2015考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解模擬試題及答案解析七

TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering。Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect",acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect。Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient。NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath."GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It'slikesurgery,"hesays."Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn'tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon'tintendtheirsuicide."Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodemmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying。JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt'srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare。Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife。Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,”totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse?！盚esaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension?！?.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients'pain。[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives。[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide。[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide。2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsitstrueaccordingtothetext?[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients'death。[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery。[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed。[D]Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions。3.AccordingtotheNAS'sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures。[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain。[C]systematicdrugabuse。[D]insufficienthospitalcare。4.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive"(line3,paragraph7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate。5.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently。[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded。[C]reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients。[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients。名師解析1.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat從前三段我們得知[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients’pain。醫(yī)?過(guò)去常常增加藥物劑量來(lái)控制病?的病痛。[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives。醫(yī)?幫助病危者結(jié)束?命仍然是違法的。[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide。法院強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)醫(yī)助?殺。[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide。病?沒(méi)有憲法賦予的?殺權(quán)利?！敬鸢浮緽【考點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題?！痉治觥勘绢}針對(duì)第?到第三段的所有內(nèi)容進(jìn)?了測(cè)試，選項(xiàng)[A]的相關(guān)信息可以定位到第三段，但是?中說(shuō)“近?年醫(yī)?才?這個(gè)原則為??的?為辯護(hù)”。?中?法得出“過(guò)去常?！钡恼f(shuō)法。選項(xiàng)[B]可以定位到第?段，?中提到“憲法沒(méi)有賦予這樣的權(quán)利”。所以可以說(shuō)，本答案是正確的。選項(xiàng)[C]可以定位到第?段，但是法院是?持這樣的做法的。?于[D]，顯然是錯(cuò)的。2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?根據(jù)?章，下?哪?個(gè)說(shuō)法是正確的?[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients’death。如果醫(yī)?冒病??命的危險(xiǎn)，他們將被判有罪。[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery?，F(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)已經(jīng)幫助晚期病?進(jìn)??痛康復(fù)。[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed。法院判決，醫(yī)?可以開?劑量的鎮(zhèn)疼藥。[D]Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions。醫(yī)??藥是否合法不再取決于他的意圖。【答案】C【考點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題?！痉治觥坑捎诒绢}屬于事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)判斷題，所以只有對(duì)每?個(gè)選項(xiàng)都進(jìn)?辨析。選項(xiàng)[A]可以定位到第五段“Annas”的話。話中提到“只要醫(yī)?不是想殺死病?，那么他們的死亡就不能被稱為謀殺”。因此可以判定[A]不正確。[B]說(shuō)病危者的?痛康復(fù)，在?中沒(méi)有提到康復(fù)問(wèn)題。[C]可以從第?段中找到，?等法院認(rèn)為只要醫(yī)?是出于好意，則可以去做。因此可以得出[C]是正確的。[D]錯(cuò)誤是因?yàn)槭聦?shí)上，醫(yī)?的意圖在對(duì)于?為是否合法上?是?常重要的。3.AccordingtotheNAS’sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis根據(jù)國(guó)家科學(xué)院(NAS)的報(bào)告，臨終護(hù)理存在的?個(gè)問(wèn)題是[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures.延長(zhǎng)了的醫(yī)療過(guò)程。[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain.對(duì)病痛處理不?。[C]systematicdrugabuse.?貫的藥物濫?。[D]insufficienthospitalcare.醫(yī)院護(hù)理不??！敬鸢浮緽【考點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題?！痉治觥勘绢}可以定位到第七段的第?句話中的“theundertreatmentofpain”以及“theaggressiveuseof‘ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying’”。?個(gè)是“對(duì)病?的疼痛治療不?”。另外?個(gè)是“強(qiáng)?使??效的治療?法延長(zhǎng)?命，使得病?的晚期失去尊嚴(yán)”。因此，這?的答案應(yīng)該是[C]。4.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(Line3,Paragraph7)?以下哪?個(gè)單詞的解釋了單詞“aggressive”(第七段第三?)的意思?[A]Bold.?膽的。[B]Harmful.有害的。[C]Careless.粗?的。[D]Desperate.絕望的?！敬鸢浮緼【考點(diǎn)】詞義題?！痉治觥窟@個(gè)單詞的所在句“Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof‘ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying’asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare?！敝?，說(shuō)的是對(duì)病痛處理不?和?膽使?“?效?強(qiáng)制性的醫(yī)療程序，這些程序可能會(huì)延長(zhǎng)死亡期，甚?會(huì)讓死亡期難堪”。對(duì)這種醫(yī)療程序的使?必須是“aggressive”的，是?般的?法不會(huì)?的。所以這個(gè)單詞的意思就是“bold”。5.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey喬治·安納斯可能認(rèn)為醫(yī)?應(yīng)該受到懲罰，如果他們[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently.不勝任地治療病?。[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded.給病?的藥物超量。[C]reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients.為病?減藥。[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients。延長(zhǎng)病?不必要的痛苦?！敬鸢浮緿【考點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題?！痉治觥勘绢}的答題依據(jù)是?章的最后?段。在這?段中，“Annas”對(duì)?量的醫(yī)?置病?的痛苦于不顧，?端地延長(zhǎng)病?不必要的痛苦這種?為提出了批評(píng)，認(rèn)為這種?為構(gòu)成了“虐待病?”，并認(rèn)為這樣的醫(yī)?應(yīng)該予以吊銷?醫(yī)執(zhí)照。因此可以判斷[D]選項(xiàng)是正確的。難句解析：1.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect”，acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect?！窘Y(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“although”引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句后?加?個(gè)主句?！癮lthough”從句中有?個(gè)“that”引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。本句的主句是“thecourtsupportedthemedicalprincipleof‘doubleeffect’”，后?是?個(gè)對(duì)“doubleeffect”進(jìn)?說(shuō)明的同位語(yǔ)。2.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath?！薄窘Y(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主語(yǔ)是“NancyDubler”，后?有?個(gè)修飾它的同位語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)是“contends”，后?有?個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，其中從句的賓語(yǔ)?有?個(gè)“who”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，?且從句中有?個(gè)“if”引導(dǎo)的假設(shè)狀語(yǔ)從句。3.Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying?！窘Y(jié)構(gòu)分析】該句的主句是“manyacknowledge”，后?的賓語(yǔ)從句中?有?個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句“forwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying”來(lái)修飾前?的“patients”。全?翻譯：法庭關(guān)于醫(yī)助?殺的裁決，對(duì)于醫(yī)學(xué)界如何尋求減輕病危者的痛苦和折磨這個(gè)問(wèn)題來(lái)說(shuō)，具有重要的意義。盡管裁決認(rèn)為，憲法沒(méi)有賦予醫(yī)?幫助病??殺的權(quán)利，然?法庭實(shí)際上卻認(rèn)可了醫(yī)療界的“雙效”原則，這個(gè)存在了好?個(gè)世紀(jì)的道德原則認(rèn)為，如果某種?為具有雙