2006-2012年考研英語歷年真題及答案

2006年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題SectionI:UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation.—1—homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan'tpossibly_2_.Tohelphomelesspeople_3_independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,4theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.—5―everyoneagreesonthenumbersofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates_6—anywherefrom600,000to3million._7_thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis_8_.Oneofthefederalgovernment'sstudies_9_thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto_10_thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult._11_whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda_12_thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday_13—thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,_14_notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday_15_skillsneedtoturntheirlives_16_.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare_17_programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless._18_EdwardBlotkowsk,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,—19—it,'Therehastobe_20_ofprograms.Whatweneedisapackagedeal."1.[A]Indeed|B|Likewise[C|Therefore[D]Furthermore2.[A]stand[B]cope[C]approve|D]retain3.[A]in[B]for[C]with[D]toward4.[A]raise[B]add[C]take|D]keep5.[A]generally[B]almost[C]hardly[D]not6.[A]cover|B|change[C]range[D]differ7.[A]Nowthat[B]Although[C]Provided|D]Exceptthat8.[A]inflating[B]expanding[C]increasing[D]extending9.[A]predicts|B|displays[C]proves|D]discovers10.[A]assist[B]track[C]sustain|D]dismiss[A]Hence[B]But[C]Even[D]Only[A]lodging|B|shelter[C|dwelling[D]house[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding|D]wandering[A]when[BJonce[C]while[D]whereas15.[A]life[B]existence[C]survival|D]maintenance[A]around[B]over[C]on[D]up[A]complex|B|comprehensive[C]complementary[D]compensating[A]SoSinceAs[D|Thus[A]putsinterpretsassumesmakes[A]supervision|B]manipulationregulationcoordinationSectionII:ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference,“Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thisis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference"characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption"launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered"vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere."Insteadofintimateshopscateringto"aknowledgeableelite,"thesewerestores"anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground."Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday'simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation—language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990Censusrevealedthat"amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish'well'or'verywell'aftertenyearsofresidence."ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish."Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies."HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa"graveyard"forlanguage.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivebefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics"havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.-bomwhitesandblacks/'Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantlivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation'sassimilativepower.''AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethinginAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica'sturbulentpast,today'ssocialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.Theword"homogenizing''(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans.identifyingassociatingassimilating|D]monopolizingAccordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury.playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculturebecameintimateshopsforcommonconsumerssatisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableeliteoweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumptionThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S..areresistanttohomogenizationexertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculturearehardlyathreattothecommoncultureconstitutethemajorityofthepopulationWhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.|B|Torevealthepublic'sfearofimmigrants.Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.Intheauthor'sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis.[A]rewarding|B|successful[C]fruitless[D]harmfulText2Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry—WilliamShakespeare—buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(ASC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway'sCottage,Shakespeare'sbirthplaceandtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC'sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It'salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus-andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside-don'tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theESCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown'srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.Thetownsfolkdon'tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan'tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey'lldobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford'smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)—lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.FromthefirsttwoParagraphs,welearnthat.[A]thetownsfolkdenytheRSC'scontributiontothetown'srevenue|B|theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstage[C|thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodterms[D]thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourismItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparatelytheplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthesightseers[C|thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoerstheplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheaterBysaying“Stratfordcriespoortraditionally^^(Line2-3,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthat.StratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojectsStratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficultiesthetownisnotreallyshortofmoneythetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaidAccordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause.ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespendingthecompanyisfinanciallyill-managedthebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptablethetheatreattendanceisontheriseFromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor.issupportiveofbothsides[BJfavorsthetownsfolk'sviewtakesadetachedattitudeissympatheticText3Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today'svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat.largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironmentsmallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappearedlargeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday|D]slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingonesWecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm'spaperthat.thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsagothecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamountthenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheoldBysayingthesefiguresareconservative(Line1,paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthatfishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidlythencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthenrecordedthemarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterlossthedatacollectedsofarareoutofdateD匚Myersandotherresearchersholdthat.peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan'tworkforalongertimefisheriesshouldkeeptheyieldbelow50%ofthebiomasstheoceanbiomassshouldrestoreditsoriginallevelpeopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetochangingsituationTheauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries,.[A]managementefficiency[BJbiomasslevel[C|catch-sizelimits[D]technologicalapplicationText4Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdandtheweirdestmaybethis:artists'onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.Thiswasn'talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipid,phonyor,worstofall,boringaswewentfromWordsworth'sdaffodilstoBaudelaire'sflowersofevil.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butit'snotasifearliertimesdidn'tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.Afterall,whatistheonemodemformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda—tolureustoopenourwallets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable."Celebrate!”commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.Butwhatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedsomeonetotellusasreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It'samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.BycitingtheexampleofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthatpoetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic|B|artgrowoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeelingpoetstodayarelessskepticalofhappinessartistshavechangedtheirfocusofinterestTheword“bummer”(Line5.paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomething.religiousunpleasantentertainingcommercialIntheauthor'sopinion,advertising.emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happypartisacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpublicreplacethechurchasamajorsourceofinformationcreatesanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitselfWecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves.happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadnesstheanti-happyartisdistastefulbutrefreshingmiseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandeniedtheanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomyboomsWhichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmorality.Massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)OnthenorthbankoftheOhioRiversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,andofariverboatcasinowheregamblinggamesareplayed.Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lostapproximately$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,aFunCard,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser'sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,theseactivitiesbecomewhathecallselectronicmorphine..In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatlockedat5a.m.,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.InMarch1998,afriendofWilliams'sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams'sgamblingproblems.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima“ceaseadmissions”letter.Notingthemedical/psychologicalnatureofproblemgamblingbehaviors,thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresentmedical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being..TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas20signswarning:kfcEnjoythefun...andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit.MEveryentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberforcounselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams'ssuitchargesthatthecasino,knowinghewas"helplesslyaddictedtogambling/,intentionallyworkedto“l(fā)ure"himto"engageinconductagainsthiswill”Well..ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(DSM-IV)says"pathologicalgambling”involvespersistent,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoneythanofthrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall.(44)?Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities..Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependenton-youmightsayaddictedto—revenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers*dollarshasbecomeintense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcasinoseveryweek.With$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghaspassedpornographyastheWeb'smostprofitablebusiness.Althoughnosuchevidencewaspresented,thecasino'smarketingdepartmentcontinuedtopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected.Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?Bythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldquit.Onenighthewon$5,500,buthedidnotquit.GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy:themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisgovernment.DavidWilliams'ssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon'tbetonit.Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,oftendefiningasaddictionswhatearlier,sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconductivetocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.OurtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergertoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmericans.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmericans,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?46)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocratic(蘇格拉底)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemconsciously,articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals-theaveragescientist,forone.48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenineverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties—heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiesto