2023學(xué)年遼寧省本溪市高考壓軸卷英語試卷（含解析）

2023學(xué)年高考英語模擬測試卷考生須知：1．全卷分選擇題和非選擇題兩部分，全部在答題紙上作答。選擇題必須用2B鉛筆填涂；非選擇題的答案必須用黑色字跡的鋼筆或答字筆寫在“答題紙”相應(yīng)位置上。2．請用黑色字跡的鋼筆或答字筆在“答題紙”上先填寫姓名和準(zhǔn)考證號。3．保持卡面清潔，不要折疊，不要弄破、弄皺，在草稿紙、試題卷上答題無效。第一部分（共20小題，每小題1.5分，滿分30分）1．Smoking______inthekitcheninmyhouse.A．doesn’tallowB．didn’tallowC．isn’tallowedD．won’tallow2．publicbicycleswithamobileappismoreconvenientforusers.A．TounlockB．UnlockC．UnlockedD．Unlocking3．Ifthenewsafetysystem_______touse,theaccidentwouldneverhavehappened.A．hadbeenput B．wereput C．shouldbeput D．wouldbeput4．TheMid-AutumnFestivalis________specialholidayformostChinesewhen________wholefamilywillgettogether.A．the;the B．a(chǎn);the C．a(chǎn);a D．the;a5．—Whatshallwedotonightthen?—,whateveryouwant.A．Helpyourself B．It’sadealC．Noproblem D．It’suptoyou6．—Helen,areyougoingIotheairporttopickupJackthedayaftertomorrow?—________tomorrownight.Iwouldgo.A．Werehetocomeback B．IfhewasabouttocomebackC．Hadhecomeback D．Ifhewouldcomeback7．Oneofthemostimportantquestionstheyhadtoconsiderwas___________ofpublichealth.A．whatB．thatC．thisD．which8．Whenonholidays,therailwaysputontrainstomakepeople’stravelmoreconvenient.A．regularB．specialC．particularD．unusual9．Theonlineword“selfie”isgaining______andmoreandmorepeopletendtouseitnowadays.A．a(chǎn)ccessB．a(chǎn)dmissionC．controlD．currency10．ThestatementofOneFoundationhelpsyou____whereyourmoneyisgoing．A．keeptrackof B．putupwithC．comeupwith D．fitinwith11．Itiswhatyoudoratherthanwhatyousay__________matters.A．that B．whatC．which D．this12．_______naturallybytheskinwhenexposedtosunlight,VitaminDisneededforhealthybones,teethandmuscles.A．Making B．TomakeC．Made D．Make13．Theredsandgolds_____intoeachotherasthesunsank.Whatabeautifulsight!A．bumped B．pressedC．melted D．turned14．Intheearlymorningallofusstoodatthetopofthemountain___________eastofthecity,watching__________burningsunrising.A．/;a B．the;aC．the;the D．/;the15．Childrenunderfifteenarenotpermittedtoseesuchkindoffilm_________isbadfortheirmentaldevelopment.A．a(chǎn)s B．whatC．which D．that16．—DoyouknowanythingaboutBritishhistory?—______________.Ihavenointerestinit.A．Takeiteasy!B．Pleasedon’tbother.C．It’suptoyou.D．No.It’sbeyondme.17．Hemessedtheprojectup,buthebehavedasifnothing______.A．hadhappened B．happenedC．wouldhappen D．wouldhavehappened18．Thenewsshockedthepublic，______togreatconcernaboutstudents'safetyatschool.A．havingled B．ledC．leading D．tolead19．“Drive-ins”havelargeparkinglots________customersareservedintheircarsbywaitresses.A．who B．when C．which D．where20．Sincemanyformerdrugabusershavepsychologicalproblems,theyoftenneedsupportgroups_________theycantalkabouttheirstrugglesandfindnewwaystomanageintheworld.A．which B．whatC．where D．when第二部分閱讀理解（滿分40分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。21．（6分）ArecentstudyledbyresearchersfromtheNationalUniversityofSingapore(NUS)hasfoundaclearlinkbetweenthecolorofataxianditsaccidentrate.Ananalysisof36monthsofdetailedtaxi,driverandaccidentdatafromtwofleetsofyellowandbluetaxisinSingaporesuggestedthatyellowtaxishavefeweraccidentsthanbluetaxis.Thehighervisibility(能見度)ofyellowmakesitlessdifficultfordriverstoavoidgettingintoaccidentswithyellowtaxis,leadingtoaloweraccidentrate.ThestudywasledbyProfHo.Totestwhethertherewasarelationshipbetweenthecolorofataxiandthenumberofaccidentsthetaxihad,theresearchteamanalyseddatacollectedbythelargesttaxicompanyinSingapore.Theresearchersfoundthatyellowtaxishaveabout6.1feweraccidentsper1,000taxispermonth.Theyalsostudiedtheeconomiceffectofchangingthecoloroftheentirefleetoftaxistoyellow.TheSingaporetaxicompanyinvolvedinthestudyownsabout16,700taxisinaratio(比例)ofoneyellowtothreebluetaxis.Ifacommercialdecisionismadetoswitchfrombluetoyellowtaxis,76.6feweraccidentswilloccurpermonthor917feweraccidentsperyear.Assuminganaveragerepaircostof$1,000percarandadowntimeofsixdays,thecolorofalltaxistoyellowcouldproduceanannualsavingof$2million.“Weareeagertocontinuetovalidate(證實)thefindingsofourstudybylookingattheuseofyellowinothertypesofpublictransport,suchasschoolbuses.Forexample,wehopetocomparetheaccidentratesofyellowschoolbusesagainstthoseofothercolorstofindoutifyellowisindeedasafercolorforschoolbuses.Besides,we’realsointerestedtolookatprivate-hirevehiclesanddoacomparisonoftheaccidentratesofvehiclesthatareofdifferentcolors.”ExplainedProfHo.1、Whydoyellowtaxisresultinfeweraccidents?A．Becauseyellowcanbeseenmoreeasily.B．Becauseyellowsignalsawarningofdanger.C．Becausedriverstendtobemorecarefulinyellowtaxis.D．Becausepeopleactmorequicklyinyellowsurroundings.2、What’sProfHo’sstudybasedon?A．Physicalriskstaxipassengersexperience.B．Theeconomiceffectofchangingtaxicolor.C．DatafromSingapore’slargesttaxicompany.D．Personalreportsfromtaxidriversworldwide.3、WhatdoProfHo’swordsinthelastparagraphsuggest?A．Schoolbusesshouldbepaintedyellow.B．Theirfindingsareworthpopularizing.C．Theirstudywillbefurthered.D．Yellowshouldbewidelyusedinpublictransport.4、Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Caution:yellowtaxisaheadB．SafertorideinyellowtaxisC．Whyareyellowtaxispreferred?D．Howcancolorshelppreventaccidents?22．（8分）Isthereclearboundarybetweenscienceandtheliberalartsasamajorforcollegestudents?Thequestionofwhetherourgovernmentshouldpromotescienceandtechnologyortheliberalartsinhighereducationisnotaneither/orproposition(命題)，althoughthecurrentemphasisonpreparingyoungAmericansforSTEM(science,technology,engineering,maths)-relatedfieldscanmakeitseemthatway.Thelatestcongressionalreportacknowledgesthecriticalimportanceoftechnicaltraining,butalsostressesthatthestudyofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesmustremaincentralelementsofAmerican’seducationalsystematalllevels.Botharecriticaltoproducingcitizenswhocanparticipateeffectivelyinourdemocraticsociety,becomeinnovativeleaders,andbenefitfromthespiritualenrichmentthatthereflectiononthegreatideasofmankindovertimeprovides.Parentsandstudentswhohaveinvestedheavilyinhighereducationworryaboutgraduates’jobprospects(前景)astechnologicaladvancesandchangesindomesticandglobalmarketstransformprofessionsinwaysthatreducewagesandcutjobs.Underthiscircumstances,it’snaturaltolookforwhatmayappeartobethemost“practical”wayoutoftheproblem.“Majorinasubjectdesignedtogetyouajob”seemstheobviousanswertosome,thoughthisignoresthefactthatmanydisciplinesinthehumanitiescharacterizedas“soft”often,infact,leadtoemploymentandsuccessinthelongrun.Indeed,accordingtosurveys,employershaveexpressedapreferenceforstudentswhohavereceivedabroadly-basededucationthathastaughtthemtowritewell,thinkcritically,researchcreatively,andcommunicateeasily.Moreover,studentsshouldbepreparednotjustfortheirfirstjob,butfortheirfourthandfifthjobs,asthereislittlereasontodoubtthatpeopleenteringtheworkforcetodaywillbecalledupontoplaymanydifferentrolesoverthecourseoftheircareers.Theoneswhowilldothebestinthisnewenvironmentwillbethosewhoseeducationshavepreparedthemtobeflexible.Theabilitytodrawuponeveryavailabletoolandinsight-pickedupfromscience,arts,andtechnology-tosolvetheproblemsofthefuture,andtakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatpresentthemselves,willbehelpfultothemandtheUnitedStates.1、Whatdoesthelatestcongressionalreportsuggest?A．Highereducationshouldbeadjustedtothepracticalneedsofsociety.B．Theliberalartsinhighereducationhelpenrichstudents’spirituallife.C．STEM-relatedsubjectshelpstudentsfindjobsintheinformationsociety.D．ThehumanitiesandSTEMsubjectsshouldbegivenequalimportance.2、Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthesocalledsoftsubjects?A．Theyareessentialtostudents’healthygrowth.B．Theyimprovestudents’communicationskills.C．Theybroadenstudentsrangeofinterests.D．Theybenefitstudentsintheirfuturelife.3、Whatisthemainconcernofstudentswhentheychooseamajor?A．Theacademicvalueofthecourses.B．Theirinterestinrelevantsubjects.C．Theirchancesofgettingagoodjob.D．thequalityofeducationtoreceive.4、Whatadvicedoestheauthorgivetocollegestudents?A．Trytotakeavarietyofpracticalcourses.B．Preparethemselvesfordifferentjoboptions.C．Adoptaflexibleapproachtosolvingproblems.D．Seizeopportunitiestotaptheirpotential.23．（8分）Oneofthestatementsthatmanyexpertsseemtoagreeonisthefactthatthegreatthingsstartstohappentheminuteyoustepoutsideofyourcomfortzones.Assoonasyoudecidethatyouarewillingtogobeyondwhatissafe,thepossibilitiesareendless.Forme,oneofthemostimportantthingsthatweshouldalwayskeepinmindisthefactthatgrowthandcomfortcan’tcoexist.PersonaldevelopmentauthorNapoleonHilloncesaid:“Whateverthemindcanunderstandandbelieve,themindcanachieve.Regardlessofhowmanytimesyoumayhavefailedinthepastorhowlofty(崇高的)youraimsandhopesmaybe.”Thisstatementisespeciallypowerfulbecauseitremindsusthatwearetheonlyoneswhocanberesponsibleforhowfarwewillgo.However,steppingoutsideofourcomfortzoneisprobablythemostimportantsteptoexperiencingrealchange.Foralongtime,IknewthatIwantedtoliveinArgentina,sohalfwaythroughmybachelor’sdegree,Iboughtaone-wayticketthere.WhileinArgentina,Ifinishedthelasttwoyearsofmydegreeonlinebeforeflyingbackhomeforgraduation.IcurrentlystillliveinArgentina,andIcanproudlysaythattakingthenecessarystepstomakeitarealitywasoneofthemostimportantthingsIcouldhavedone.This,ofcourse,bynomeansatallappliestoeveryone,andI’mnotimplyingweshouldallbuyone-wayticketstoforeigncountriesandseewhathappens.Butit’simportanttoknowthatweshouldrecognizewhatwedesireandtrytobringourdreamstolife.Livinginacomfortzonecantrickusintobelievingthatwehaveanabundantamountoftimewhen,inreality,weallknowthatyearscanflybywithoutushavingaccomplishedmuchofwhatwereallywantedtodo.Sowhywait?I’mthankfulthatIdidn’tputoffmymoveuntilalaterdatebecauseIwouldhavemissedoutonalotofamazinglifeexperiencesthathaveshapedmeasaperson.Ifwewanttoexperienceevenasmallamountofchange,wewillhavetostepoutsideofit.1、Whydopeoplepreferstayingincomfortzone?A．Itmakespeoplefeelsafe.B．Itleadstogreatthings.C．Itisimportantforgrowth.D．Ithelpsmakewisedecisions.2、WhatdoesNapoleonHill’sstatementmean?A．Timeandtidewaitfornoman.B．Thehigheryoufly,theharderyoufail.C．Failureisthemotherofsuccess.D．Nothingisimpossibletoawillingheart.3、Whichmattersmosttotheauthorinhis/herstory?A．MovingtoArgentina.B．Gettingthebachelor’sdegree.C．Studyingonline.D．Flyingbackforgraduation.4、Theauthorusedhis/herstoryto________.A．persuadeotherstofollowhis/herexampleB．encourageotherstotakeimmediateactionC．informpeopleofdifferentforeigncultureD．remindpeopletobethankfulinlife5、Whichonecouldbethebesttitle?A．Identifyyourcomfortzone.B．Valueyourprecioustime.C．Alwaystrysomethingnew.D．Makethebestdecisions.24．（8分）Musiciansaresaidtohavebetterlanguageskillsandscientificstudieshavebackedthatup.Butit’snotclearwhythatmightbethecase.Now,astudyof74Chinesekindergartenerssuggestssixmonthsofpianolessonscanheightenthebrain’sresponsetochangesinpitch(聲調(diào)).Andkidswhogotpianolessonswerealsobetterattellingaparttwosimilar-soundingMandarin(普通話)words,whichcontaineddifferentconsonants(輔音),thanwerestudentswhogotextrareadingtrainingorwhowentthroughregularkindergarten.Mandarinisatonallanguage—thefamousexampleisthewordmawhichcanmeanmotherorhorsedependingonitspitch.SomightmusicaltrainingtranslatebettertoMandarinthanitwouldtoEnglish?Yeah,it’spossiblethatthisinfluencedtheresults,saidRobertDesimone,aneuroscientist(神經(jīng)科學(xué)家)attheMcGovernInstituteatMIT.Buthesaysotherstudiesdobackupthefactthatmusiclessonsbenefitlanguagelearners,evenincountrieswithouttonallanguages.“Andwhatourstudyaddedontopofthatwassomeideaoftheneuralbasisforthosebenefits.”Andifyoudon’townapiano,don’tdespair.Thereadinggroupactuallydidjustaswellonmanymeasuresasthepianogroup.“Reading’sprettygoodactually.Wedon’tmeantodisvaluereadinginstruction.”Moreimportant,hesays,wastoshowpianowasn’tactuallyworsethanreadingforthesekills...thusperhapsencouragingcash-strappedschoolstobringtheirmusicprogramsalive.1、Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothearticle?A．It’sobviouswhymusicianshavebetterlanguageskills.B．Musicianstendtobebetterlanguagelearners.C．Readingworksbetterthanapianoforlanguageskills.D．Musiclessonsaregreatlyvaluedinmoney-tightschools.2、Whatdoestheunderlinedpartinparagraph3mean?A．MusicaltrainingmakesMandarineasierthanEnglishtounderstand.B．MusicianstranslateMandarinbetterthanEnglish.C．Musicaltrainingcontributesbettertolearningatonallanguagethananon-tonalone.D．MusicallessonshelpEnglishlearnersmorethanMandarinlearners.3、Fromwhatcolumnofthemagazinemightthearticlebetaken?A．Sports. B．Entertainment.C．Education. D．Economy.4、Whatmaybethebesttitleofthearticle?A．MusiciansAreSmarterB．ReadingHelpsLanguageLearningC．BenefitsofLanguageLearningD．PianoLessonsTuneUpLanguageSkills25．（10分）Skepticsareastrangelot.Someofthemrefusetoadmittheseriousthreatofhumanactivitiestotheenvironment,andtheyaretiredofpeoplewhodisagreewiththem.Thosepeople,sayskeptics,spreadnothingbutbadnewsabouttheenvironment.The“eco-guilt”broughtonbythediscouragingnewsaboutourplanetgivesrisetothepopularityofskepticsaspeoplesearchformorecomfortingworldviews.PerhapsthatexplainwhyanewbookbyBjornLomborgreceivedsomuchpublicity.Thatbook,TheSkepticalEnvironmentalist,declaresthatitmeasuresthe“realstateoftheworld”asfine.Ofcourse,anotherexplanationisthedeeppocketssomebigbusinesseswithspecialinterests.Indeed,Mr.Lomborg’sviewsaresimilartothoseofsomeIndustry-fundedorganizations,whichstarthugeactivitiesthoughthemediatoconfusethepublicaboutissueslikeglobalwarming.SoitwasstrangetoseeMr.Lomborg’sbookgolargelyunchallengedinthemediathoughhisbeliefswerecontrarytomostscientificopinions.OnenationalnewspaperinCanadarananumberofarticlesandreviewsfullofwordsofpraise,evenwiththeconclusionthat“AfterLomborg,theenvironmentalmovementwillbegintodiedown.”Suchone-sidedviewsshouldhaveimmediatelybeenchallenged.ButonlyadifferentreviewappearedinNature,arespectedsciencemagazinewithspecificreadership.ThereviewremarkedthatMr.Lomborg’s“preferenceforunexaminedmaterialsisincredible(不可信的)”。Acritical(批判的)eyeisvaluable,andthemediashouldpresentinformationinsuchawaythatcouldallowpeopletomakeinformeddecisions.Unfortunately,thatisofteninaccessibleasblockedbythedesiretobeshockingortodefendsomespecialinterests.Peoplemightbecomehalf-blindbeforeaworldpartiallyexhibitedbythemedia.That’sashame,becausemattersconcerningthehealthoftheplanetarefartooimportanttobetreatedlightly.1、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmayberegardedas“skeptics”?A．Peoplewhoagreeonthepopularityof“eco-guilt”.B．Peoplewhodisbelievetheserioussituationofourplanet.C．Peoplewhodisliketheharmfuleffectofhumanactivities.D．Peoplewhospreadcomfortingnewstoprotectourenvironment.2、WhichofthefollowingcanbeareasonforthepopularityofLomborg’sbooks?A．Somebigbusinessesintendtoprotecttheirowninterests.B．Thebookchallengesviewsaboutthefinestateoftheworld.C．Theauthorconvincespeopletoseekcomfortingworldviews.D．Industry–fundedmediapresentconfusinginformation.3、TheauthormentionedthereviewinNatureinorderto_____.A．voiceadifferentopinionB．findfaultwithLomborg’sbookC．challengetheauthorityofthemediaD．pointoutthevalueofscientificviews.4、Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassage?A．Toencouragetheskepticstohaveacriticaleye.B．Towarnthepublicofthedangerofhalf–blindnesswithreviews.C．Toblamethemedia’slackofresponsibilityinpresentinginformation.D．Toshowtheimportanceofpresentingoverallinformationbythemedia.第三部分語言知識運用（共兩節(jié)）第一節(jié)（每小題1.5分，滿分30分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項．26．（30分）LastMarchmydadtoldusthattherewasachancehewouldbedeployed（部署，派遣）overseas.MybrotherandIdidn'tthinkanythingofitandforgothis1.Twoweekslater,Daddidn'tcomehomeontime.Wedidn'tthinkitwasserious2itwasn'tthefirsttime.Wewaited,and3atmidnightDadcamein.Weaskedwherehe'dbeen.Hejust4,“IamleavingtomorrowforAfghanistan（阿富汗）.”Hearingthat,wewerein5,thinkingthatthiscouldnotbehappeningtous.Butwhenhestarted6hisdesertuniformsweknewitwasforreal.HesatusalldownandmybrothersandIhadadiscussionabout7weweregoingtodowhilehewasaway.Andthenwe8andhelpedhimgetready.We9hisuniformsandtalkedmoreaboutwhatweneededtodo.Wedidn'tgettosleep104a.m.Therefore,mydadcalledschoolto11wewerenotgoingtobetherethatday.WetookoffforMadison12hewouldcheckinandgetreadytoleave.Whenwegottheretheofficialtoldusthathe13leaveuntil5p.m.Wehadourlast14togetherandthenheadedtotheairport.Weweretolditwastimetoleave.Wehuggedhimandsaid15.

“16isgoingtohappentome,andIloveyou,”hesaid.Thenhewas17.Welefttheairportnotsayinganythingtoeachother.Mydadis18gone,andhewon'tbehomeforawhile.Hetalkstous19onthephone.Ihopethatmystorymakesyouthinkaboutyourownfamilynowandwhat20toyou.1、A．promiseB．wordsC．birthdayD．a(chǎn)ppointment2、A．whenB．thoughC．thatD．since3、A．finallyB．graduallyC．constantlyD．a(chǎn)ctually4、A．whisperedB．weptC．repliedD．screamed5、A．excitementB．shockC．reliefD．peace6、A．packingB．wearingC．searchingD．mending7、A．howB．whenC．whetherD．what8、A．wokeupB．cheeredupC．stayedupD．turnedup9、A．removedB．ironedC．sewedD．chose10、A．untilB．overC．inD．a(chǎn)fter11、A．confirmB．a(chǎn)nnounceC．denyD．explain12、A．whenB．thatC．whereD．why13、A．couldn’tB．wouldn’tC．needn’tD．mustn’t14、A．mealB．weekendC．talkD．lesson15、A．a(chǎn)pologyB．helloC．thanksD．good-bye16、A．AnythingB．EverythingC．NothingD．Something17、A．missingB．goneC．lostD．puzzled18、A．stillB．evenC．everD．yet19、A．seriouslyB．frequentlyC．loudlyD．occasionally20、A．belongsB．a(chǎn)ppealsC．countsD．happens第二節(jié)（每小題1.5分，滿分15分）閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。27．（15分）Whensomeonehasdeeplyhurtyou,itcanbeverydifficulttoletgoofyouranger.Butforgivenessispossible---anditcanbesurprisingly1．(benefit)toyourphysicalandmentalhealth.Sofar,research2．(show)thatpeoplewhoforgivecanhavemoreenergy,betterappetiteandbettersleep.“Peoplewhoforgiveshow3．(little)angerandmorehopefulness,”saysDr.FredericLuskin,whowrotethebookForgiveforGood.“Soitcanhelpreducethetirednessoutoftheimmunesystemandallowpeople4．(feel)moreenergetic.”Sowhensomeonehashurtyou,cooldownfirst.Takeacoupleofbreathsandthinkofsomething5．givesyoupleasure:abeautifulsceneinnature,orsomeoneyoulove.Don’twaitforan6．(apologize).“Manytimesthepersonwhohurtyoumayneverthinkofapologizing,”saysDr.Luskin.“Theymayhavewantedtohurtyouortheyjustdon’tseethingsin7．sameway.Soifyouwaitforpeopletosaysorry,youcouldbewaitingaverylongtime.”Nextkeepinmindthatforgivenessdoesnotnecessarilymean8．(accept)theactionofthepersonwhoupsetsyou.9．,learntolookforthelove,beautyandkindnessaroundyou.Finally,trytoseethingsfromtheotherperson’sperspective.Youmayrealizethatheorshewasactingoutofignorance.Togainperspective,youmaywanttowritealetterto10．(you)fromthatperson’spointofview.第四部分寫作（共兩節(jié)）第一節(jié)短文改錯（滿分10分）28．（10分）假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號（∧），并在其下面寫出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉。修改：在錯的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。注意：1、每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞；2、只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計分。IamgratefultomyEnglishteacherSusan,atwhosehelpIcouldn’thavewonfirstprizeintheEnglishTalentCompetitionforhighschoolstudentlastweek、IusedtobepoorlyinspokenEnglish、Iwastooshytospeakinclass、Sincesheteachesuslastterm,shehasbeenencouraginghimtoovercomefearandspeakoutinclass、Thankstoher,Ihavemadegreatprogresses、Besides,practicedseveraltimesinthefrontofher、Itwasheradvicewhichmademeabetterspeaker