2023年職稱英語等級(jí)考試模擬試題及答案解析理工類A級(jí)模擬試題(二)

PAGEPAGE172023年度全國職稱英語等級(jí)考試?yán)砉ゎ悺睞級(jí)〕全真模擬試題二第1局部：詞匯選項(xiàng)〔第1-15題，每題1分，共15分〕下面每個(gè)句子中均有1個(gè)詞或短語畫有底橫線，請(qǐng)為每處畫線局部確定1個(gè)意義最為接近的選項(xiàng)1.Hewasunabletogiveacredibleexplanationforhisbehavior.A.workableB.convincingC.practicalD.reliable2.Smokingisbannedinthebuilding.A.listedB.forbiddenC.handledD.investigated3.Iwantajobwithgoodprospectsforpromotion.A.advancementB.replacementC.retirementD.advertisement4.Thereportwascompiledfromasurveyof5000households.A.printedB.attachedC.writtenD.sent5.Thepatientshowedamarkedimprovementinherconditionafterchangingmedication.A.greatB.clearC.quickD.regular6.Actorsdressedinauthenticcostumesre-enactthebattle.A.faithfulB.royalC.genuineD.sincere7.Peoplewhotravelbyrailstillreadanimmenseamount.A.immediateB.enormousC.equalD.moderate8.Hedemolishedmyargumentinminutes.A.disapprovedB.disputedC.acceptedD.supported9.Pollutedwatersourcesareahazardtowildlife.A.evidenceB.dangerC.caseD.picture10.Ashleygazedathim,herthoughtsinturmoil.A.failureB.doubtC.confusionD.relief11.Itwasanarticleinthelocalnewspaperwhichfinallyspurredhimintoaction.A.attractB.encourageC.requireD.spend12.Heimpressedallhiscolleaguesasavigorousmanintheprimeofhiscareer.A.hot-temperedB.healthyC.friendlyD.patient13.Frommystandpoint,youknow,thisisridiculous.A.positionB.pointofviewC.knowledgeD.opinion14.Thejournalistwasprobingintoseveralfinancialscandals.A.solvingB.investigatingC.involvingD.disputing15.Youhavetoabidebythereferee'sdecision.A.sticktoB.persistinC.safeguardD.apply第2局部：閱讀判斷〔第16-22題，每題1分，共7分〕下面短文后列出了7個(gè)句子，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對(duì)每個(gè)句子作出判斷：如果該句提供的是正確的信息，請(qǐng)選擇A；如果該句提供的是錯(cuò)誤的信息，請(qǐng)選擇B；如果該句的信息文中沒有提及，請(qǐng)選擇C。CaliforniaGivesGreenLighttoSpaceSolarPower

Energybeameddownfromspaceisonestepclosertoreality,nowthatCaliforniahasgiventhegreenlighttoanagreementthatwouldseethePacificGasandElectricCompanybuy200megawattsofpowerbeameddownfromsolar-powersatellitesbeginningin2023.Butsomemajorchallengeswillhavetobeovercomeifthetechnologyistobeusedwidely.

Astart-upcompanycalledSolarenisdesigningthesatellites,whichitsayswilluseradiowavestobeamenergydowntoareceivingstationonEarth.

Theattractionofcollectingsolarpowerinspaceisthealmostuninterruptedsunshineavailableingeosynchronousorbit.Earth-basedsolarcells,bycontrast,canonlycollectsunlightduringdaytimeandwhenskiesareclear.

Butspace-basedsolarpowermustgrapplewiththehighcostperkilogramoflaunchingthingsintospace,saysRichardSchwartzofPurdueUniversityinWestLafayette,Indiana.“Ifyou'retalkingaboutitbeingeconomicallyviableforpoweroftheEarth,it'satoughgo,〞hesays.

CalBoerman,Solaren’sdirectorofenergyservices,saysthecompanydesigneditssatelliteswithaviewtokeepinglaunchcostsdown.“Weknewwehadtocomeupwithadifferent,revolutionarydesign,〞hesays.Apatent16.Solar-powersatelliteswilluseradiowavestobeamenergydownfromspace.A.Right.B.WrongC.Notmentioned17.Solarenisgoingtodesign200solar-powersatellites.A.Right.B.WrongC.Notmentioned18.Space-basedsolarcellscouldcollectsolarpoweronlywhenskiesareclear.A.Right.B.WrongC.Notmentioned19.Oneadvantageofspace-basedsolarpowersystemisthatitiseconomical.A.Right.B.WrongC.Notmentioned20.Inflatablemirrorsareusedtoreducetheweightofthespace-basedsolarpowersystem.A.Right.B.WrongC.Notmentioned21.6.Space-basedsolarpowerwillruleoutotherformsofrenewableenergysource.A.Right.B.WrongC.Notmentioned22.Manycountrieswillgrantpermissionfortheuseofthespace-basedsolarpowersystem.A.Right.B.WrongC.Notmentioned第3局部：概括大意與完成句子〔第23-30題，每題1分，共8分〕下面的短文有2項(xiàng)測(cè)試任務(wù)：〔1〕第23-26題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為第1—4段每段選擇1個(gè)最正確標(biāo)題；〔2〕第27—30題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為每個(gè)句子確定1個(gè)最正確選項(xiàng)。TheNaturalGasNaturalgasisproducedfromreservoirsdeepbeneaththeearthsurface.It’safossilfuel,meaningthatitisderivedfromorganicmaterialburiedintheearthmillionsofyearsago.Themaincomponentofnaturalgasismethane.

Thepopularityanduseofcleannaturalgashasincreaseddramaticallyoverthepast50yearsaspipelineinfrastructurehasbeeninstalledtodeliveritconvenientlyandeconomicallytomillionsofresidential,commercialandindustrialcustomersworldwide.Today,naturalgasserviceisavailableinall50statesintheU.S.andistheleadingenergychoiceforfuelingAmericanhomesandindustries.Morethan65millionAmericanhomesusenaturalgas.Infact,naturalgasisthemosteconomicalsourceforhomeenergyneeds,costingonethirdasmuchaselectricity.Inadditiontoheatinghomes,muchofthegasusedintheU.S.isusedasarawmaterialtomanufactureawildvarietyofproducts,frompaint,tofibersforclothing,toplasticsforhealthcare,computingandfurnishings.Naturalgasisalsousedinasignificantnumberofnewelectricity-generatingpowerplants.

Naturalgasisoneofthesafestandcleanestfuelsavailable.Itemitslesspollutionthanotherfossilfuelsources.Whennaturalgasisburned,itproducesmostlycarbondioxideandwatervapor—thesamesubstancesemittedwhenhumansbreathe.Comparedwithsomeotherfossilfuels,naturalgasemitstheleastamountofcarbondioxideintotheairwhencombusted—makingnaturalgasthecleanestburningfossilfuelofall.

TheU.S.consumesaboutonethirdoftheworld’snaturalgasoutput,makingitthelargestgas-consumingregionintheworld.TheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sEnergyInformationAdministrationforecaststhatnaturalgasdemandwillgrowbymorethan50percentby2025.

Therearehugereservesofnaturalgasbeneaththeearth’ssurface.ThelargestreservesofnaturalgascanbeformedinRussia,WestandNorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast.LNGhasbeenproduceddomesticallyandimportedintheU.S.formorethanfourdecades.Today,theleadingimportersofLNGareJapan,Korea,FranceandSpain.

23.Paragraph2___.24.Paragraph3___.25.Paragraph4___.26.Paragraph5___.A:PopularityanduseofnaturalgasB.NaturalgasreservesandsupplyC.NaturalgaspricesD.CleanfuelofchoiceE.DisadvantagesofnaturalgasF:Naturalgasconsumption27.Naturalgasisstoreddeep_______.28.Naturalgasisrecognizedasthemosteconomicalenergyresource_______.29.Whenmanufacturingmanydifferentproducts,peopleusenaturalgas________.30.Itisestimatedby2025thenaturalgasdemandintheUSwillincrease_____A.overthepast50yearsB.beneaththeearthsurfaceC.bymorethan50percentD.formorethanfourdecadesE.asarawmaterialF.forhomeenergyneeds第4局部：閱讀理解〔第39-53題，每題3分，共45分〕下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，為每題確定1個(gè)最正確選項(xiàng)。第一篇TooLittleforGlobalWarmingOilandgaswillrunouttoofastfordoomsdayglobalwarmingscenariostomaterialize,accordingtoacontroversialnewanalysispresentedthisweekattheUniversityofUppsalainSweden.Theauthorswarnthatallthefuelwillbeburntbeforethereisenoughcarbondioxideintheatmospheretorealizepredictionsofmeltingicecapsandsearingtemperatures.Defendingtheirpredictions,scientistsfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangesaytheyconsideredarangeofestimatesofoilandgasreserves,andpointoutthatcoal-burningcouldeasilymakeuptheshortfall.Butallagreethatburningcoalwouldbeevenworsefortheplanet.TheIPCC'spredictionsofglobalmeltdownpushedforwardthe1997KyotoProtocol,anagreementobligingsignatorynationstocutCO2emissions.TheIPCCconsideredarangeoffuturescenarios,fromunlimitedburningoffossil-fuelstoafasttransitiontowardsgreenerenergysources.ButgeologistsAndersSivertsson,KjellAleklettandColinCampbellofUppsalaAlthoughestimatesofoilandgasreservesvarywidely,theresearchersarepartofagrowinggroupofexpertswhobelievethatoilsupplieswillpeakassoonas2023,andgassoonafter.Theiranalysissuggeststhatoilandgasreservescombinedabouttotheequivalentofabout3,500billionbarrelsofoilconsiderablylessthanthe5,000billionbarrelsestimatedinthemostoptimisticmodelenvisagedbytheIPCC.Eventheaverageforecastofabout8,000billionbarrelsismorethantwicetheSwedishestimateoftheworld'sremainingreserves.NebojsaNakicenovic,anenergyeconomistattheUniversityofVienna,Austriawhoheadedthe80-strongIPCCteamthatproducedtheforecasts,saysthepanel'sworkstillstands.Hesaystheyfactoredinamuchbroaderandinternationallyacceptedrangeofoilandgasestimatesthanthe“conservative〞Swedes.Evenifoilandgasrunout,“there'sahugeamountofcoalundergroundthatcouldbeexploited〞,hesaysthatburningcoalcouldmaketheIPCCscenarioscometrue,butpointsoutthatsuchaswitchwouldbedisastrous.CoalisdirtierthanoilandgasandproducesmoreCO2foreachunitofenergy,aswellasreleasinglargeamountsofparticulates.Hesaysthelatestanalysisisa“shotacrossthebows〞forpolicymakers.31.WhatdotheauthorsofthenewanalysispresentedattheUniversityofA.theburningofcoalwillacceleratethearrivalofEarth'sdoomsday.B.TheoilreservesarebigenoughtomaterializethedoomsdayscenariosC.MeltingicecapsandsearingtemperaturesexistonlyinsciencefictionD.OilandgaswillrunoutsofastthatEarth'sdoomsdaywillnevermaterialize.32.NationsthatsignedtheKyotoProtocolagreetoA.payattentiontoglobalmeltdownB.cutCO2emissionsC.usemoregreenenergyD.stopusingfossilfuels33.Whataretheestimatesoftheworld'soilandgasreserves?A.4,000billionbarrelsbytheaverageforecastB.8,000billionbarrelsestimatedbytheSwedesC.3,500barrelsenvisagedbyIPCCD.3,500billionbyagrowingnumberofscientists34.WhichofthefollowingaboutNebojsaNakicenovicistrue?A.hethinksfossilfuelsareasdirtyasoilandgasB.hethinksgreenfuelswillreplaceoilandgaseventuallyC.hethinksIPCC'sviewontheworld'sreservesistoooptimisticD.hethinksthatIPCC'sestimatesaremoreoptimisticthantheSwedes35.WhichofthefollowingisthenearexplanationofNakicenovic'sassertionthat“……suchaswitchwouldbedisastrous……?A.TheIPCCscenarioswouldcometruebecauseburningcoalwillemitlargeramountsofCO2“B.AswitchtoburningcoalwouldproducedisastrousenvironmentalproblemsC.OilandgastoreplacecoalasfuelwouldspeeduptheprocessofglobalwarmingD.AswitchfromtheIPCCscenariostothepolicymakers'oneswouldbedisastrous第二篇ListeningtoBirdsongAmalezebrafinch1chirpsaway2tohimself.Suddenlyhenoticesafemalebirdnearby.Herealizeshehasanaudienceandimmediatelychangeshissong.Canthefemaletellthedifferenceinhisperformance?Accordingtoanewstudy,thefemalezebrafinchknows.Andsheprefersthespecialtrillshecreateswhenhesingstoher.Amalezebrafinchchangeshissongwhensingingtoafemaleinwaysthatpeoplecanbarelydetect.But~thefemalefinchcantellthedifference.

Scientistshadnoticedslightvariationsinthesongsofmal~zebraf'mchesbasedonwhethertheyweresingingaloneorwhethertherewasafemale(andpotentialmate)nearby.Withanaudience,themalesspedupthepaceoftheirsongsandcontrolledthenotestheyused.

Forthisstudy,researchersSarahC.WoolleyandAllisonDoupeattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFranciscodecidedtofocusattentiononthelisteningfemales,whichhavenotbeenwellstudiedinthepast.

Inthestudy,WoolleyandDoupesetup,alongcagewithasoundspeakerateachend.Onebroadcastthesoundofamalezebrafinchsingingtohimself,likesomeonesingingintheshower.Theotherspeakerbroadcastamaleperformingforafemaleaudience,asifhewasgivingaconcert.

Femalebirdswereplacedbetweenthetwospeakers.Someofthebirdshadmates,othersdidn't.Thefemalesshiftedaroundabit,andthenmostofthemhoppedovertositbesidejustonespeaker.Allthebirdsthatmadeaclearchoicelikedsongsmeantforafemaleaudience,evenifthey'dnevermetthemale.

Matedfemalesalsohadachancetolistentotwodifferentperformancesongs,onefromanunknownmale,andonefromtheirmate.Theyspentmoretimelisteningtotheconcertversionoftheirmates'songs.Thissuggeststhatafterawhile,femaleslearntorecognize--andprefer—thesongsoftheirmates.

Scientiststhenstudiedthebrainsofthefemales.Theyfoundcertainareasofthebrainperkedup3whenthebirdslistenedtotheconcertsongs.Thesebrainareasmaybeinvolvedinrecognizingandevaluatingthesongs,andstoringthememoriesofthem.

Thisresearchdealswithwhat'scalleddirectedcommunication,whenthecommunicator,orsender,focusesthemessageforaspecificaudience.Oneexampleisthewaymomsspeaktotheirbabies.Mothersaroundtheworldusethesamesortofhigh'pitched4sing-songchatter,andthebabiesrespondbesttothosesounds.Songbirdsareoneoftheonlyotherspeciesknowntolearntheircommunication,inthiscasetheirsongs.36.Whatdoesthefirstparagraphsayaboutzebrafinches?

A)Malezebrafinchesliketosingtofemalezebrafinches.B)Malezebrafinchessinglouderthanfemalezebrafinches.C)Malezebrafincheschangetheirsongsinfemalezebrafinches'presence.D)Malezebrafinchesliketolistentofemalezebrafinchessing.37.Whatdidtheresearchersfredintheirstudyoffemalezebrafinches?A)Femalefincheslikedsongsmalefinchessangforthem.B)Femalefinchesonlylikedsongsmalefinchessangfortheirmates.C)Femalefincheslikedtolistentosongsfrombothspeakers.D)Femalefincheschosethebestmalesingersastheirmates.38.Whatismeantby"concertsongs"intheseventhparagraph?A)Songssungbyzebrafinchesataconcert.B)Songssungbymalefinchesforfemalefinches.C)Songssungbyfemalefmchesformalefinches.D)Songssungbymalefmchestomanyfemalefinches.39.WhatisNOTtrueofdirectedcommunication?A)Thesenderofamessagehasaspecificaudience.B)Malezebrafinchessingtofemalefinches.C)Motherstalktotheirbabies,D)Malezebrafinchessingtothemselves.40.Whichofthefollowingcanbestreflectthethemeofthepassage?.A)Chirpingaway.B)Birdsongsascommunication.C)Zebrafinchesandtheirlife.D)Enjoyingbirdsongs.第三篇AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas“EcosystemEngineers〞ResearchbytheUniversityofExeterhasrevealedthatantshaveabigimpactontheirlocalenvironmentasaresultoftheiractivityas“ecosystemengineers〞andpredators.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofAnimalEcology,foundthatantshavetwodistincteffectsontheir Firstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuildingactivityandbycollectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelofnutrientsinthesoil.Thiscanindirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,fromdecomposerstospeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain. Secondly,theypreyonawiderangeofotheranimals,includinglargerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvastnumbersofantworkers. DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfromtheuniversity’sCenterforEcologyandConservation,said:“Antsareveryeffectivepredatorswhichthriveinhugenumbers.They’realsoveryterritorialandveryaggressive,defendingtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Allofthismeanstheyhaveastronginfluenceontheirsurroundingarea.〞“Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.Whatwefoundisthatdespitebeingpredators,theirpresencecanalsoleadtoanincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups.Theygenuinelyplayakeyroleinthelocalenvironment,havingabiginfluenceonthegrasslandfoodweb,〞Sanderssaid. Thestudy,carriedoutinGermany,studiedtheimpactofthepresenceofdifferentcombinationsanddensitiesofblackgardenantsandcommonredants,bothspeciescanbefoundacrossEurope,includingintheUK.Itfoundthatalowdensityifantsinanareaincreasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimalsinthelocalarea,particularlythedensityofherbivoresanddecomposers.Athigherdensitiesantshadnoortheoppositeeffect,showingthatpredationiscounteractingthepositiveinfluence.Dr.FrankvanVeen,anotherauthoronthestudy,said:“Whatwefindisthattheimpactofantsonsoilnutrientlevelshasapositiveeffectonanimalgroupsatlowlevels,butasthenumberofantsincreases,theirpredatoryimpactshavethebiggereffect——therebycounteractingthepositiveinfluenceviaecosystemengineering.〞 Antsareimportantcomponentsofecosystemsnotonlybecausetheyconstituteagreatpartoftheanimalbiomassbutalsobecausetheyactasecosystemengineers.Antbiodiversityisincrediblyhighandtheseorganismsarehighlyresponsivetohumanimpact,whichobviouslyreducesitsrichness.However,itisnotclearhowsuchdisturbancedamagesthemaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem.Antsareimportantinbelowgroundprocessesthroughthealterationofthephysicalandchemicalenvironmentandthroughtheireffectsonplants,microorganisms,andothersoilorganisms.41.Whyareantsregardedasecosystemengineers?________A.Becausetheybuildtheirownnests.B.Becausetheycollectfood.C.Becausetheiractivityaffectstheenvironment.D.Becausetheyarepredators.42.Aspredators,ants________________.A.preyonsmallaswellaslargeanimalsB.collectnutritiousfoodfromthesoilC.collectfoodasdecomposersD.preyonspeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain43.DirkSanders’studycenteredonhowants_________.A.canmanagetothriveinhugenumbersB.defendtheirsourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredatorsC.attackthoseinvadinganimalsforsurvivalD.producesuchabigimpactontheenvironment44.Whatdoesparagraph6tellus?A.Antsbringaboutanegativeinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.B.Antsbringaboutapositiveinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.C.Ants’predationcounteractsthepositiveinfluencetheymayhaveonanarea.D.Athigherdensity,antsproduceapositiveinfluenceonanarea.45.Whatstillremainsunclearaboutants,accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Whatrolesdoantsplayintheecosysteminwhichtheylive?B.Howdoantsaffecttheanimaldiversityinagivenecosystem?C.Howdohumanactivitiesaffectants’influenceonagivenecosystem?D.Howdoantsalterthephysicalandchemicalenvironment?第5局部：補(bǔ)全短文〔第46-50題，每題2分，共10分〕下面的短文中有5處空白，短文后有6個(gè)句子，其中5個(gè)取自短文，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容將其分別放回原有位置，以恢復(fù)文章原貌。SleepingGiant

Rightnow,aneruptionisbrewinginYellowstoneNationalPark.Sometimeduringthenexttwohours,themostfamousgeyser.OldFaithful,willbegingurglingboilingwaterandsteam._____1_____

OldFaithfulisnotonlyaspectacularsight;it’salsoaconstantremainderthatYellowstonesitsononeofthelargestvolcanoesintheworld.Ifyou’veneverheardofYellowstone’svolcano,you’renotalone._____2_____yetithaseruptedthreetimesduringthelastmillionyears.AndoneofthoseeruptionsspewedenoughvolcanicashandotherdebristoblankethalftheUnitedStates.

Yellowstone’svolcanoissometimescalleda“supervolcano,〞orextremelylargeandexplosivecalderavolcano._____3_____.Thissupervolcanoformedoverahotspot,anextremelyhotareainEarth’smantle.JohnValley,avolcanoprofessors,saidthatasthecrustmovesacrossahotspot,thehotspotmeltsasectionoftheplatemovingoverit,forming“onevolcanoafteranother.〞

TheYellowstonehotspotmeltsthickcontinentalcrust,whichmaycausecatastrophiceruptions.AccordingtoexpertstheeruptionsthatcreatedeachofthethreecalderasinandaroundYellowstoneNationalParkwerelargerthananyothervolcaniceruptioninrecordedhistory.Themostrecenteruption,whichhappened640,000yearsago,producedatleast1,000cubickilometersofashanddebris,whichblanketedmostofthewesternhalfoftheUnitedStates._____4_____

GeologicalevidenceshowsYellowstonehasblownitsstackevery700,000yearsorso.“Ifnatureweretrulythatregularandreliable,wewouldbedueforanothereruptionsoon,〞saidValley.“However,theseprocessesaresubjecttovariability,sowedon’treallyknowwhenthenexteruptionwillhappen.〞

_____5_____Itisthevolcanicenergythatpowersthegeysersandhotsprings,createsthemountainsandcanyons,andgeneratestheuniqueecosystemsthatsupportYellowstone’sdiversewildlife.

A

ThreecalderasmakeupmorethanathirdofYellowstone第6局部：完型填空〔第51-65題，每題1分，共15分〕下面的短文有15處空白，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容為每處空白確定1個(gè)最正確選項(xiàng)。SolarPowerwithoutSolarCells AdramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflightdiscoveredbyUniversityof Theresearchersfindawaytomakean“optical__51__,〞saidStephenRand,aprofessorinthedepartmentsofElectronicEngineeringandComputerScience,PhysicsandAppliedPhysics. Lightahselectricalandmagneticcomponents.Untilnow,scientiststhoughtthe__52__onthemagneticfieldweresoweakthattheycouldbeignored.WhatRandhiscolleaguesfoundisthatattherightintensity,whenlightistravelingthroughamaterialthatdoesnotconductelectricity,thelightfieldcangeneratemagneticeffectsthatare100milliontimestrongerthan__53__expected.__54__thesecircumstances,themagneticeffectsdevelopstrengthequivalenttoastrongelectriceffect. “Thiscouldleadtoanewkindofsolarcellwithoutsemiconductorsandwithoutabsorptiontoproducechargeseparation,〞Randsaid.“Insolarcells,the__55__goesintoamaterial,getsabsorbedandcreatesheat.Hereweexpecttohaveaverylowheatload.Insteadofthelightbeingabsorbed,energyisstoredinthemagneticmoment.Intensemagnetizationcanbeinducedintenselightandthenitisultimatelycapableofprovidingacaptivepower__56__.〞Whatmakesthispossibleisapreviouslyundetectedbandof“opticalrectification,〞saysWilliamFisher,adoctoralstudentinappliedphysics.Intraditionalopticalrectification,light’selectricfieldcausesachargeseparation,orapulling__57__ofthepositiveandnegativechargesinamaterial.Thissetsupavoltage,similarto__58__inabattery. RandandFisherfoundthatundertherightcircumstancesandinrighttypesofmaterials,thelight’smagneticf