2013年考研英語(yǔ)一真題及詳細(xì)解答(免費(fèi))

2013年考研英語(yǔ)一真題

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDon

ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirst

glancethismightseemlikeastrengththat__1__theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby__2___

factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig__3___wasleadingdecision-

makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.__4___,hetheorisedthata

judge__5___ofapperaringtoosoft__6__crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison__7___hehad

alreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday.

To__8__thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the__9___ofanapplicantshould

notdependonthefewothers__10___randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDr.Simonsoho

suspectedthetruthwas__11___.

Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews__12___by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewers

had__13___applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale__14___numerousfactorsintoconsideration.The

scoreswere__15___usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTest,

orGMAT,astandardizedexamwhichis__16___outof800points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthim

orher.

Dr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsor

morehigherthanthatoftheone__17___that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould__18___byanaverage

of0.075points.Thismightsoundsmall,butto__19___theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30

moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen__20___.

1.

2.

3.

[A]grants

[A]minor

[A]issue

[B]submits

[B]objective

[B]vision

[C]transmits

[C]crucial

[C]picture

[D]delivers

[D]external

[D]external

4.[A]Forexample[B]Onaverage

[C]Inprinciple[D]Aboveall

5.[A]fond

[B]fearful

[B]on

[B]until

[B]emphasize

[B]quality

[B]studied

[B]defensible

[B]expressed

[B]rated

[C]capable

[C]to

[C]though

[C]share

[C]status

[C]found

[C]replaceable[D]otherwise

[C]conducted[D]secured

[C]matched

[C]gave

[D]thoughtless

[D]for

[D]unless

[D]success

[D]success

[D]identified

6.

7.

8.

9.

[A]in

[A]if

[A]promote

[A]decision

10.[A]chosen

11.[A]exceptional

12.[A]inspired

13.[A]assigned

14.[A]put

[D]arranged

[D]took

[B]got

15.[A]instead

16.[A]selected

[B]then

[B]passed

[C]ever

[C]marked

[D]rather

[D]introduced

17.[A]before

18.[A]jump

19.[A]achieve

[B]after

[B]float

[B]undo

[C]above

[C]drop

[C]maintain

[D]below

[D]fluctuate

[D]disregard

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyour

answersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldsher

unattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffecther,Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecolor

oftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentsstoresandtothebargain

bininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.

Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishwould

describedinOverdressed,EliazabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion”.Inthelastdecadeorso

,advancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZara,H&M,andUniqlotoreacttotrendsmore

quicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequent

release,andmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable-meantto

lastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon’tadvertisethat–andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.By

offeringon-trenditemsatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfashioncycles,shakingan

industrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace.

Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtin

allits2,300-piusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrain

naturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals.

Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan’sTheOmnivore’s

Dilemma.“Mass-producedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durableandwasteful,”

Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear–about64itemsperperson–andno

matterhowmuchtheygiveaway,thisexcessleadstowaste.

TowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont,

whosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes–andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittook

Beaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan’tbeknockedoff.

Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment–

includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionline–Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedby

thecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.

Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto.

21.Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher

[A]poorbargainingskill.

[B]insensitivitytofashion.

[C]obsessionwithhighfashion.

[D]lackofimagination.

22.AccordingtoCline,mass-maketlabelsurgeconsumersto

[A]combatunnecessarywaste.

[B]shutoutthefeverishfashionworld.

[C]resisttheinfluenceofadvertisements.

[D]shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequently.

23.Theword“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto

[A]accusation.

[B]enthusiasm.

[C]indifference.

[D]tolerance.

24.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelaseparagraph?

[A]Vanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinidealists.

[B]Thefast-fashionindustryignoressustainability.

[C]Peoplearemoreinterestedinunaffordablegarments.

[D]Pricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendlypurchasing.

25.Whatisthesubjectofthetext?

[A]Satireonanextravagantlifestyle.

[B]Challengetoahigh-fashionmyth.

[C]Criticismofthefast-fashionindustry.

[D]Exposureofamass-marketsecret.

Text2

Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.In

theinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,click

onandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioural”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.

Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:

Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouralads?Orshouldtheyhave

explicitpermission?

InDecember2010America'sFederalTradeCornmission(FTC)proposedaddinga"donottrack"(DNT)option

tointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladwertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft's

InternetExplorerandApple'sSafaribothofferDNT;Google'sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarythe

FTCandDigltalAdwertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespongingtoDNT

requests.

OnMay31stMicrosoftSetofftherow:ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwindows8,

wouldhaveDNTasadefault.

Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GetingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,

althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.Unabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehavioural

adsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.

AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Atterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomply

withDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwholly

ondefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8-thoughthe

firmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoogle'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,

Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,bloggde:"webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."Coulditreallybe

thatsimple?

26.Itissuggestedinparagraph1that“behavioural”adshelpadvertisersto:

[A]easecompetitionamongthemselves

[B]lowertheiroperationalcosts

[C]avoidcomplaintsfromconsumers

[D]providebetteronlineservices

27.“Theindustry”(Line6,Para.3)refersto:

[A]onlineadvertisers

[B]e-commerceconductors

[C]digitalinformationanalysis

[D]internetbrowserdevelopers

28.BobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefault

[A]manycutthenumberofjunkads

[B]failstoaffecttheadindustry

[C]willnotbenefitconsumers

[D]goesagainsthumannature

29.whichofthefollowingistureaccordingtoParagraph.6?

[A]DNTmaynotserveitsintendedpurpose

[B]AdvertisersarewillingtoimplementDNT

[C]DNTislosingitspopularityamongconsumers

[D]Advertisersareobligedtoofferbehaviouralads

30.Theauthor'sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisoneof:

[A]indulgence

[B]understanding

[C]appreciaction

[D]skepticism

Text3

Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,

fromasteroidstriketopandemicflutoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhas

littlefuturetolookforwardto.

Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears

-sowhyshouldn'twe?Takeabroaderlookatourspecies'placeintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthatwe

haveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears(see"100,000AD:Living

inthedeepfuture").LookupHomosapiensintheIUCN's"RedList"ofthreatenedspecies,andyouwillread:

"ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyincreasing,andthereare

nomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline."

Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersandorganisationsarenowthinking

seriouslyaboutthatquestion.Forexample,theLongNowFoundation,basedinSanFrancisco,hascreateda

forumwherethinkersandscientistsareinvitedtoprojecttheimplicationsoftheirideasoververylong

timescales.Itsflagshipprojectisamechanicalclock,burieddeepinsideamountaininTexas,thatisdesignedto

stillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.

Thentherearescientistswhoaregivingseriousconsiderationtotheideathatweshouldrecogniseanew

geologicalera:theAnthropocene.They,too,arepullingthecamerarightbackandaskingwhathumanity's

impactwillbeontheplanet-inthecontextofstratigraphictime.

Perhapsperversely,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.

Thepotentialevolutionoftoday'stechnology,anditssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglycomplicated,andit's

perhapsbestlefttoscience-fictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.

That'sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.

Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooften,

thepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistory

oftheplanet,andourspecies,tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendants

willfindthemselves.

Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobe

sure,thefutureisnotallrosy:whileourspeciesmayflourish,agreatmanyindividualsmaynot.Butwearenow

knowledgeableenoughtomitigatemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andto

improvethelotofthosetocome.Thinkingaboutourplaceindeeptimeisagoodwaytofocusonthechallenges

thatconfrontustoday,andtomakeafutureworthlivingin.

31.Ourvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspiredby

[A]ourdesireforaresoffulfillment

[B]ourfaithinscienceandteched

[C]ourawarenessofpotentialrisks

[D]ourbdiefinequalopportunity

32.TheIUCN“RodList”suggestthathumanbeingson

[A]asustainedspecies

[B]theword’sdeminantpower

[C]athreattotheenvironment

[D]amisplacedrace

33.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph5?

[A]Archelpslimitthescopeoffuturologicalstudies.

[B]Technologyofferssolutionstosocialproblem.

[C]Theinterestinsciencefictionisontherise.

[D]OurImmediatefutureishardtoconceive.

34.Toensurethefutureofmankind,itiscrucialto

[A]exploreourplanet’sabundantresources.

[B]adoptanoptimisticviewoftheworld.

[C]drawonourexperiencefromthepast.

[D]curbourambitiontoreshapehistory.

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]UncertaintyaboutOurFuture

[B]EvolutionoftheHumanSpecies

[C]TheEver-brightProspectsofMankind.

[D]Science,TechnologyandHumanity.

Text4

Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday-amodest

policyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecision

wasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernment

andthestates.

InArizonav.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizona’s

controversialplantohavestateandlocalpoliceenforcefederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalprinciples

thatWashingtonalonehasthepowerto“establishauniformRuleofNaturalization”andthatfederallaws

precedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.Arizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltothe

existingfederalones.

JusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt’sliberals,ruledthatthestateflew

tooclosetothefederalsun.Ontheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthecongresshaddeliberately

“occupiedthefield”andArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedpowers.

However,theJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomein

contactwithlawenforcement.That’sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigration

enforcementandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalcolleagues.

TwoofthethreeobjectingJustice-SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas-agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbut

disagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesconflictedwiththefederalstatute.Theonlymajorobjectioncamefrom

JusticeAntoninScalia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktothealienand

SeditionActs.

The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionas“a

shockingassertionassertionoffederalexecutivepower”.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona’slawsconflicted

withitsenforcementpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhite

Houseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.

Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalgovernment,andcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersis

amongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigration

status,itcould.Itneverdidso.Theadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twanttocarry

outCongress’simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthis

remarkableclaim.

36.ThreeprovisionsofArizona’splanwereoverturnedbecausethey

[A]deprivedthefederalpoliceofConstitutionalpowers.

[B]disturbedthepowerbalancebetweendifferentstates.

[C]oversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigrationlaw.

[D]contradictedboththefederalandstatepolicies.

37.OnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoParagraph4?

[A]Federalofficers’dutytowithholdimmigrants’information.

[B]States’independencefromfederalimmigrationlaw.

[C]States’legitimateroleinimmigrationenforcement.

[D]Congress’sinterventioninimmigrationenforcement.

38.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thattheAlienandSeditionActs

[A]violatedtheConstitution.

[B]underminedthestates’interests.

[C]supportedthefederalstatute.

[D]stoodinfavorofthestates.

39.TheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenforcement

[A]outweighsthatheldbythestates.

[B]isdependentonthestates’support.

[C]isestablishedbyfederalstatutes.

[D]rarelygoesagainststatelaws.

40.Whatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph?

[A]ImmigrationissuesareusuallydecidedbyCongress.

[B]JusticesintendedtocheckthepoweroftheAdministrstion.

[C]JusticeswantedtostrengthenitscoordinationwithCongress.

[D]TheAdministrationisdominantoverimmigrationissues.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableone

fromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyof

thegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005,therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfrom

allfieldsintheworld,workingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport

2010,thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000.

Yetthisenormousresourceinnotcontributingenoughtotoday’sglobalchallengesincludingclimatechange,

security,sustainabledevelopmentandhealth.(41)______Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolsto

eradicatehunger,fromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoarificialfertilizers.Here,too,theproblemsaresocial:

theorganizationanddistributionoffood,wealthandprosperity.

(42)____Thisisashame—thecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceinthereal

world.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreative

destruction.

Today,thesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebates,ratherthan

ontopicswithexternalimpact.

Analysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords“environmentalchanged”or“climatechange”

haveincreasedrapidlysince2004,(43)____

Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissues,theirscopeisoftenlocal:Belgiumisinterestedmainlyinthe

effectsofpovertyonBelgiumforexample.Andwhetherthecommunity’sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverall

accumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful.

Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding(44)____thisisanadequateamountsolongasit

isaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocomplainaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmorein

today’seconomicclimate.

Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghada

categoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyear,itwasproposedthatsystembechanged:Horizon

2020,anewprogramtobeenactedin2014,wouldnothavesuchacategory,Thishasresultedinprotestsfrom

socialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;rather,thecompleteopposite.(45)____That

shouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobal

problems.

[A]Itcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocial

scientists:onethatisdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighly

specializedjournals,andonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishing

elsewhere,suchaspolicybriefs.

[B]However,thenumbersarestillsmall:in2010,about1,600ofthe

100,000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneofthese

Keywords.

[C]theideaistoforcesocialtointegratetheirworkwithothercategories,includinghealthanddemographic

changefoodsecurity,marineresearchandthebio-economy,clear,efficientenergy;andinclusive,innovativeand

securesocieties.

[D]thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunity,andwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.

Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientists,especiallythe

youngones.

[E]Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior.allrequirebehavioralchangeandsocialinnovations,

aswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechange,forexample,isasmuchaboutchanging

consumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelopingcleanenergy.

[F]Despitethesefactors,manysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.AndinEurope,some

areupinarmsoveraproposaltodropaspecificfundingcategoryforsocial-scienceresearchandtointegrateit

withincross-cuttingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment.

[G]Duringthelate1990s,nationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofall

researchanddevelopmentfunds-includinggovernment,highereducation,non-profitandcorporate-variedfrom

around4%to25%;inmostEuropeannations,itisabout15%.

SectionIIITranslation

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslation

shouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslation

shouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Itisspeculatedthatgardensarisefromabasicneedintheindividualswhomadethem:theneedforcreative

expression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanimpossibleurgetocreate,express,fashion,andbeautify

andthatself-expressionisabasichumanurge;(46)Yetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardencreated

bythehomeless,itstrikesonethat,foralltheirdiversityofstyles,thesegardensspeakosvariousother

fundamentalurges,beyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression.

Oneoftheseurgeshadtodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbu