2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號37

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

It’susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveina___waywheninafuriousstate.

問題1選項

A.stable

B.rational

C.legal

D.credible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項stable“穩(wěn)定的，牢固的；穩(wěn)重的，沉穩(wěn)的；持久的”；B選項rational“合理的；理性的”；C選項legal“法律的；合法的；法定的；依照法律的”；D選項credible“可靠的，可信的”。句意：通常情況下，人們在暴怒狀態(tài)下很少會做出___行為。本句表達“很少有人在暴怒時能做出理性的行為”，因此B選項正確。

2.單選題

Dozensofscientificgroupsallovertheworldhavebeen___thegoalofapracticalandeconomicwaytousesunlighttosplitwatermolecules.

問題1選項

A.pursuing

B.chasing

C.reaching

D.winning

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項pursuing“繼續(xù)；從事；追趕（在一段時間內做某事或試圖達到某事）；糾纏”；B選項chasing“追逐（為了抓住某人或者某物而追趕某人或者某物）；追捕；試圖贏得；雕鏤”；C選項reaching“到達；伸出”；D選項winning“獲勝；贏得；（通過努力）獲得”。句意：世界各地的幾十個科學小組一直在___一種實用而經(jīng)濟的方法來利用陽光來分解水分子。本句表達“科學小組一直從事于一種實用而經(jīng)濟的方法”，因此A選項正確。

3.單選題

Themoneyspentonmedicalinsurancelastyearwasfourtimes___tenyearsago.

問題1選項

A.muchmore

B.asmuchas

C.thatasmuchofthat

D.asmuchasthatof

【答案】B

【解析】考查平行結構。平行結構指and,but,aswellas,or,orelse,both...and,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…but(also),asmuchas等并列連詞連接兩個對等的詞或者對等的結構：1.所連接的謂語形式必須一致，2.所連接的詞或短語形式必須一致，3.連接的非謂語動詞的形式必須一致；整個題干有省略的部分，把句子展開Themoneyspentonsocialinsurancelastyearwasfourtimes___thatspentonsocialinsurancetenyearsago.句意：去年花在社會保險上的錢是十年前花在社會保險上的四倍，即可以看出句子中的平行結構themoney與省略的that平行，spentonsocialinsurancelastyear與省略的spentonsocialinsurancetenyearsago平行。A選項：muchmore后邊接多音節(jié)形容詞或者副詞，也能接可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)或者不可數(shù)名詞，more是much或者many的比較級，代入后不符合題干；C，D選項代入后可以看到that重復，破壞平行結構；B選項代入后符合平行結構。因此B選項正確。

4.單選題

Thelittlemanwas___onemeterfiftyhigh.

問題1選項

A.almostmorethan

B.hardlymorethan

C.nearlymorethan

D.asmuchas

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項almostmorethan“幾乎超過”；B選項hardlymorethan“不足；僅僅”；C選項nearlymorethan“差不多超過”；D選項asmuchas“幾乎；多達；至多”。句意：這個矮小的男人身高___一米五十。本句表達“矮小的男人身高不足一米五”因此B選項正確。

5.單選題

Onlywhenchildrenmake___effortscantheybecomesuccessful.

問題1選項

A.arduous

B.adequate

C.affluent

D.abundant

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項arduous“努力的；費力的；險峻的”；B選項adequate“充足的（能滿足需要的，不強調富余）；適當?shù)?；勝任的”；C選項affluent“富裕的；豐富的（有很多錢和良好的生活水平）；流暢的”；D選項abundant“豐富的；充裕的；盛產(chǎn)的（著重某物極為豐富有或大量的供應）”。句意：只有當孩子們做出足夠的努力，他們才能成功。本句表達“足夠的努力”，因此B選項正確。

6.單選題

AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidonexpandingeducation,withgirlsaswellasboys___togotoschool.

問題1選項

A.tobeencouraged

B.beenencouraged

C.beingencouraged

D.beencourage

【答案】C

【解析】考查非謂語動詞。介詞with可引出分詞獨立結構，表示一種陪襯性動作或補充說明。A選項：動詞不定式常作目的狀語或表示將來的動作，不能引出陪襯性動作；B選項和D選項這兩種形式不屬于非謂語動詞，排除；C選項現(xiàn)在分詞表示陪襯性動作，符合題意。因此C選項正確。

7.單選題

Ⅷ.Internationallaw

Legalconceptsofdomesticlawprofoundlyinfluencethewayhowoneapproachesandconceptualizesinternationallaw.JamesCrawfordhasobservedthat“itcannotbesaidtoooftenthatourthinkingaboutlawisinfiltrated,marinated,drenchedwiththeinfluenceofnationallegalsystems,withtheircharacteristicwaysofenforcingobligationsandvindicatingrights.Wewereallnationallawyersfirst”.Thatissurelyright(althoughthetrendtowardsspecializationthaterodestheauthorityofgeneralistsmightalsoeventuallyexpungethememoryofthedomesticoriginsoftheinvisiblecollege).

Thedomesticlawperspectiveapplieswithparticularforcetointernationaltreatiesthatcombineaconsensualform,primafaciereminiscentofthestructureemployedinthedomesticlawofcontracts,withasubstantivebreadth,primafacieextendingbeyondthelegalrelationshipsthatwouldbeaddressedbythelawofcontractsindomesticlaw.AconvenientpointofdepartureisthepropositionmadebyArnoldMcNairaslongagoasin1930,contrastingthevarietylegalformsemployedbythedomesticlegalorderwiththesparsenessofformbywhichinternationallawaddressedsubstantivelycomparablelegalrelationships:Theinternallawsofthemodernstateprovideitsmemberswithavarietyoflegalinstrumentsfortheregulationoflifewithinthatcommunity:thecontract;theconveyanceorassignmentofimmovableormovableproperty,whichmaybemadeforvaluableconsiderationormaybeagiftoranexchange;thegratuitouspromiseclothedinaparticularform;thecharterorprivateActofParliamentcreatingacorporation;legislation,whichmaybeconstituent,suchasawrittenconstitution,fragmentaryorcomplete,ormaybedeclaratoryofexistinglaw,orcreatenewlaw,orcodifyexistinglawwithcomparativelyunimportantchanges.Further,thoughrarely,wemayfindaconstitutionaldocumentwhichcloselyresemblestheinternationaltreatyitself.

Ifthedebateisputinahistoricalperspective,itmaybesaidthattheappropriatenessofdomesticanalogieshasbeendebatedinslightlydifferingtermsbyeachsucceedinggenerationofinternationallawyers.Inthelate19thcentury,HeinrichTriepeldrewthedistinctionbetweentreatiesanalogoustocontractsproperlyso-called,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedopposinginterests,andthelaw-makingtreatiesanalogoustoagreements,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedcommoninterests.

Intheinter-Warperiod,HerschLauterpachtdismissedanypracticalvalueofthedistinction,andmadeapowerfulargumentofanalogybetweendomesticcontractlawontheonehandandthelawoftreatiesandparticulartreatyregimesontheotherhand.Conversely,McNairmadeanequallypowerfulargumentforabroaderlistofpossibleanalogiesfromdomesticlaw,shiftingtheattentiontopubliclaw,andinparticularcasesshowingscepticismaboutthevalueofrelyingonprivatelaw.

1.JamesCrawfordthinksthat___.

2.ArnoldMcNaircomparedlegalformsindomesticlawwiththoseofinternationallawin1930andfoundthat___.

3.HeinrichTriepelmadethedistinctionbetween___.

4.Fromthelastparagraph,wecanseethatHerschLauterpachtandMcNair___.

問題1選項

A.thecharacteristicwaysofenforcingobligationsinnationallegalsystemdecidestheinternationallegalsystem

B.influenceofnationallegalsystemsgetintoone’sthinkingaboutlaw

C.nationallawyerscandothingsbetter

D.internationallawismarinatedbynationallaw

問題2選項

A.forsubstantivelycomparablelegalrelationshipsthereweremuchlessformsofinternationallaw

B.internationaltreatiesresemblethestructureemployedinthedomesticlaw

C.thedomesticlawperspectiveapplieswithparticularforcetointernationaltreaties

D.thegratuitouspromiseisclothedinaparticularform

問題3選項

A.treatiesandcontracts

B.internationallawyersanddomesticlawyers

C.contractualparties

D.differenttypesoftreaties

問題4選項

A.disagreedonthenatureofinternationallaw

B.bothmadeanalogiesofinternationallawtodomesticlaw

C.applieddifferentmethodologyinanalyzingtherelationbetweeninternationallawanddomesticlaw

D.haddifferentviewinpossibleanalogies

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“JamesCrawford”定位到原文第一段JamesCrawfordhasobservedthat“itcannotbesaidtoooftenthatourthinkingaboutlawisinfiltrated,marinated,drenchedwiththeinfluenceofnationallegalsystems,withtheircharacteristicwaysofenforcingobligationsandvindicatingrights.Wewereallnationallawyersfirst”.（詹姆斯?克勞福德曾指出，“我們對法律的思考被國家法律體系的影響所滲透、浸泡、浸透，以及它們執(zhí)行義務和維護權利的獨特方式，這種情況不能說太多。我們首先都是國家律師”）可知選B選項“國家法律制度的影響進入人們對法律的思考”，同時可知A選項“在本國法律體系中履行義務的獨特方式?jīng)Q定了國際法律體系”錯誤，我們對法律的思考被它們執(zhí)行義務和維護權利的獨特方式所影響，但是并沒有說在本國法律體系中履行義務的獨特方式能決定國際法律體系；C選項“國家律師可以做得更好”，D選項“國際法受國內法的制約”未提及。因此B選項正確。

2.事實細節(jié)題。定位到原文第二段開頭Thedomesticlawperspectiveapplieswithparticularforcetointernationaltreatiesthatcombineaconsensualform,primafaciereminiscentofthestructureemployedinthedomesticlawofcontracts,withasubstantivebreadth,primafacieextendingbeyondthelegalrelationshipsthatwouldbeaddressedbythelawofcontractsindomesticlaw.（國內法的觀點特別適用于國際條約，這些條約結合了協(xié)商一致的形式，表面上使人想起國內合同法所采用的結構，實質上具有廣泛性，表面上超越了國內法中合同法所處理的法律關系）可知B選項“國際條約類似于國內法所采用的結構”，C選項“國內法的觀點特別適用于國際條約”和原文相符；第一段thegratuitouspromiseclothedinaparticularform（無償?shù)某兄Z是以一種特殊的形式體現(xiàn)出來的）可知D選項“無償?shù)某兄Z是以一種特殊的形式體現(xiàn)出來的”符合原文；A選項“就實質性可比的法律關系而言，國際法的形式要少得多”原文未提及。因此A選項符合題意。

3.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“HeinrichTriepel”定位到原文第三段HeinrichTriepeldrewthedistinctionbetweentreatiesanalogoustocontractsproperlyso-called,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedopposinginterests,andthelaw-makingtreatiesanalogoustoagreements,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedcommoninterests.（海因里希?特里佩爾區(qū)分了類似于合同的條約，即所謂的合同當事人追求對立利益的條約，以及類似于協(xié)議的立法條約，即合同當事人追求共同利益的條約）可知選D選項“不同類型的條約”；A選項“條約和合同”，B選項“國際律師和國內律師”以及C選項“合同方”和原文不符合。因此D選項符合題意。

4.定位到原文最后一段Intheinter-Warperiod,HerschLauterpachtdismissedanypracticalvalueofthedistinction,andmadeapowerfulargumentofanalogybetweendomesticcontractlawontheonehandandthelawoftreatiesandparticulartreatyregimesontheotherhand.Conversely,McNairmadeanequallypowerfulargumentforabroaderlistofpossibleanalogiesfromdomesticlaw,shiftingtheattentiontopubliclaw,andinparticularcasesshowingscepticismaboutthevalueofrelyingonprivatelaw.（在兩次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，HerschLauterpacht駁斥了這種區(qū)別的任何實際價值，并對國內合同法與條約和特定條約制度的法律之間的類比進行了強有力的論證。相反，麥克奈爾提出了一個同樣有力的論點，認為可以從國內法中進行更廣泛的類比，并將注意力轉移到公法上，特別是那些對依靠私法的價值表示懷疑的案例）可知選D選項“在可能的類比中有不同的觀點”；最后一段未提到他倆在國際法上有分歧，A選項“在國際法的性質上有分歧”錯誤；B選項“兩者都將國際法與國內法進行了類比”和原文不符合；C選項“在分析國際法和國內法之間的關系時采用了不同的方法”在最后一段未提及。因此D選項正確。

8.單選題

Hedoesnot___asateacherofEnglishashispronunciationisterrible.

問題1選項

A.equal

B.match

C.qualify

D.fit

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項equal“等于；比得上”；B選項match“相配，相稱；相似；與……成對；配對；”；C選項qualify“限定，修飾；使具有資格；證明……合格”；D選項fit“安裝；使……適應；使……合身；與……相符”。句意：他不能___英語教師的工作，因為他的發(fā)音很糟糕。本句表達“他沒有資格作為英語老師”，因此C選項正確。

9.單選題

Ⅵ.(Jurisprudence)

Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.Iwasquiteclear,asGreenberg’sdiscussionreveals,aboutwhatImeantbyit,andsotherealquestioniswhetheranyoneiscommittedtoaFoundationalistStoryaboutthetheoryofadjudication.Greenberg,however,makesthesurprisingclaimthatnooneissocommitted.RecognizingthatDworkinisonepossibletargetoftheRealistcritiqueasIreconstructit,Greenbergclaimsthat“theright-answerthesisisnotcentraltoDworkin’sproject.”Theright-answerthesis—theideathateverycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw—wouldbeanexampleofaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication,andsotheRealistcritiquewouldthenhaveapotent,livingtarget.WhenGreenbergclaimstheFoundationalistaspectofDworkin’stheoryisn’tcentralheisnotmakingaclaimabouttheamountofeffortDworkindevotestodefendingtheright-answerthesis,whichisobviouslysubstantial.Greenberg’srealclaimisthattheDworkinofLaw’sEmpireisnotnecessarilycommittedtotheright-answerthesis.IratheragreewithGreenbergthatDworkin“ismostconcernedtoestablish...thatlawdependsinaparticularwayonmorality”andthat“theright-answerthesis...isadownstreamconsequenceofhisoveralltheoryoflawinconjunctionwithhisviewaboutmorality”.Sofar,thisisjustacomplicatedadmissionthatDworkinacceptsaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication;thebestGreenbergcandoistoassert“thatmostofDworkin’sargumentscouldsucceedconsistentwiththefalsityoftheright-answerthesis.”GreenbergdoesnotshowthatthisisDworkin’sview,anditiscertainlynotDworkin’sviewinhisearlywork,sincethe“retroactivity”objectiontolegalpositivismturns,quiteclearly,onthetruthoftheright-answerthesis.GreenbergmaybecorrectthatonecouldhaveaviewaboutthenatureofmoralitydifferentthanDworkin’sandgiveuptheright-answerthesis:JohnMackiewouldbeacaseinpoint,thoughnottheoneGreenberghasinmind,andnotoneDworkinwouldbehappywith.ButnoneofthischangesthefactthattheactualRonaldDworkinholdsatheoryofadjudicationinvolvingtheFoundationalistStorybecauseheholdsaparticularviewaboutlawandmorality.

71.Greenbergpronouncestheuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”.Theauthorrebutthecomment____.

72.Theessenceoftheright-answerthesisisthat___.

73.Fromtheunderlinedsentence,onecanknowthat___.

74.Readingthewholeparagraph,whichofthefollowingstatementsiswrong?

問題1選項

A.cynically

B.byfightingback

C.withdisagreement

D.withagreement

問題2選項

A.nooneiscommittedtoaFoundationalistStoryaboutthetheoryofadjudication

B.itisnotcentraltoDworkin’sproject

C.itisapotent,livingtargetoftheRealistcritique

D.everycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw

問題3選項

A.GreenburgdidnotthinkofJohnMackie

B.JohnMackiegaveuptheright-answerthesis

C.DworkinwasnothappywithJohnMackie

D.JohnMackiedecidedacase,whichreflectsGreenburg’stheory

問題4選項

A.Theauthorisbasicallyafoundationalistscholar.

B.TheauthorisarguingwithMr.Greenburg.

C.TheauthordoesnotagreewithDworkingtheory.

D.Greenburgmaybecorrectinoneaspect.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】71.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文開頭Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.（格林伯格宣布我使用的短語“審判理論”是“不尋常的”，恐怕我只能用一個限定詞來回敬：“審判理論”根本沒有標準用法，因此，似乎有通常意義的寫作本身就是“不尋常的”）可知作者是通過提出自己的觀點來反駁格林伯格的觀點，選B選項“通過反擊”；A選項“冷笑”，C選項“與之有分歧”以及D選項“與之協(xié)議”都不符合原文。因此B選項正確。

72.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵字“theright-answer”定位到原文Theright-answerthesis—theideathateverycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw—wouldbeanexampleofaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication,andsotheRealistcritiquewouldthenhaveapotent,livingtarget.（正確答案命題——即每個案例在法律問題上都有正確答案的想法——將是一個關于裁決的基礎主義故事的例子，因此現(xiàn)實主義批判就有了一個有力的、活生生的目標）可知選D選項“作為一項法律問題，每個案例都有正確答案”，同時可知A選項“沒有人致力于一個關于裁決理論的基礎主義故事”，C選項“它是現(xiàn)實主義批判的一個有力的、活生生的目標”錯誤，并不是正確答案命題的本質；B選項“這不是德沃金項目的中心”也不能回答正確答案命題的本質這個問題，排除。因此D選項正確。

73.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到劃線句子部分GreenbergmaybecorrectthatonecouldhaveaviewaboutthenatureofmoralitydifferentthanDworkin’sandgiveuptheright-answerthesis:JohnMackiewouldbeacaseinpoint,thoughnottheoneGreenberghasinmind,andnotoneDworkinwouldbehappywith.（格林伯格可能是正確的，人們可以有一個不同于德沃金的關于道德本質的觀點，并放棄正確答案的論點：約翰?麥凱將是一個恰當?shù)睦?，盡管不是格林伯格心目中的那個，也不是德沃金會滿意的）可以判斷出德沃金對約翰?麥凱不太滿意，選C選項“德沃金對約翰?麥基不滿意”；A選項“格林伯格沒有想到約翰?麥基”和原文相悖；B選項“約翰?麥基放棄了正確答案的論點”劃線句子未涉及，排除；D選項“約翰?麥基決定了一個案件，這反映了格林伯格的理論”和原文相悖。因此C選項符合題意。

74.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。閱讀原文可知作者只是在客觀的評價各個學者的觀點，而不是基礎主義方法論者，選A選項“作者基本上是一位基礎主義學者”；根據(jù)原文Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.（格林伯格宣布我使用的短語“審判理論”是“不尋常的”，恐怕我只能用一個限定詞來回敬：“審判理論”根本沒有標準用法，因此，似乎有通常意義的寫作本身就是“不尋常的”）可知B選項“作者正在和格林伯格先生爭論”符合原文；由原文IratheragreewithGreenbergthatDworkin“ismostconcernedtoestablish...thatlawdependsinaparticularwayonmorality”andthat“theright-answerthesis...isadownstreamconsequenceofhisoveralltheoryoflawinconjunctionwithhisviewaboutmorality”.（我相當同意格林伯格的觀點，即德沃金“最關心的是確定……法律以一種特定的方式依賴于道德”，“正確答案理論……是他整體法律理論和他關于道德的觀點的下游結果”）可知C選項“作者不同意德沃金理論”，作者認為德沃金的理論是下游結果，以及D選項“在某一方面，格林伯格可能是正確的”符合原文。因此A選項符合題意。

10.單選題

IX.ForensicAppraisal

ManycriminalprocedurescholarswhovaguelyfollowedtheKingcasehadahardtimeunderstandingwhatthefusswasabout.Theirpositionmightbesummedupbythemajority’sassertionthat“DNAidentificationisanadvancedtechniquesuperiortofingerprintinginmanyways,somuchsothattoinsistonfingerprintsasthenormwouldmakelittlesensetoeithertheforensicexpertoralayperson.”ConsideringthattheFBIdatabasecontainsover100millionsetsoffingerprints,andthatitprocessedmorethan61millionten-printsubmissionsin2010alone,thisequationofDNAidentificationwithfingerprinttechnologysuggestsabrightfutureforlawenforcement’sDNAcollectionpractices.Sowhatdifferencewoulditmakeifpolicehadmillionpeople’sgenetic,ratherthanbiometric,material?

ThisPartaddressesthreemisconceptionsaboutforensicDNAtypingthatpermeatetheKingopinion:first,thatDNAtypingwillonlybeofconcerntocriminals;second,thatthepolicewillnotprobesensitiveorprivategeneticinformation,andthatlawsprotectagainstmisuse;andthird,thatcollectingmoreDNAsamplesfromknownindividualswillsolvealotofcrime.Inshort,thepriorPartarguesthattheKingopinioncanbereadasanembraceofexpansiveforensicDNAtesting.

KingmightbeviewedlessasastatementaboutthelegalstatusofDNAsamplingthanaboutthelegalstatusofarrestees.ItcouldbeseenassimplyanaturaloutgrowthofSamsonv.California,thecasethatjustifiedrandomsearchesofparoleeswithoutawarrantorsuspicionbasedontheirdiminishedstatusassubjectswithconditionalliberty.Inthistelling,Kingisnotadeclarationofgeneraldisinterestingeneticprivacy,butsimplyanexpressionoftheCourt’slackofsolicitudeforthoseentangledinthecriminaljusticesystem.ButifwhatdecidedtheissuefortheCourtwasthatarresteesdeservelessprotectionthan“theaveragecitizen,”thenitseemsthattheCourtcouldhaveresteditsopiniononthosegroundsalone.Inotherwords,theCourtcouldhavesaid,“DNAtestingisaseriousandsignificantintrusiononbodilyintegrity.ButtheConstitutionpermitsthestate,withacompellingenoughinterest,toimpingeonthemostfundamentalaspectsofbodilyprivacywhenitcomestoarrestees.Thus,theConstitutionpermitstheDNAsamplingofanarrestee,despitetheseriousnessoftheintrusioninvolved.”Itcouldhavewalledofftheopinionasacategoricalexceptionthatappliesonlytoconvictedoffendersandarrestees,anddeclaredthelaw-abidingpublic’sDNAoutofbounds.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatfingerprintis___andDNAis___.

2.WhichoneisNOTamisconceptionsaboutforensicDNAtyping?

3.TheauthorthinksthattheKingcase___.

4.FromwhichofthefollowingcanyouseethattheauthorthinksthattheissuefortheCourtwasnotthatarresteesdeservelessprotectionthan“theaveragecitizen”?

問題1選項

A.genetic,biometric

B.biometric,genetic

C.genetic,genetictoo

D.biometric,biometrictoo

問題2選項

A.DNAtypingwillnotbeofconcerntoordinarypeople.

B.ThemoreDNAsamplesfromindividualsarecollected,morecrimeswillbesolved.

C.Policewillnotlookintosensitiveorprivategeneticinformation.

D.AlotofcrimeswillbesolvedifmoreDNAsamplesarecollectedfromknownindividuals.

問題3選項

A.isastatementaboutthelegalstatusofDNAsampling

B.astatementaboutthelegalstatusofarrestees

C.acasethatjustifiedrandomsearchesofparoleeswithoutawarrant

D.isadeclarationofgeneraldisinterestingeneticprivacy

問題4選項

A.DNAtestingisaseriousandsignificantintrusiononbodilyintegrity.

B.ConstitutionpermitstheDNAsamplingofanarrestee.

C.TheConstitutionpermitsthestatetoimpingeonthemostfundamentalaspectsofbodilyprivacy.

D.TheCourtcouldhaveresteditsopiniononthosegroundsalone.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Sowhatdifferencewoulditmakeifpolicehadmillionpeople’sgenetic,ratherthanbiometric,material?（那么，如果警方擁有的是數(shù)百萬人的基因資料，而不是生物特征資料，會有什么不同呢?）可以推測出DNA信息為基因資料，指紋信息為生物特征資料，選B選項“生物特征識別的；基因的”；A選項“基因的；生物特征識別的”，C選項“基因的；基因的”，D選項“生物特征識別的；生物特征識別的”都不符合原文。因此B選項正確。

2.事實細節(jié)題。定位到原文第二段ThisPartaddressesthreemisconceptionsaboutforensicDNAtypingthatpermeatetheKingopinion:first,thatDNAtypingwillonlybeofconcerntocriminals;second,thatthepolicewillnotprobesensitiveorprivategeneticinformation,andthatlawsprotectagainstmisuse;andthird,thatcollectingmoreDNAsamplesfromknownindividualswillsolvealotofcrime.（本部分論述了貫穿金觀點的關于法醫(yī)DNA分型的三個誤解：首先，DNA分型只會引起罪犯的關注；第二，警方不會調查敏感或私人的基因信息，法律保護不被濫用；第三，從已知個體中收集更多的DNA樣本將破獲很多犯罪）可知A選項“普通人不會關心DNA分型”，C選項“警方不會調查敏感或私人的基因信息”以及D選項“如果從已知的個體中收集更多的DNA樣本，很多犯罪將會被解決”和原文對應；B選項“從個人身上收集的DNA樣本越多，偵破的案件就越多”原文未提及。因此B選項符合題意。

3.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第一句KingmightbeviewedlessasastatementaboutthelegalstatusofDNAsamplingthanaboutthelegalstatusofarrestees.（King可能被看作是一個關于DNA取樣的法律地位的聲明，而不是關于被捕者的法律地位）可知選A選項“是關于DNA取樣的法律地位的聲明”，同時可知B選項“關于被逮捕者的法律地位的聲明”和原文相悖；第三段ItcouldbeseenassimplyanaturaloutgrowthofSamsonv.California,thecasethatjustifiedrandomsearchesofparoleeswithoutawarrantorsuspicionbasedontheirdiminishedstatusassubjectswithconditionalliberty.（它可以被簡單地看作是薩姆森訴加州案的自然結果，在這個案件中，基于假釋者作為有條件自由的主體地位的下降，在沒有搜查令或懷疑的情況下對他們進行隨機搜查是合理的）可知C選項“一個沒有搜查令就對假釋犯進行隨機搜查的案件”錯誤，薩姆森訴加州案才是一個沒有搜查令就對假釋犯進行隨機搜查的案件；第三段Inthistelling,Kingisnotadeclarationofgeneraldisinterestingeneticprivacy（在這段講述中，金并不是一個對基因隱私普遍不感興趣的宣言）可知D選項“是對基因隱私普遍不感興趣的聲明”和原文相悖。因此A選項正確。

4.推理判斷題。定位到最后一段末ButifwhatdecidedtheissuefortheCourtwasthatarresteesdeservelessprotectionthan“theaveragecitizen,”thenitseemsthattheCourtcouldhaveresteditsopiniononthosegroundsalone.Inotherwords,theCourtcouldhavesaid,“DNAtestingisaseriousandsignificantintrusiononbodilyintegrity.ButtheConstitutionpermitsthestate,withacompellingenoughinterest,toimpingeonthemostfundamentalaspectsofbodilyprivacywhenitcomestoarrestees.Thus,theConstitutionpermitstheDNAsamplingofanarrestee,despitetheseriousnessoftheintrusioninvolved.”Itcouldhavewalledofftheopinionasacategoricalexceptionthatappliesonlytoconvictedoffendersandarrestees,anddeclaredthelaw-abidingpublic’sDNAoutofbounds.（但是，如果決定最高法院的問題是被逮捕者應得到比“一般公民”更少的保護，那么似乎最高法院可以僅以這些理由作為其意見的依據(jù)。換句話說，最高法院可以說，“DNA檢測是對身體完整性的嚴重而重大的侵犯。但是，當涉及到被捕者時，憲法允許國家以足夠令人信服的利益侵犯身體隱私的最基本方面。因此，《憲法》允許對被逮捕者進行DNA取樣，盡管所涉入侵的情況很嚴重?！彼究梢詫⑦@一觀點作為只適用于已定罪的罪犯和被逮捕者的絕對例外加以隔離，并宣布守法公眾的DNA是不可侵犯的。）可知選B選項“憲法允許對被捕者進行DNA取樣”，原文所說是憲法允許國家以足夠令人信服的利益侵犯身體隱私的最基本方面，C選項“憲法允許國家侵犯身體隱私的最基本方面”和原文有偏差；A選項“DNA測試是對身體完整性的嚴重而重要的侵犯”和D選項“法院本可以僅以這些理由作為其意見的依據(jù)”是在最高法院的問題是被逮捕者應得到比“一般公民”更少的保護的情況下成立，和題目相悖。因此B選項正確。

11.單選題

Ireallywantedtosaysomethingatthemeeting,buteventually___fromit.

問題1選項

A.prevented

B.restrained

C.refrained

D.restricted

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項prevented“預防，防止；阻止”；B選項restrained“抑制，控制；約束；制止（多用于refrainfromdoingsth.指克制自己以避免做某事）”；C選項refrained“節(jié)制，克制（以防變得過于激烈、強硬或直白）；避免；制止（通過拘留、上手銬等方式阻止囚犯等的暴力行為）（多用于restrainsb.fromdoingsth.）”；D選項restricted“限制，約束（使之不超過需要的范圍，如大小、規(guī)模等）；限定（活動或行為）”。句意：我真想在會上說點什么，但最后還是___了。根據(jù)固定搭配restrainsb.fromdoingsth.可知本句表達“最后忍住了”，因此C選項正確。

12.單選題

IX.ForensicAppraisal

Asacategoricalmatter,thescienceofShakenBabySyndrome(SBS)cannolongersupportafindingofproofbeyondareasonabledoubtintriad-only(三聯(lián)征)cases—caseswhichrepresentasignificantnumberofSBSprosecutions.Putsimply,herechangehasraisedtherealpossibilityofpasterror.

Inthepast,themerepresenceofretinalhemorrhaging,(視網(wǎng)膜出血)subduralhematoma(硬膜下血腫),andcerebraledema(腦水腫)wastakentomeanthatababyhadbeenshakenhardenoughtoproducewhatwereconceptualizedaswhiplashforces.AccordingtotheconventionalunderstandingofSBS,theapplicationofrotationalaccelerationanddecelerationforcestotheinfant’sheadcausesthebraintorotateintheskull.Abruptdecelerationallowscontinuingbrainrotationuntilbridgingveinsarestretchedandruptured,causingathinlayerofsubduralhaemorrhageonthesurfaceofthebrain.Retinalhemorrhageswerethoughttoresultfromasimilarcausalmechanism.Mostsignificantly,thetriadofsymptomswasbelievedtobedistinctlycharacteristicofviolentshaking.

Despiteitslingeringpresenceinthepopularimagination,thescientificunderpinningsofSBShavecrumbledoverthepastdecadeasthemedicalestablishmenthasdeliberatelydiscardedadiagnosisdefinedbyshaking.Althoughnosinglenomenclaturehasemergedinitsplace,doctorsarenowinwidespreadagreementthatSBSisanunhelpfulcharacterization,andthatthepresenceofretinalhemorrhagesandsubduralhematomacannotconclusivelyprovethatinjurywasinflicted.

Althoughitmaybetemptingtoconcludesimplythatscienceevolves,andleavetheinquirythere,thestoryismorecomplex;anobjectlessoninscientificoverreachingandthechallengeofcorrection.

AnumberofforcescoalescedtotransformSBSfromacertaindiagnosisintoitscurrentstateofflux.Mostimportantly,inthemid-tolate-1990s,medicalresearch,includingtheSBSliterature,becamesubjecttoaheightenedlevelofscrutiny.Thenewevidence-basedmedicinestandardsrequireddoctorstoderivetheirresearchfrommethodsthatarescientificandstatisticallyrigorous.Thechangetriggeredareviewoftheevidencesupportinganumberofareasofmedicine,andincludedacomprehensiveefforttoexaminethescienceunderlyingSBS.

Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination:themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS.

83.OnelearnsfromtheparagraphsthatSBSis___.

84.Thepresenceofthefollowingsyndromesmakesthedoctorsbelievethatababywasshakenhard,except___.

85.Accordingtothelastparagraph,thefollowingstatementisNOTcorrect___.

86.Onecanforeseethataftertherecentresearchresultbasedonevidence,___.

問題1選項

A.adiseasethatcanbecaughtbyababy

B.asyndromethatcourtsusetochargeadefendantforababy’sdeath

C.asyndromethatdoctorslookattodeterminethecauseofababy’sdeath

D.anewdiscovery

問題2選項

A.thebabywaslessthanoneyearold

B.retinalhemorrhaging

C.subduralhematoma

D.cerebraledema

問題3選項

A.themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusion

B.thepreviousconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBSwasnotcorrect

C.theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinadifferentresult

D.themedicalliteraturepublishedafter1998containedadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusion

問題4選項

A.theprosecutionofSBSdefendantwillnolongerexist

B.thepastconvictionofSBSwilldefinitelybeannouncedtobeerror

C.therewillprobablybechallengetopastconvictionfo