2022年考研考博-考博英語-南京師范大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)50

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-南京師范大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Manyofthesametechniqueswerethesolutionofindustrial,scientificandmedicalproblems.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.appliedfor

B.appliedto

C.applyingfor

D.applyingto

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。applyfor申請(qǐng)；applyto適用于，應(yīng)用于；技術(shù)應(yīng)該是運(yùn)用于某些解決方案中，故先排除AC兩項(xiàng)。技術(shù)與解決方案之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，B項(xiàng)正確。句意：許多相同的技巧被運(yùn)用到工業(yè)，科技和醫(yī)療問題的解決方案里。

2.單選題

Scientistsbelievethataconclusionwhichisdrawnreadilybeforealloftherelevantdataarecollected,analyzedandcontemplatediscalled（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.insincere

B.premature

C.premise

D.presumption

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。insincereadj.不誠懇的；premature不成熟的；premise前提，假定；presumption推測，放肆。句意：科學(xué)家認(rèn)為在所有相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)被收集、分析和計(jì)劃之前就容易得出來的結(jié)論稱之為（）。由句子內(nèi)容可知這種結(jié)論是一種推測。故D項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Inthe1950s,thepioneersofartificialintelligence（AI）predictedthat,bytheendofthiscentury,computerswouldbeconversingwithusatworkandrobotswouldbeperformingourhousework.Butasusefulascomputersare,they’renowhereclosetoachievinganythingremotelyresemblingtheseearlyaspirationsforhumanlikebehavior.35.Nevermindsomethingascomplexasconversationsthemostpowerfulcomputersstruguletoreliablyrecognizetheshapeofanobjectthemostelementaryoftasksforaten-month-oldkid.

AgrowinggroupofAIresearchersthinktheyknowwheretheheldwentwrong.Theproblem,thescientistssay,isthatAIhasbeentryingtoseparatethehighest,mostabstractlevelsofthought,likelanguageandmathematics,andtoduplicatethemwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms.AnewmovementinAI,ontheotherhand,takesacloserlookatthemoreroundaboutwayinwhichnaturecameupwithintelligence.Manyoftheseresearchersstudyevolutionandnaturaladaptationinsteadofformallogicandconventionalcomputerprograms.Ratherthandigitalcomputersandtransistors,somewanttoworkwithbraincellsandproteins.Theresultsoftheseearlyeffortsareaspromisingastheyarepeculiar,andthenewnature-basedAImovementisslowlybutsurelymovingtotheforefrontofthefield.

Imitatingthebrain'sneural,networkisahugestepintherightdirection,sayscomputerscientistandbiophysicistMichaelConrad,butitstillmissesanimportantaspectofnaturalintelligence.“Peopletendtotreatthebrainasifitweremadeupofcolor-codedtransistors”,heexplains,“butit’snotsimplyaclevernetworkofswitches.Therearelotsofimportantthingsgoingoninsidethebraincellsthemselves.”Specifically,Conradbelievesthatmanyofthebrain’scapabilitiesstemfromthepattern-recognitionproficiencyoftheindividualmoleculesthatmakeupeachbraincell.Thebestwaytobuildandartificiallyintelligentdevice,heclaims,wouldbetobuilditaroundthesamesortofmolecularskills.

Rightnow,thenotionthatconventionalcomputersandsoftwarearefundamentallyincapableofmatchingtheprocessesthattakeplaceinthebrainremainscontroversial.Butifitprovestrue,thentheeffortsofConradandhisfellowAIrebelscouldturnouttobetheonlygameintown.

1.Theauthorsaysthatthepowerfulcomputersoftoday（）.

2.Thenewtrendinartificialintelligenceresearchstemsfrom（）.

3.ConradandhisgroupofAIresearchershavebeenmakingenormouseffortsto（）.

4.What'stheauthor’sopinionaboutthenewAImovement?

5.Whichofthefollowingisclosetinmeaningtotheunderlinedphrase“theonlygameintown”（para.4）?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.arecapableofreliablyrecognizingtheShapeofanobject

B.areclosetoexhibitinghumanlikebehavior

C.arenotverydifferentintheirperformancefromthoseofthe50’s

D.stillcannotcommunicatewithpeopleinahumanlanguage

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theshiftofthefocusofstudyontotherecognitionoftheshapesofobjects

B.thebeliefthathumanintelligencecannotbeduplicatedwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms.

C.theaspirationsofscientiststoduplicatetheintelligenceofaten-month-oldchild.

D.theeffortsmadebyscientistinthestudyofthesimilaritiesbetweentransistorsandbraincells

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.findaroundaboutwaytodesignpowerfulcomputers

B.buildacomputerusingaclevernetworkofswitches

C.findouthowintelligencedevelopedinnature

D.separatethehighestandmostabstractlevelsofthought

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Ithascreatedasensationamongartificialintelligenceresearchersbutwillsoondieout.

B.It’sabreakthroughinduplicatinghumanthoughtprocesses.

C.It’smorelikeapeculiargameratherthanarealscientificeffort.

D.Itmayprovetobeintherightdirectionthoughnobodyissureofitsfutureprospects.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theonlyapproachtobuildinganartificiallyintelligentcomputer.

B.Theonlywayforthemtowinaprizeinartificialintelligenceresearch.

C.Theonlyareaworthstudyingincomputerscience.

D.Theonlygametheywouldliketoplayintown.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由第一段Nevermindsomethingascomplexasconversations,themostpowerfulcomputersstruguletoreliablyrecognizetheshapeofanobjectthemostelementaryoftasksforaten-month-oldkid.更不用說像會(huì)話這樣復(fù)雜的事情，最強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算機(jī)現(xiàn)在正竭力地識(shí)別物體的形狀，這對(duì)于10個(gè)月大的孩子來說是最基本的任務(wù)?？芍狣項(xiàng)“最強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算機(jī)仍然不能用人類的語言與人類交流?！闭_。A項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別物體的形狀”與原文不符，原文提到計(jì)算機(jī)正竭力地去做這件事。B項(xiàng)文中未提及，C項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)在的計(jì)算機(jī)與50年代的計(jì)算機(jī)表現(xiàn)不一樣”，文中提到50年代人們預(yù)測到20世紀(jì)末計(jì)算機(jī)能做家務(wù)，能與人交流，但如今計(jì)算機(jī)仍然離與人類交流還有很長的路要走。故C項(xiàng)不正確。

2.推理判斷題。由第二段“AgrowinggroupofAIresearchersthinktheyknowwheretheheldwentwrong.Theproblem,thescientistssay,isthatAIhasbeentryingtoseparatethehighest,mostabstractlevelsofthought,likelanguageandmathematics,andtoduplicatethemwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms.AnewmovementinAI…Manyoftheseresearchersstudyevolutionandnaturaladaptationinsteadofformallogicandconventionalcomputerprograms.”越來越多的人工智能研究人員認(rèn)為，他們知道錯(cuò)誤在哪里?？茖W(xué)家們說，問題在于，人工智能一直在試圖分離最高、最抽象的思維層次，比如語言和數(shù)學(xué)，然后用邏輯的、循序漸進(jìn)的程序來復(fù)制它們。另一方面，人工智能領(lǐng)域的新動(dòng)向則更近距離地審視了自然產(chǎn)生智能的更為迂回的方式。這些研究人員中的許多人研究進(jìn)化和自然適應(yīng)，而不是形式邏輯和傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)算機(jī)程序?？芍斯ぶ悄艿男聞?dòng)向源于發(fā)現(xiàn)了以前的錯(cuò)誤，即人工智能不能用邏輯程序來復(fù)制抽象的思維。于是人工智能有了新動(dòng)向…。故B項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。由第二段“Ratherthandigitalcomputersandtransistors,somewanttoworkwithbraincellsandproteins.Theresultsoftheseearlyeffortsareaspromisingastheyarepeculiar,andthenewnature-basedAImovementisslowlybutsurelymovingtotheforefrontofthefield.有些人想研究腦細(xì)胞和蛋白質(zhì)，而不是數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)和晶體管。這些早期努力的結(jié)果是有希望的，因?yàn)樗麄兪仟?dú)特的，和新的自然為基礎(chǔ)的人工智能運(yùn)動(dòng)是緩慢的，但肯定會(huì)走向該領(lǐng)域的前沿?！币约暗谌巍癝pecifically,Conradbelievesthatmanyofthebrain’scapabilitiesstemfromthepattern-recognitionproficiencyoftheindividualmoleculesthatmakeupeachbraincell.Thebestwaytobuildandartificiallyintelligentdevice,heclaims,wouldbetobuilditaroundthesamesortofmolecularskills.具體地說，康拉德認(rèn)為，大腦的許多能力源于組成每個(gè)腦細(xì)胞的單個(gè)分子的模式識(shí)別能力。他聲稱，制造人工智能設(shè)備的最佳方法，是圍繞同樣的分子技術(shù)來制造?？芍道录捌銩I研究團(tuán)隊(duì)將把大腦的分子技術(shù)運(yùn)用于人工智能設(shè)備上，發(fā)起了以自然為基礎(chǔ)的人工智能運(yùn)動(dòng)。故C項(xiàng)“該團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)了解智力是如何在自然界中發(fā)展的作出了巨大努力?！闭_。

4.推理判斷題。由第二段“Theresultsoftheseearlyeffortsareaspromisingastheyarepeculiar,andthenewnature-basedAImovementisslowlybutsurelymovingtotheforefrontofthefield.這些早期努力的結(jié)果是有希望的，因?yàn)樗麄兪仟?dú)特的，雖然新的以自然為基礎(chǔ)的人工智能運(yùn)動(dòng)是緩慢的，但肯定會(huì)走向該領(lǐng)域的前沿?？芍髡哒J(rèn)為人工智能運(yùn)動(dòng)將走向該領(lǐng)域前沿，也就意味著人工智研究的方向是正確的。故D項(xiàng)“盡管沒有人能確定它的未來前景，但它被證明是在正確的方向上?！闭_。

5.由倒數(shù)第二段Thebestwaytobuildandartificiallyintelligentdevice,heclaims,wouldbetobuilditaroundthesamesortofmolecularskills.他聲稱，制造人工智能設(shè)備的最佳方法，是圍繞同樣的分子技術(shù)來制造。和最后一段“Rightnow,thenotionthatconventionalcomputersandsoftwarearefundamentallyincapableofmatchingtheprocessesthattakeplaceinthebrainremainscontroversial.Butifitprovestrue,thentheeffortsofConradandhisfellowAIrebelscouldturnouttobetheonlygameintown.目前，對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)算機(jī)和軟件根本無法匹配大腦中發(fā)生的過程仍然存在爭議。但如果這是真的，那么康拉德和他的同伴們的努力可能是唯一的游戲。聯(lián)系上下文可知，如果傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)算機(jī)和軟件根本無法匹配大腦過程這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是正確的，那么康拉德和其團(tuán)隊(duì)的觀點(diǎn)，即將大腦同樣的分子技術(shù)運(yùn)用于人工智能設(shè)備的制造上是唯一可行的制造新的人工智能計(jì)算機(jī)的方法。故A項(xiàng)“這是制造人工智能計(jì)算機(jī)的唯一方法”正確。

4.翻譯題

Text1

Thetheoryofevolutionoffersanexplanationofhowthegreatvarietyofpresent-dayanimalsandplantscameintoexistence.ItsupposesthatlifeonEarthbeganinrelativelysimpleformswhichoverhundredsofmillionsofyearsgaverise,byaseriesofsmallchanges,toasuccessionoflivingorganismswhichbecamemorevariedandmorecomplex.Takentoitslogicalconclusion,theevolutionarytheorymustsupposethatlifeitselfevolvedfromnon-livingmatter.

Text2

TheOlympicGamesareaseriesofinternationalamateursportscompetitionsthatoriginatedinAncientGreece.Thegamesbeganin776BCbutwerediscontinuedattheendofthe4thcenturyA.D.TherevivalofthegamestookplaceinAthenswherethefirstmoderngameswereheldin1896.Sincethentheyhavebeenheldinfouryearintervalsindifferentcitiesaroundtheworld.Severalchangeshavetakenplacesincethemoderngameswereinaugurated（開創(chuàng)）；in1912womenwereadmitted,in1924aseparatesetofwintergameswereestablishedandin1988professionalathleteswereallowedtocompeteinsomesports.Sincetheestablishmentofthemoderngamesjustoveracenturyago,thenumberofsports,athletesandcountrieshassteadilyincreased.

【答案】Text1

進(jìn)化論解釋了現(xiàn)代動(dòng)植物的多樣性是如何產(chǎn)生的。它假定地球上的生命以相對(duì)簡單的形式開始，經(jīng)過數(shù)億年的時(shí)間，通過一系列微小的變化發(fā)展為一連串復(fù)雜多樣的生命有機(jī)體。根據(jù)進(jìn)化論的邏輯結(jié)論，它必須假定生命本身是從無生命的物質(zhì)進(jìn)化而來的。

Text2

奧運(yùn)會(huì)起源于古希臘，是集國際業(yè)余體育競技活動(dòng)于一身的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。奧運(yùn)會(huì)開始于公元前776年，但在公元4世紀(jì)末中止。奧運(yùn)會(huì)的復(fù)興在雅典舉行，并于1896年在這里舉行了第一屆現(xiàn)代奧運(yùn)會(huì)。從此奧運(yùn)會(huì)以四年一次輪流在世界各城市舉行。自開辦現(xiàn)代奧運(yùn)會(huì)以來，奧運(yùn)會(huì)發(fā)生了許多變化；1912年允許女子參加奧運(yùn)會(huì)；1924年建立了一屆獨(dú)立的冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)；1988年允許專業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員參加一些運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目。自現(xiàn)代奧運(yùn)會(huì)成立一個(gè)多世紀(jì)以來，運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目、運(yùn)動(dòng)員及參與國家數(shù)目穩(wěn)步增長。

5.寫作題

Youareveryhappywhenyougetthenewsthatyourfriendhasbeenpromoted.Writealitterofcongratulationandencouragehim/hertokeepup.

Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonAnswerSheet2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiTao"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress,butpayattentiontotheformofletterwriting

【答案】略

6.寫作題

Directions:Forthissection,youareaskedIowriteacompositiononthefollowingtopic.Youarerequiredtowritenolessthan150words.RemembertowriteclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.

SomepeoplesaythattheInternetprovidespeoplewithalotofvaluableinformation.Othersthinkaccesstosomuchinformationcreatesproblems.Whichviewdoyouagreewith?

Whatisyouropinion?GiveyourcommentsandwritethemdownontheANSWERSHEET.Youshouldsupplyonappropriatetitleforyouressay.

【答案】略

7.單選題

Thetenantmustbepreparedtodecoratetheproperty（）thetermsoftheagreement.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.bywayof

B.inaccordancewith

C.withregardto

D.inrelationto

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。bywayof“經(jīng)由”；inaccordancewith“依照，與…一致”；withregardto“關(guān)于，至于”；inrelationto“關(guān)于，涉及”。句意：承租人必須（）協(xié)議條款來準(zhǔn)備裝修房屋。只有B項(xiàng)符合句意，表示根據(jù)協(xié)議條款來裝修房屋。

8.單選題

31.Money-laundering（洗錢）hasbeenoneoftheworld'sfastest-growingindustriesoverdecadedespiteincreasingeffortsbytheworld'sfinancialauthoritiestostampitout.Followingisasimpleguidetotheworldofmoney-laundering.

Money-launderingistheprocessbywhichmoneyobtainedbyillegalmeansisgiventheappearanceoflegitimateincomeandreturnedintocirculation.ThewordandpracticearewidelybelievedtohavebeeninventedbytheUSMafia（黑手黨）.Asameansofmixingthedirtycashobtainedfromprostitution,gambling,gun-running,blackmailanditsotherwickedactivities,sothatitcameoutmoreorlessclean,theMafiaboughtupandoperatedlargenumbersofLaundromats（自助洗衣店）.Asgoodcashbusinessestheywereagoodmeansofprovidingtheappearanceofhonestcashflow.

Varioustechniquescanbeemployedandthemeansofmoney-laundering,buttheyessentiallyboildowntothreestages.Stepone:movingthemoneyfromthesceneofthecrimeAtoaremotelocationBideallyinanothercountry，preferablyabankaccount,ifpossibleonethatisanonymous.Steptwo:disguisingthetrailleadingfromAtoB.Stepthree:makingthecashavailabletothecriminals,alongwithaplausibleexplanationofhowticamelegallyintotheirpossession.

Apartfromharmingtheeconomiesthatitfeedsoff,themoney-launderingindustryisessentialtoorganizedcrime.AstheheadoftheUN'scrime-fightingwingPinoArlacchiremarked,organizedcrime“brutalizessocietyanddiminishesrespectforthevaluelikehonestyandcooperationuponwhichsuccessfulsocietiesarebased’’.OrasaseniorUSofficialsaidin1999,“money-launderingmaylooklikeapoliteformofwhite-collarcrime,butitisthecompanionofbrutality,deceitandcorruption.’’

Theliberalizationofmarketsaroundtheworldandderegulation（解除管制）ofexchangecontrolsareregardedasthechiefcausesoftherapidexpansionofmoney-launderingoverthepastdecade.Togethertheyhaveopenedupmanymorechannelsforlaunderingdirtymoneyandprovidedmoreopportunitiestohideitsorigins.UNofficialsbelievethemostimportantsinglemeasureineliminatingmoney-launderingistheendingofbanksecrecy.

1.Weknowfromthepassagethatmoney-laundering（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothephrase“stampitout”（para.1）inthefirstparagraph?

3.ThereasonwhytheMafiaboughtupandransubstantialLaundromatsisthat（）.

4.Inmoney-laundering,moneywouldbemovedfromthesceneofthecrimeto（）.

5.Withtheworldwideliberalizationofmarkets,money-launderinghasexpandedrapidlyby（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.hasalmostbeenstampedoutbytheworld’sfinancialauthorities

B.hasgreatlypromotedthedevelopmentoftheworld'sindustries

C.onlyhasaten-yearhistorybuthasgrownrapidly

D.hasexpandedrapidlyoverthepastdecade

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Toputanendtoitcompletely.

B.Tomarkasignbypressingonit.

C.Toannounceitillegal.

D.Todoharmtoit.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theMafiacancarryoutlargenumbersofillegaltransactionsinthem.

B.theMafiahasmanywickedactivitieslikeprostitutionandgamblinginthem.

C.theLaundromatscangivethedirtycashtheappearanceoflegitimateincome.

D.theLaundromatsissuchaprofit-makingindustrythatithasattractedtheMafia.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thefinancialauthorities

B.thecirculationfields

C.LaundromatsoperatedbytheMafia

D.anonymousbankaccountinanothercountry

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.deregulatingtheexchangecontrols

B.buyingandoperatingmoreLaundromats

C.havingmorechannelstolaunderdirtymoney

D.tighteningthebanksecrecyrules

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由第一段“Money-laundering(洗錢)hasbeenoneoftheworld’sfastest-growingindustriesoverdecadedespiteincreasingeffortsbytheworld’sfinancialauthoritiestostampitout.Followingisasimpleguidetotheworldofmoney-laundering.盡管國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)加大了打擊洗錢活動(dòng)的力度，但洗錢活動(dòng)在過去10年里一直是全球發(fā)展最快的行業(yè)之一。以下是對(duì)洗錢世界的簡單介紹?？芍狣項(xiàng)“洗錢活動(dòng)在過去十年發(fā)展很快”正確。AB兩項(xiàng)明顯錯(cuò)誤，C項(xiàng)“洗錢只有十年歷史但是增長很快”與原文內(nèi)容不符，洗錢并不只有10年歷史。

2.詞義題。由Money-laundering(洗錢)hasbeenoneoftheworld’sfastest-growingindustriesoverdecadedespiteincreasingeffortsbytheworld’sfinancialauthoritiestostampitout.中的despite表示讓步關(guān)系可知，盡管采取了一些措施來（）洗錢活動(dòng)，但是洗錢仍然成為增長最快的行業(yè)之一。由前后邏輯可推斷出stampitout是消滅，打擊的意思。故A項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。由第二段“Asameansofmixingthedirtycashobtainedfromprostitution,gambling,gun-running,blackmailanditsotherwickedactivities,sothatitcameoutmoreorlessclean,theMafiaboughtupandoperatedlargenumbersofLaundromats(自助洗衣店).Asgoodcashbusinesses，theywereagoodmeansofprovidingtheappearanceofhonestcashflow.為了使從賣淫，賭博，販賣槍支，敲詐和其他非法活動(dòng)所得的混合收入看起來是干凈的，黑手黨經(jīng)營了很多自助洗衣店，將其他非法收入混入洗衣店的收入，使贓款看上去是合法的。故C項(xiàng)“自助洗衣店給臟錢披上合法收入的外衣”正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第三段“Stepone:movingthemoneyfromthesceneofthecrimeAtoaremotelocationBideallyinanothercountry，preferablyabankaccount,ifpossibleonethatisanonymous.第一步:把錢從犯罪現(xiàn)場A轉(zhuǎn)移到一個(gè)偏遠(yuǎn)的地點(diǎn)B，當(dāng)然理想的地點(diǎn)是在另一個(gè)國家，存入一個(gè)銀行賬戶，如果是一個(gè)匿名賬戶那就更好了?！笨芍E款從犯罪現(xiàn)場最終被轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)國家的銀行賬戶。故D項(xiàng)正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由最后一段“Theliberalizationofmarketsaroundtheworldandderegulation(解除管制)ofexchangecontrolsareregardedasthechiefcausesoftherapidexpansionofmoney-launderingoverthepastdecade.全球市場的自由化和對(duì)外匯解除管制被視為過去十年里洗錢快速擴(kuò)張的主要原因。可知A項(xiàng)“解除外匯管制”正確。B項(xiàng)“購買和經(jīng)營更多的自助洗衣店”不是原因；C項(xiàng)“有更多的渠道來洗黑錢”是解除外匯管制的結(jié)果，而非原因。D項(xiàng)是反洗錢措施。

9.寫作題

Directions:Answerthefollowingquestionwithnolessthan50words.RemembertowriteyouranswerclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.（5%）

WhoisConfucius（孔子）？

【答案】略

10.單選題

WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethat1mightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“1wantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.

Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAmericansterm“downshifting”hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall”preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepageofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.

Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuildupofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife”andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytime”.

InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting-alsoknowninAmericaas“voluntarysimplicity”-has,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanticonsumerism.Thereareanumberofbest-sellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives.Therearenewsletters,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap.Thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-1990sequivalentofdroppingout.

WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline-afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate-1980s-andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdown-shiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.

Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe1980sdownshiftinginthemid-1990sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife-growingyouownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone-asapersonalrecognitionofyoulimitations.

1.Thewriterquitherfull-timejobbecause（）.

2.“Alateralmove”inparagraph1means（）.

3.Thewriter’sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting（）.

4.“Jugglingone’slife”probablymean（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend

B.shewascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob

C.shewasinspiredbythephilosophyof“havingitall”.

D.shewasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.achangeofresponsibilitybutnotposition

B.advocatingthenotionofanti-consumerism

C.achangefromalowerpositiontoahigherone

D.achangefromahigherpositiontoalowerone

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.enableshertorealizeherdream

B.helpshermoldanewphilosophyoflife

C.promptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatus

D.leadshertoacceptthedoctrineofShemagazine.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.takinganon-materialisticlifestyle

B.tryingoutalifewithabitofeverything

C.livingalifewithextremestress

D.advocatingthenotionofanti-consumerism

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.theeconomicsituation

B.man’sadventurousspirit

C.thequickpaceofmodernlife

D.man’ssearchformythicalexperiences

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由第一段“Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“1wantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.一次橫向的人事調(diào)動(dòng)傷害了我的自尊，阻礙了我事業(yè)的發(fā)展，使我不得不拋棄了那份引人注目的工作，盡管表面上我還要像一個(gè)蒙受屈辱的政府部長的姿態(tài)，通過聲稱想花更多的時(shí)間來陪伴家人來掩蓋我的退出?！笨芍髡咭?yàn)橐淮稳耸抡{(diào)動(dòng)而被迫放棄工作。故B項(xiàng)正確。ACD三項(xiàng)均不是作者離職的原因。

2.詞義題。Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough…lateral表示橫向的，平級(jí)的?？芍@次人事調(diào)動(dòng)是橫向調(diào)整，并沒有說明是升級(jí)或降級(jí)。故A項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAmericansterm“downshifting”hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall”preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepageofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.奇怪的是，在兩年半和兩本小說之后，我在美國人所謂的“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的實(shí)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)把我的借口變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。過去七年里，琳達(dá)?凱爾西(LindaKelsey)一直在《女性》(She)雜志上鼓吹“擁有一切”的哲學(xué)，而現(xiàn)在我已從這一哲學(xué)的熱情倡導(dǎo)者轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)樂于滿足于任何東西的女人。由此可知放慢生活節(jié)奏的實(shí)驗(yàn)讓作者的生活哲學(xué)由“擁有一切”轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤皹酚跐M足任何東西”，故B項(xiàng)正確。

4.詞義題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞Jugglingone’slife定位到第三段“abandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife”andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines…”由abandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife”andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting可知"jugglingyourlife"與“downshifting”對(duì)立，由第二段可知downshifting為慢節(jié)奏的生活，故jugglingyourlife意為緊張的快節(jié)奏生活。由下文nothingcould…12hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines也可知作者過去所推崇的是快節(jié)奏的生活，如今拋棄了這種生活方式改為了慢節(jié)奏的生活。故C項(xiàng)正確。

5.推理判斷題。WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline-afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate-1980s-andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,而在美國，這一趨勢一開始是對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的反應(yīng)——那是在20世紀(jì)80年代末裁員造成大量人員冗余之后——現(xiàn)在仍與提倡節(jié)儉的政治主張有關(guān)，據(jù)此可知在美國慢節(jié)奏生活趨勢的出現(xiàn)是由于當(dāng)初的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。故A項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

There（）milkleftintherefrigerator.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.aren’tany

B.aren’tsome

C.isn’tany

D.isn'tsome

【答案】C

【解析】考查語法。milk為不可數(shù)名詞，any用于否定句。故C項(xiàng)正確。句意：冰箱里沒有牛奶了。

12.單選題

Thebossnamedthecompany（）himself.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.as

B.after

C.to

D.for

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。nameafter以…命名。句意：老板以他自己的名字給公司命名。

13.單選題

Thereisa（）differenceinmeaningbetweenthewordssurroundingsandenvironment.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.gentle

B.subtle

C.feeble

D.humble

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。gentle溫和的，文雅的；subtle微妙的，精細(xì)的；feeble微弱的，無力的；humble謙遜的，簡陋的。語境與話語環(huán)境之間有細(xì)微的區(qū)別。能與difference搭配的只有B項(xiàng)。故B項(xiàng)正確。

14.翻譯題

學(xué)問是自己的事，不能依靠別人。環(huán)境好，圖書設(shè)備充足，有良師益友指導(dǎo)啟發(fā)，當(dāng)然有很大的幫助，但是這些條件具備，也不一定能保證一個(gè)人在學(xué)問上就有成就。世間也有不少在學(xué)問上有成就的人，并不具備這些條件。最重要的因素，還是個(gè)人自己的努力。求學(xué)是一件艱苦的事，許多人不能忍受那必經(jīng)的艱苦，所以不能得到成功。

【答案】Learningisone'sownbusiness,andonecannotrelyonothers.Obviouslyitwillbeveryhelpfultolearnknowledgeifonehasgoodconditions,suchasgoodenvironment,enoughbooksandequipmentandguidanceandenlightenmentsfromscholarlymentorsandbeneficialfriends.However,eveniftheseconditionsareprovided,itisnotsurethatonewillhavesuccessinlearning.Therearemanypeoplemakingachievementinlearningwithnothoseconditions.Themostimportantfactorinlearningliesintheindividual'sownendeavor.Learningistough,andmanypeoplecannotbearthehardshiptheymustexperience,sothattheycannotachievesuccess.

15.單選題

IntheUnitedStates,thefirstdaynursery,wasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe（1）halfofthe19thcentury;mostof（2）werecharitable.ButinEuropeandintheU.S.,thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat（3）duringtheFirstWorldWar,when（4）ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentofunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished（5）inmunitionsplants:underdirectgovernmentsponsorship.（6）thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose（7）thisrise,wasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,（8）,federal,State,andlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol（9）thedaynurseries,chieflyby（10）themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries.

The（11）oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenurseriesinalmostallcountries,aswomenwere（12）calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis（13）theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools,（14）$6.000,000inJuly,1942,foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworking.AlotStatesandlocalcommunities（15）thisFederalaid.Bytheendofthewar.inAugust,1945,morethan100,000childrenwerebeingcared（16）indaycarecentersreceivingFederal（17）.Soonafterward,theFederalgovernment（18）cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater（19）them,causingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.However,theexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir（20）attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.late

B.latter

C.other

D.first

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.those

B.them

C.whose

D.imitation

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.imitation

B.input

C.impetus

D.initiative

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.sources

B.abundance

C.shortage

D.reduction

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.hardly

B.entirely

C.only

D.even

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.Because

B.As

C.Although

D.Since

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.unanimously

B.sharply

C.Predominantly

D.militantly

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.therefore

B.consequently

C.however

D.moreover

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.over

B.in

C.at

D.about

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.formulating

B.labeling

C.patenting

D.licensing

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.outset

B.outbreak

C.breakthrough

D.breakdown

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.again

B.thus

C.repeatedly

D.Yet

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.Circumstance

B.occasion

C.case

D.situation

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.regulating

B.summoning

C.allocating

D.transferring

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.expanded

B.facilitated

C.compensated

D.supplemented

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.by

B.after

C.of

D.for

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.pensions

B.subsidies

C.revenues

D.budgets

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.prevalently

B.furiously

C.statistically

D.drastically

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.abolished

B.diminished

C.jeopardized

D.precluded

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.nurseries

B.homes

C.jobs

D.children

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:D

第6題:C

第7題:B

第8題:C

第9題:A

第10題:A

第11題:B

第12題:A

第13題:B

第14題:C

第15題:D

第16題:D

第17題:B

第18題:D

第19題:A

第20題:C

【解析】第1題:1.考查形容詞辨析。由上文可知，美國第一家日托所建于1854年，日托所在各地普遍建立應(yīng)該是在19世紀(jì)后半期。thelatterhalf為后半期。故B項(xiàng)正確。

2.mostof后面接人稱代詞。句意：大多數(shù)幼兒園都是慈善性質(zhì)的。

3.考查名詞辨析。imitation模仿；input輸入；initiative主動(dòng)權(quán)；impetus推動(dòng)，促進(jìn)，動(dòng)力；句意：日托所在一戰(zhàn)期間受到了很大的推動(dòng)。

4.考查名詞辨析。sources來源;abundance豐富，充裕;shortage短缺;reduction減少。句意：當(dāng)時(shí)勞動(dòng)力短缺使得大量的女性被雇傭。由下文的industrialemployment…可知是由于勞動(dòng)力短缺，故C項(xiàng)正確。

5.考查副詞辨析。句意：在政府直接倡導(dǎo)下，歐洲一些國家建立了日托所，甚至在軍火工廠里也建了日托所。軍火工廠相對(duì)國家的其他地方來說，層次加深了，故用even.

6.考查邏輯連詞。由