作用和相互影響的過程中所發(fā)生的變化的總和”可知，空格處填入D項符合句意，故該題選擇D項。

【干擾項排除】A、B、C項都不符合句意。

【句意】從某種意義上說，我們所稱的自然，就是一切不同的生物和自然力在其相互作用和相互影響的過程中所發(fā)生的變化的總和。

4.單選題

Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofarticlestobesoldandwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedby（）buyers.

問題1選項

A.perspective

B.prospective

C.prosperous

D.prevalent

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項perspective“透視的”；B選項prospective“潛在的；預(yù)期的”；C選項prosperous“繁榮的；興旺的”；D選項prevalent“流行的；普遍的”。句意：拍賣通常事先做廣告，詳細說明要出售的物品以及……買家何時何地可以看到這些物品。拍賣會前提前打好廣告，目的是想要有意向的買家注意到物品，從而參與進來。所以這里是指潛在的買家。因此B選項符合題意。

5.單選題

Itwasobviousthatsheandherhusbandwere（）andshewishedshe'dnevermarriedhim.

問題1選項

A.insolvable

B.insensible

C.inseparable

D.incompatible

【答案】D

【解析】句意:很明顯她和她丈夫是水火不相容的，她希望自己從來沒有嫁給他。

考查形容詞辨析。insolvable不能解決（答）的;insensible昏迷的，無知覺的；inseparable不可分離的；incompatible不相容的，矛盾的。根據(jù)后半句“她希望自己從來沒有嫁給他”可知D符合句意。

6.單選題

Doctorssaythatmoderatedrinkingcanhaveabeneficial（）onyourhealth.

問題1選項

A.impact

B.generation

C.disposition

D.dependence

【答案】A

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。impact“影響”;generation“一代，產(chǎn)生”;disposition“性情，處置”;dependence“獨立”。句意：醫(yī)生說適當喝酒對你的健康有有利影響。選項A符合題意。

7.單選題

Thenewsecretaryhaswrittenaremarkably（

）reportonlyinafewpagesbutwithallthedetailsincluded.

問題1選項

A.concise

B.clear

C.precise

D.elaborate

【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)后半句：只用了簡短的幾頁但卻涵蓋了所有的細節(jié)，說明這個報告簡潔明了，選項A最符合語境。

8.單選題

ThesummersessioninGeorgetownUniversitywasareallywonderfuloccasionwhichwewill（

）formanyyearstocome.

問題1選項

A.discount

B.acquit

C.cherish

D.blur

【答案】C

【解析】考察動詞詞義辨析。discount“打折扣”；acquit“無罪釋放”；cherish“珍惜”；blur“使……模糊不清”。句意：喬治敦大學暑期班是個很棒的場合，我們將在今后的許多年里都會珍惜它。選項C符合題意。

9.單選題

Thetruckdriverwasfinedforexceedingthespeed（

）.

問題1選項

A.range

B.limit

C.rule

D.regulation

【答案】B

【解析】考察名詞詞義辨析。range“范圍”；limit“限制界限”；rule“規(guī)定，規(guī)則”；regulation意為“規(guī)定，規(guī)則”。句意：卡車司機由于超速而被罰了款。選項B符合題意。

10.單選題

ManyliterarydetectiveshaveporedoveragreatpuzzleconcerningthewriterMarcelProust:whathappenedin1909?HowdidContreSaint-Beuve,anessayattackingthemethodsofthecriticSaintBeuve,turnintothestartofthenovelRemembranceofThingsPast"!ArecentlypublishedletterfromProusttotheeditorValletteconfirmsthatFallois,theeditorofthe1954editionofContreSaint-Beuve,madeanessentiallycorrectguessabouttherelationshipoftheessaytothenovel.FalloisproposedthatProusthadtriedtobeginanovelin1908,abandoneditforwhatwastobealongdemonstrationofSaint-Beuve'sblindnesstotherealnatureofgreatwriting,foundtheessaygivingrisetopersonalmemoriesandfictionaldevelopments,andallowedthesetotakeoverinasteadilydevelopingnovel.

DraftpassagesinProust's1909notebooksindicatethatthetransitionfromessaytonovelbeganinContreSaint-Beuve,whenProustintroducedseveralexamplestoshowthepowerfulinfluencethatinvoluntarymemoryexertsoverthecreativeimagination.Ineffect,intryingtodemonstratethattheimaginationismoreprofoundandlesssubmissivetotheintellectthanSaint-Beuveassumed,Proustelicitedvitalmemoriesofhisownand,findingsubtleconnectionsbetweenthem,begantoamassthematerialforRemembrance.ByAugust,ProustwaswritingtoVallette,informinghimofhisintentiontodevelopthematerialasanovel.MauriceBardeche,inMarcelProust,Romancier,hasshowntheimportanceinthedraftsofRemembranceofspontaneousandapparentlyrandomassociationsofProust'ssubconscious.AsincidentsandreflectionsoccurredtoProust,hecontinuallyinsertednewpassagesalteringandexpandinghisnarrative.Buthefounditdifficulttocontrolthedriftofhisinspiration.Theveryrichnessandcomplexityofthemeaningfulrelationshipsthatkeptpresentingandrearrangingthemselvesonalllevels,fromabstractintelligencetoprofounddreamyfeelings,madeitdifficultforProusttosetthemoutcoherently.Thebeginningofcontrolcamewhenhesawhowtoconnectthebeginningandtheendofhisnovel.

IntriguedbyProust'sclaimthathehad"begunandfinished"Remembranceatthesametime,HenriBonnetdiscoveredthatpartsofRemembrance'slastbookwereactuallystartedin1909.Alreadyinthatyear,Prousthaddrafteddescriptionsofhisnovel'scharactersintheiroldagethatwouldappearinthefinalbookofRemembrance,wherethepermanenceofartissetagainsttheravagesoftime.ThelettertoVallette,draftsoftheessayandnovel,andBonnet'sresearchesestablishinbroadoutlinetheprocessbywhichProustgeneratedhisnoveloutoftheruinsofhisessay.Butthoseofuswhohoped,withKolb,thatKolb'snewlypublishedcompleteeditionofProust'scorrespondencefor1909woulddocumenttheprocessingreaterdetailaredisappointed.ForuntilProustwasconfidentthathewasatlastinsightofaviablestructureforRemembrance,hetoldfewcorrespondentsthathewasproducinganythingmoreambitiousthanContreSaint-Beuve.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（）

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatallofthefollowingareliterarydetectiveswhohavetried,bymeansofeitherscholarshiporcriticism,tohelpsolvethe"greatpuzzle"mentionedinLine1EXCEPT（）

3.Accordingtothepassage,indraftsofContreSaint-BeuveProustsetouttoshowthatSaint-Beuvemadewhichofthefollowingmistakesasacritic?

I.Saint-Beuvemadenoefforttostudythedevelopmentofanovelthroughitsdraftsandrevisions.

II.Saint-Beuveassignedtoogreataroleinthecreativeprocesstoawriter'sconsciousintellect.

III.Saint-Beuveconcentratedtoomuchonplotsandnotenoughonimageryandotherelementsofstyle.

4.Whichofthefollowingbeststatestheauthor'sattitudetowardtheinformationthatscholarshavegatheredaboutProust'swritingin1909?

5.TheauthorofthepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingwouldbetheLEASTusefulsourceofinformationaboutProust'stransitionfromworkingonContreSaint-BeuvetohavingaviablestructureforRemembranceofThingsPast?

問題1選項

A.theroleofinvoluntarymemoryinProust'swriting

B.evidenceconcerningthegenesisofProust'snovelRemembranceofThingsPast

C.conflictingscholarlyopinionsaboutthevalueofstudyingthedraftsofRemembranceofThingsPast

D.Proust'scorrespondenceandwhatitrevealsaboutRemembranceofThingsPast

問題2選項

A.Bardeche

B.Bonnet

C.Fallois

D.Vallette

問題3選項

A.IIonly

B.IIIonly

C.IandIIonly

D.I,II,andIII

問題4選項

A.TheauthorisdisappointedthatnonewdocumentshavecometolightsinceFallois'sspeculations.

B.Theauthorisdissatisfiedbecausetherearetoomanygapsandinconsistenciesinthedrafts.

C.TheauthorisconfidentthatFallois's1954guesshasbeenprovedlargelycorrect,butregretsthatstillmoredetaileddocumentationconcerningProust'stransitionfromtheessaytothenovelhasnotemerged.

D.TheauthorissatisfiedthatFallois'sjudgmentwaslargelycorrect,butfeelsthatProust'searlyworkindesigningandwritingthenovelwasprobablyfarmoredeliberatethanFallois'sdescriptionoftheprocesswouldsuggest.

問題5選項

A.Fallois'scommentsinthe1954editionofContreSaint-Beuve.

B.Proust's1909notebooks,includingthedraftsofRemembranceofThingsPast.

C.Proust's1909correspondence,excludingthelettertoVallette.

D.Bardeche'sMarcelProust,Romancier.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:主旨思想題。文章首段提及許多文學考據(jù)家思考著一個涉及馬塞爾·普魯斯特（MarcelProust）的不解之謎：1909年究竟發(fā)生了什么？《駁圣伯夫》一文——一篇抨擊批評家圣伯夫批評方法的論文——是如何轉(zhuǎn)變成為小說《追憶似水年華》的開端的？之后段落試圖找到《駁圣伯夫》這篇論文是如何轉(zhuǎn)化為小說《追憶似水年華》的答案，由此可知，文章主要在論述小說《追憶似水年華》產(chǎn)生的證據(jù)。故答案為B。

第2題:事實細節(jié)題。文中首段提及Fallois就論文與小說之間的關(guān)系做了一種本質(zhì)上正確的猜測。第二段提及MauriceBardeche在《馬塞爾·普魯斯特——小說家》中,證明了在《追憶似水年華》草稿中普魯斯特的潛意識里那些自發(fā)的不規(guī)則的聯(lián)結(jié)的重要性。第三段提及HenriBonnet（亨利·博內(nèi)）揭示，小說最后一卷的某些章節(jié)確實始于1909年。而選項D中提及的Vallette，只是普魯斯特致編輯瓦萊特（Vallette）的信函，并沒有對小說做考究。故答案為D。

第3題:信息推斷題。第一個說法明顯錯誤，文中沒有提及要通過手稿研究小說發(fā)展；第三個提到的plots，在文中也沒有提及。文章首段"Saint-Beuve'sblindnesstotherealnatureofgreatwriting"提及圣伯夫長期以來對偉大文學作品的真正本質(zhì)盲目無知。與文中提及的"過度強調(diào)創(chuàng)意的過程而忽略了作家的有意識的智慧"意義相符。故答案為A。

第4題:信息推斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的倒數(shù)第二句“Kolb'snewlypublishedcompleteeditionofProust'scorrespondencefor1909woulddocumenttheprocessingreaterdetailaredisappointed.”科爾布新出版的《普魯斯特1909年書信全集》將更詳細地記錄這一過程，但因細節(jié)沒有呈現(xiàn)讓人很失望。選項C符合原文。

第5題:細節(jié)推斷題。文章主要探討《駁圣伯夫》一文——一篇抨擊批評家圣伯夫批評方法的論文是如何轉(zhuǎn)變成為小說《追憶似水年華》的開端的？作者主要給出了3個證據(jù)。選項A與第一段中的"ArecentlypublishedletterfromProusttotheeditorValletteconfirmsthat..."信息對應(yīng)；選項B與第二段中的"Proust's1909notebooksindicatethat..."信息對應(yīng)；選項D與"MauriceBardeche,inMarcelProust,romancier,hasshowntheimportance..."信息對應(yīng)；選項C將寫給Vallette的信排除在外，與文章第一段中的"ArecentlypublishedletterfromProusttotheeditorValletteconfirmsthatFallois"信息不符。故答案為C。

11.單選題

Insomewaystheyareamarketers’dream.Theyhavebillionsofdollarsindiscretionaryincome—andspendmostofit.Althoughtheirindividualpurchasesaresmall，theybuyregularly,oftenresponsetopeerpressure.Theyareheavilyinfluencedbythehoursoftelevisionadvertisingtheyseeeachweek.And，asaresultoftoday’ssmallerfamilies,andtheincreaseinthenumberoftwo-incomehouseholds,theyhavemoretosayaboutfamilydecisionsthaneverbefore.

“They”arechildren,ofcourse,agroupwhosespendinghabitsareattractingtheattentionofmoreandmoremarketers.Onerecentstudyestimatesthat:thethirtymillionU.S.children4to12yearsoldreceiveabout$4.7billionannuallyfromallowances,giftsandoddjobs.Ofthatamount,theyspendatotalof$4.2billioneachyearonsnacks($1.4billion),toysandgames($1.1billion),moviesandsports($771million),videogames($766million),andgifts($164million),engaginginsome280independentpurchasestransactionsannually.Childrenthirteentonineteenaccountforevengreateryearlyexpenditures:$30.5billionoftheirownmoney.

Butchildren’sfinancialmuscledoesnotendthere.Researchersestimatethatchildrendirectlyinfluencemore-than$40billioninadultpurchaseseachyear.ANickeldeonUSAToday/YankelovichYouthMonitorstudyfoundthatchildrenareextremelyawareofbrandandhaveconsiderableinputintotheirparents，selectionofapparel,cereal,snacks,cars,televisionsandpersonalcomputers.Manychildrenareinvolvedinactualhouseholdpurchasing,especiallyfood；inarecentTeenageResearchstudy,halftheteengirlssurveyedreportedshoppingforgroceriesatleastonceaweek.Recognizingthisindirectpurchasingpowerthatchildrenhave，agrowingnumberofmarketersareapproachingtheyouthdirectly.TheNationalDairyBoard,forexample,nowairsmilkcommercialswithyouthappeal,andProcter&GamblehasdevelopedCrestforKidstoothpaste.

Howdidchildrenacquiresuchbuyingclout?Researcherspointtoseveralfactors.Asthenumberofworkingcouplesandsingle-parenthouseholdsincreased,manyparentsshiftedcertainhouseholdresponsibilitiesontochildren’sshoulders.Thrustintoadultroles,childrenhaveendedupwithmoreinfluenceoverthefamily’spurchases,andtheyalsotendtospendincreasedamountsofmoneythemselves.Inaddition,manyolder,professionalcoupleshavefewerchildren.Theseparentscanaffordtolavishmoreontheirchildren,includingextraspendingmoneyforsuchitemsasFisher-PriceToys’$225children’scamcorderandtheMyFirstSonylineofelectronicsgearforchildren.Thebandwagoneffectisyetanotherfactor.Whenonemarketerbeginstofocusonchildren,competitorsfollowsuit,encouragingevenmorechildren’spurchases.McDonald’sCorp.,forexample,hasaimedadvertisementsforitshamburgers,mealkits,andpartiesatchildrenforyears；nowHardee’sFoodSystems,Inc,andWendy’sInternationalInc,aredoingthesame.

Astutemarketersrealizethatchildrenactuallyrepresentthreemarkets:currentconsumers,influentialconsumers,andfuturebuyers.Becausechildrenaresteadilydevelopingbrandawareness,andproductpreferencesthatsomedaywilltranslateintopurchasingdecisions,evencompaniesnotsellingyouthproductspersearebeginningtopayattentiontoselldirectlytochildren,realizingthat,outtheresomewhere,tomorrow’sbig-ticketcustomerisplayingvideogamestoday.

1.Thetopicofthisselectionis（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthisselection?

3.Fromthestatementthatchildren“havebillionsofdollarsindiscretionaryincome—andspendmostofit”，wecaninferthatchildren（）.

4.Abouttheirbuyingbehaviors,wecaninferthatchildrenare（）.

5.Wecaninferthatmarketersbelievechildrenwhodevelop“brandawareness”whentheyareyoungwill（）.

問題1選項

A.marketingproducts

B.children’sspendingpatterns

C.doingsurveysofchildren

D.thebandwagoneffect

問題2選項

A.Childrenhavemoretosayaboutfamilypurchasedecisionsthaneverbefore.

B.Childrenareimportantmembersofsociety.

C.Childrenhaveagooddealofpowerasbuyersandconsumers.

D.Marketersareovercomingtheirlackofinterestinsellingtochildren.

問題3選項

A.havenosenseofvalueregardingmoney

B.shouldnotbegivensomuchmoneybytheirparents

C.misusethefinancialpowerplacedintheirhands

D.donotsavemuchoftheirownmoney

問題4選項

A.notinfluencedmuchbyadvertising

B.verymuchinfluencedbytheirfriends

C.notinfluencedbymilkcommercialswithyouthappeal

D.carefulaboutspendingonhamburgersandotherfastfoods

問題5選項

A.rejectthosebrandswhenbecomeadults

B.purchasevideogamesfortheirchildren

C.remainloyaltothosebrandsintoadulthood

D.spendtheirmoneywiselyandthoughtfullyasadults

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:文章第一二段提到兒童群體雖然不大，但是他們有一定的購買能力；之后引用了一些兒童帶來的花費的數(shù)據(jù)來進一步說明兒童是個很大的消費群體。最后提到兒童代表著三個市場。從這些可知全文都是在講兒童的消費問題。所以選項B符合題意。

第2題:文章主要探討兒童消費問題。出于很多原因，兒童已經(jīng)是一個具有很強購買力的消費者。選項C符合題意。

第3題:文章第一段提到孩子們有很多零花錢自己處理，但是他們?nèi)菀资艿诫娨晱V告的影響（Theyareheavilyinfluencedbythehoursoftelevisionadvertisingtheyseeeachweek），說明他們的錢被亂用了，選項C符合題意。

第4題:文章第一段提到雖然兒童的購買力不強，但是他們會受同伴的影響（Althoughtheirindividualpurchasesaresmall，theybuyregularly,oftenresponsetopeerpressure）。選項B符合題意。

第5題:文章最后一段提到商家們認為兒童代表三個市場：currentconsumers,influentialconsumers,andfuturebuyers。孩子們的品牌意識和產(chǎn)品偏好正穩(wěn)定發(fā)展，總有一天會形成購買力。選項C符合題意。

12.單選題

Toalleviatetheproblemofcontaminatedchicken,theexpertsrecommendthatthegovernmentshiftitsinspectionemphasisfromcursorybird-by-birdvisualchecktoamore______randomsamplingforbacterialandchemicalcontamination.

問題1選項

A.rigorous

B.perfunctory

C.symbolic

D.discreet

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項rigorous“嚴格的，嚴厲的；嚴密的；嚴酷的”；B選項perfunctory“敷衍的；馬虎的；得過且過的”；C選項symbolic“象征的；符號的；使用符號的”；D選項discreet“謹慎的；小心的”。句意：為緩解雞的污染問題，專家們建議政府把檢查重點從走馬觀花式的肉眼檢查改為進行更為______的對細菌和化學污染進行隨機取樣檢查。根據(jù)shift“改變”可知，橫線處應(yīng)填一個與cursory“粗略的”意思相反的詞。且由檢查重點從肉眼檢查到改進為對細菌和化學污染隨機取樣檢查，可知檢查推向深入，較以前更加嚴格，A選項rigorous“嚴格的”符合題意。因此A選項正確。

13.單選題

Manyofthesuccessfulmen,hadtheybeenabletochooseforthemselves,wouldhaveselectedsomequitedifferentprofessions（）theyhavemadefortunes.

問題1選項

A.fromthatinwhich

B.fromwhich

C.inwhich

D.fromwhat

【答案】A

【解析】fromthatinwhich相當于(differentprofession)fromtheprofessionsinwhichtheymakefortunesinsth“靠……致富”。只有A正確。

14.單選題

Agriculturewasastepinhumanprogress（

）whichsubsequentlytherewasnotanythingcomparableuntilourownmachineage.

問題1選項

A.in

B.for

C.to

D.from

【答案】C

【解析】介詞辨析題。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，這里是由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，先行詞是agriculture，填空處應(yīng)該填入一個和comparable搭配的介詞，只有介詞to能與之搭配，意為“可比較的，比得上是”，所以選項C正確。

15.單選題

Duringperiodsofsocialstability,manyartacademiesaresofirmlycontrolledbydogmatiststhatallrealcreativeworkmustbedonebythe（

）.

問題1選項

A.elite

B.disenfranchised

C.reactionaries

D.dissatisfied

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞及名詞辨析。elite“精英；精華”；disenfranchised“被剝奪權(quán)利的”，thedisenfranchised“被剝奪權(quán)利的人”；reactionaries“反動派”；dissatisfied“不滿意的；不高興的”。句意：在社會穩(wěn)定時期，很多藝術(shù)學院被教條主義者牢牢地控制，以至所有真正有創(chuàng)意的作品必須由那些被剝奪了權(quán)利的人完成。由“controlledbydogmatists被教條主義者控制”及“realcreativework真正有創(chuàng)意的作品”的對應(yīng)知“真正有創(chuàng)意的作品都是由藝術(shù)學院里被剝奪了權(quán)利的人來完成。被教條主義控制意味著被剝奪了權(quán)利。

16.單選題

SectionA

Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdifficultbutinescapable.Sometimes,thestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitowns,anddoessobadly.Often,however,governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationandconsumptionofnaturalresources.Awholerangeofpolicies,fromfarmpricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-mining,doenvironmentaldamageand(often)makenoeconomicsense.Scrappingthemoffersatwo-foldbonus:acleanerenvironmentandamoreefficienteconomy.Growthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhand,ifpoliticianshavethecouragetocontrolthevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate.

SectionB

Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarming.Itshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandarea,notcountingAntarctica,andtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesinyieldsfromlandalreadyincultivation,butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigation,bettercropbreeding,andadoublingintheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s.

SectionC

Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsofdiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedState,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthanAmerica.

SectionD

Governmentpolicieshavefrequentlycompoundedtheenvironmentaldamagethatfarmingcancause.Intherichcountries,subsidiesforgrowingcropsandpricesupportsforfarmoutputdriveupthepriceofland.Theannualvalueofthesesubsidiesisimmense;about$250billion,ormorethanallWorldBanklendinginthe1980s.Toincreasetheoutputofcropsperacre,afarmer’seasiestoptionistousemoreofthemostreadilyavailableinputs:fertilizersandpesticides.FertilizerusedoubledinDenmarkintheperiod1960-1985andincreasedinTheNetherlandsby150percent.Thequantityofpesticidesappliedhasrisentoo:by69percentin1975-1984inDenmark,forexample,withariseof115percentinthefrequencyofapplicationinthethreeyearsfrom1981.

Inthelate1980sandearly1990ssomeeffortsweremadetoreducefarmsubsidies.ThemostdramaticexamplewasthatofNewZealand,whichscrappedmostfarmsupportin1984.Astudyoftheenvironmentaleffects,conductedin1993,foundthattheendoffertilizersubsidieshadbeenfollowedbyafallinfertilizeruse(afallcompoundedbythedeclineinworldcommodityprices,whichcutfarmincomes).Theremovalofsubsidiesalsostoppedland-cleaningandover-stocking,whichinthepasthadbeentheprincipalcausesoferosion.Farmsbegantodiversify.Theonekindofsubsidywhoseremovalappearedtohavebeenbadfortheenvironmentwassubsidytomanagesoilerosion.

Inlessenlightenedcountries,andintheEuropeanUnion,thetrendhasbeentoreduceratherthaneliminatesubsidies,andtointroducenewpaymentstoencouragefarmerstotreattheirlandinenvironmentallyfriendlierways,ortoleaveitfallow.Itmaysoundstrangebutsuchpaymentsneedtobehigherthantheexistingincentivesforfarmerstogrowfoodcrops.Farmers,however,dislikebeingpaidtodonothing.Inseveralcountries,theyhavebecomeinterestedinthepossibilityofusingfuelproducedfromcropresidueseitherasareplacementforpetrol(asethanol)orasfuelforpowerstations(asbiomass).Suchfuelsproducefarlesscarbondioxidethancoaloroil,andabsorbcarbondioxideastheygrow.Theyarethereforelesslikelytocontributetothegreenhouseeffect.Buttheyarerarelycompetitivewithfossilfuelsunlesssubsidizedandgrowingthemdoesnolessenvironmentalharmthanothercrops.

SectionE

Inpoorcountries,governmentsaggravateothersortsofdamage.Subsidiesforpesticidesandartificialfertilizersencouragefarmerstousegreaterquantitiesthanareneededtogetthehighesteconomiccropyield.AstudybytheinternationalRiceResearchinstituteofpesticideusebyfarmersinSouthEastAsiafoundthat,withpest-resistantvarietiesofrice,evenmoderateapplicationsofpesticidefrequentlycostfarmersmorethantheysaved.Suchwasteputsfarmersonachemicaltreadmill:bugsandweedsbecomeresistanttopoisons,sonextyear’spoisonsmustbemorelethal.Onecostistohumanhealth.Everyyearsome10,000peoplediefrompesticidepoisoning,almostalloftheminthedevelopingcountries,andanother400,000becomeseriouslyill.Asforartificialfertilizers,theiruseworld-wideincreasedby40percentperunitoffarmedlandbetweenthemid1970sandlate1980s,mostlyinthedevelopingcountries.Overuseoffertilizersmaycausefarmerstostoprotatingcropsorleavingtheirlandfallow.That,inturn,maymakesoilerosionworse.

SectionF

AresultoftheUruguayRoundofworldtradenegotiationsislikelytobeareductionof36percentintheaveragelevelsoffarmsubsidiespaidbytherichcountriesin1986-1990.Someoftheworld’sfoodproductionwi