2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號13

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Thisistheseventhyear___thatthey’vewonthecup.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.insubstance

B.insuccession

C.insuspension

D.insequence

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)insubstance“實(shí)質(zhì)上；基本上；事實(shí)上”；B選項(xiàng)“接連地；連續(xù)地”；C選項(xiàng)insuspension“懸浮中”；D選項(xiàng)insequence“依次；逐一”。句意：這是他們___第七年獲得冠軍。本句表達(dá)“連續(xù)第七年”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

We___theradiosignalsforhelpfromtheplane.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.pickedout

B.pickedoff

C.pickedat

D.pickedup

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)pickedout“挑選出”；B選項(xiàng)pickedoff“摘掉；拔去；截??；傳感器”；C選項(xiàng)pickedat“吃得很少；挑毛病；指責(zé)”；D選項(xiàng)pickedup“撿起；獲得，收到；收拾；（汽車；飛機(jī)）乘載；不費(fèi)力地學(xué)會(huì)”。句意：我們___飛機(jī)發(fā)出求救的無線電信號。本句表達(dá)“收到飛機(jī)發(fā)出的信號”，因此選D項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthenconvertthemintomoney.

Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseyeontheconsumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.

Thisconceptdoesnotsimplythatbusinessisbenevolent(慈善的)orthatconsumersatisfactionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransaction—thefirmandthecustomer—andeachmustbesatisfiesbeforetradeoccurs.Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.Astrikingexampleoftheimportanceofcateringtheconsumerpresenteditselfinmid1985,whenCocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.Thenon-acceptanceofthenewflavorbyasignificantportionofthepublicbroughtaboutapromptrestorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketedalongsidethenewKingCustomerruled!

46.Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence,___.

47.Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwaswidelyaccepted?

48.Accordingtothepassage,“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”(Para.1)means___.

49.WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate?

50.Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thepracticeofturninggoodsintomoney

B.makinggoodsavailableforpurchase

C.thecustomer-centeredapproach

D.aformofpersuasivesalesmanship

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theneedsofthemarket.

B.Theefficiencyofproduction.

C.Thesatisfactionoftheuser.

D.Thepreferencesofthedealer.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.tosellthelargestpossibleamountofgoods

B.totransportgoodsasefficientlyaspossible

C.todisposeofthesegoodsinlargequantities

D.toredesignthesegoodsforlargescaleproduction

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Traditionalgoodshaveastrongerappealtothemajorityofpeople.

B.Ittakestimeforanewproducttobeacceptedbythepublic.

C.Consumerswithconservativetastesareoftendifficulttoplease.

D.Productsmustbedesignedtosuitthetasteoftheconsumer.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.itsmaincharacteristic

B.itssocialimpact

C.itspossibleconsequence

D.itstheoreticalbasis

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】46.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseyeontheconsumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept（市場營銷注重顧客的需求。它首先分析顧客的喜好和需求，然后再生產(chǎn)出他們滿意的商品。這種著眼于顧客的銷售方式就是人們所說的市場營銷），說明市場營銷是以顧客為中心的銷售方式。選C選項(xiàng)“一種以客戶為中心的方法”。A選項(xiàng)“把產(chǎn)品變成金錢的一種做法”和D選項(xiàng)“銷售人員說服勸導(dǎo)的一種方式”是傳統(tǒng)銷售的方式，排除；B選項(xiàng)“根據(jù)人們的購買需求生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品”，由原文可知，這只是市場營銷的一個(gè)步驟，而不是其本質(zhì)，錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

47.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文首段Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.（就在幾年前，大多數(shù)行業(yè)主要專注于產(chǎn)品的高效生產(chǎn)，然后依靠“有說服力的銷售技巧”來盡可能多地銷售這些產(chǎn)品）可知，市場營銷這一概念被普遍采用之前，企業(yè)家們主要關(guān)心的是生產(chǎn)效率，選B選項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)效率”；A選項(xiàng)“市場需求”，C選項(xiàng)“用戶的滿意度”以及D選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)銷商的偏好”都不符合原文給出的信息。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

48.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】語義推測題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”可以定位到文章第一段第二句Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.（就在幾年前，大多數(shù)行業(yè)主要專注于產(chǎn)品的高效生產(chǎn)，然后依靠“有說服力的銷售技巧”來盡可能多地銷售這些產(chǎn)品。），說明“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”在文中是指“盡可能多地銷售產(chǎn)品”的意思，選A選項(xiàng)“盡可能多地銷售產(chǎn)品”；B選項(xiàng)“盡可能高效地運(yùn)輸產(chǎn)品”，C選項(xiàng)“大批量地處理這些產(chǎn)品”，D選項(xiàng)“重新設(shè)計(jì)這些產(chǎn)品以便可以大規(guī)模制造”均不符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

49.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第三句Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.（然而，成功的商人和生產(chǎn)者認(rèn)識到，最可靠的盈利途徑是通過了解和迎合消費(fèi)者。），接著舉了可口可樂公司重新恢復(fù)經(jīng)典口味可樂的例子，說明恢復(fù)經(jīng)典配方是為了迎合顧客的口味，選D選項(xiàng)“商品的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該貼合消費(fèi)者的口味”；A選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)型產(chǎn)品對于大多數(shù)人來說有著更強(qiáng)的吸引力”，B選項(xiàng)“一種新的產(chǎn)品為公眾所接受是需要時(shí)間的”，C選項(xiàng)“那些口味保守的消費(fèi)者最難取悅”在文中均沒有提及。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

50.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。結(jié)合全文可知，作者旨在向讀者介紹市場營銷這一概念的基本特征，即根據(jù)顧客的需求組織生產(chǎn)，并通過講述可口可樂公司恢復(fù)原配方這一讓人印象深刻的例子強(qiáng)化了讀者對其基本特征的了解，選A選項(xiàng)“其主要特點(diǎn)”；B選項(xiàng)“其社會(huì)影響”，C選項(xiàng)“其可能帶來的后果”，D選項(xiàng)“其理論基礎(chǔ)”在文中均沒有提及。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.單選題

IwassosicklastnightthatIfeltasiftheroom___round.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.wouldgo

B.hadgone

C.weregoing

D.shouldgo

【答案】C

【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：昨晚我病得很厲害，覺得房間里好像在轉(zhuǎn)。根據(jù)句意可知是“我”病得很厲害的這段時(shí)間覺得房間在轉(zhuǎn)，要用表示過去的時(shí)態(tài)，排除A選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)；B選項(xiàng)是過去完成時(shí)，表示發(fā)生主語謂語動(dòng)詞之前，一直延續(xù)到主句謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生停止，則為先覺得房間在轉(zhuǎn)，再病得厲害，邏輯不正確；C選項(xiàng)時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)符合原題。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Hesaidthathehadno___ofthe1978interviewandthathehadneverseenitinprint.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.recollection

B.memory

C.reminder

D.recognition

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)recollection“回憶；回憶起的事物”；B選項(xiàng)memory“記憶，記憶力；內(nèi)存，[計(jì)]存儲器；回憶”；C選項(xiàng)reminder“暗示；提醒的人/物；催單”；D選項(xiàng)recognition“識別；承認(rèn)；認(rèn)出；重視；贊譽(yù)；公認(rèn)”。句意：他說，他不___1978年的那次采訪，也從未在報(bào)紙上看到過。本句表達(dá)“不記得那次采訪”，因B此選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Ⅸ.(LitigationProcedure)

Arelatedconsequenceofthetrial’sdisappearancewouldbetheincreasingbureaucratizationofAmericansociety.Corporatebureaucraciesrationallyorganizedtoachieveprofitmaximizationwouldbelessqualified.Wewouldhavetorelymorecompletelyonouroftenpoliticallybeleagueredadministrativeagenciestocontrolthelatter.Andevenwithinthelegalsystemitself,formalisticmodesofadjudication,whichparallelbureaucraticdecision-making,wouldbelessqualified.Bureaucraticmodesofsocialorderingseek“toexcludequestionsofvalueorpreferenceasobviouslyirrelevanttotheadministrativetask,anditwouldviewrelianceonnonreplicable,nonreviewablejudgmentorintuitionasasingularlyunattractivemethodfordecision”.InsofarasabureaucraticapparatusgrindsforwardmechanicallyandinexorablywemayendupwithwhatHannahArendthasfamouslycalledanirresponsible“rulebynobody”.

Itisunlikely,however,inmanycasesthatgeneralrulesreallydodecideparticularcases.Insteadofamechanicalsystemdecidingcasesdeductively,whatwewillprobablyhaveinmanycasesarejudgesdecidingcasesintheintersticesofcomplexruleswhichdonotthemselvesdecidethecase.Unlikethedevicesofthetrial,whichcanreally“getinside”thedecision-makerandwhosemoralsourcesactuallycantrumpthesubjectivityofalonedecision-maker,complexpatternsofjurisdictional,procedural,evidentiary,andsubstantiverulescaninvitemanipulationbyaCartesianjudgeviewingthoserulesfromadistance.Afterall,asJudgePosner,putit,“Thereisalmostnolegaloutcomethatareallyskillfullegalanalystcannotcoveroverwithlegalvarnish(漆)”atleast“whenthelawisuncertainandemotionsaroused”.Thegrimpicturethatthusemergesfromthetrial’sdisappearanceisabureaucratizedworldwheretherunofcasesaregroundoutbyanirresponsiblemechanismandtheremainingcases“whenthelawisuncertainandemotionsaroused”bytheuntutoredsubjectivityorpoliticalcommitmentsofthejudge.Thereisanothereffectofthedecliningimportanceofpublicprocessesofadjudication.

Wearecontinuingtoloseamajorsourceofpublicinformationonimportantquestionsofgeneralconcern.“Aslongascourtscontinuetobeplacesthatprovidepublicdatainvolumeandkindoutstrippingthatproducedaboutadjudicationinadministrativeagencies,andaslongasprivateprovidersdonotregularlydisseminateinformationaboutorprovideaccesstotheirprocesses,”then“withthedecliningtrialratecomesadiminutionofpublicknowledgeofdisputes,ofthebehaviorofjudges，andoftheforginginpublicofnormativeresponsestodiscord.”

83.Theunderlinedsentencemeansthatbureaucraticmodesofsocialordering___.

84.ThestatementclosestinmeaningtoJudgePosner’sstatementis___.

85.Whencourtscontinuetobeplacesthatprovidepublicdata,thedecliningtrialratedoesNOTcomewith___.

86.Accordingtotheauthor,whatwillNOThappeniftrialdisappearsintheUnitedStates?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.donotlookintovalueorpreferencebutratherrelyonjudgmentorintuitionwhenmakingdecision

B.havenothingtodowithvalueorpreference

C.areakindofadministrativetask

D.relyonjudgmentorintuition

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Areallyskillfullegalanalystcanalwayscoveroverhimself

B.Askillfuljudgecanalwaysfindalegalreasonforhisjudgment

C.Thelawisuncertainandemotionsaroused

D.Legalvarnishcancoveroverlegaloutcome

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.decreaseofpublicknowledgeofdisputes

B.diminutionofpublicinformationregardingjudges’behavior

C.growthofforginginpublicofnormativeresponsestodiscord

D.lesseningofpublicawarenessofforginginpublicofnormativeresponsestodiscord

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Formalisticmodesofadjudicationwouldbelessqualified.

B.Corporatebureaucracieswouldbecomelessqualified.

C.Peoplewouldhavetorelymorecompletelyonadministrativeagencies.

D.Bureaucraticdecision-makingwouldbequalified.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】83.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到劃線句子Bureaucraticmodesofsocialorderingseek“toexcludequestionsofvalueorpreferenceasobviouslyirrelevanttotheadministrativetask,anditwouldviewrelianceonnonreplicable,nonreviewablejudgmentorintuitionasasingularlyunattractivemethodfordecision”.（社會(huì)秩序的官僚模式尋求“排除與行政任務(wù)明顯無關(guān)的價(jià)值或偏好問題，并將依賴不可復(fù)制、不可審查的判斷或直覺視為一種非常沒有吸引力的決策方法”）可知官僚模式將直覺視為決策方法，選A選項(xiàng)“不考慮價(jià)值或偏好，而是依靠判斷或直覺做決定”；B選項(xiàng)“與價(jià)值或偏好無關(guān)”，C選項(xiàng)“是一種行政任務(wù)”以及D選項(xiàng)“依靠判斷或直覺”和原文不符。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

84.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“JudgePosner”定位到原文第二段Afterall,asJudgePosner,putit,“Thereisalmostnolegaloutcomethatareallyskillfullegalanalystcannotcoveroverwithlegalvarnish(漆)”atleast“whenthelawisuncertainandemotionsaroused”.（畢竟，正如波斯納法官所說，“幾乎沒有法律的結(jié)果是一個(gè)非常熟練的法律分析師不能用法律粉飾掩蓋的”，至少“當(dāng)法律是不確定的和情緒激動(dòng)的時(shí)候”）可知選C選項(xiàng)“法律是不確定的和情緒激動(dòng)的”；A選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)真正有技巧的法律分析師總能掩飾自己”，B選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的法官總能為他的判決找到合法的理由”以及D選項(xiàng)“法律粉飾可以掩蓋法律結(jié)果”不符合原文。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

85.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“thedecliningtrialrate”定位到原文最后一段“withthedecliningtrialratecomesadiminutionofpublicknowledgeofdisputes,ofthebehaviorofjudges，andoftheforginginpublicofnormativeresponsestodiscord.”（“隨著審判率的下降，公眾對糾紛、法官行為和公眾對不和諧的規(guī)范反應(yīng)的了解也會(huì)減少?！保┛芍狢選項(xiàng)“在公眾場合形成對不和諧的規(guī)范反應(yīng)”原文未涉及；A選項(xiàng)“減少公眾對糾紛的認(rèn)識”，B選項(xiàng)“減少關(guān)于法官行為的公共信息”以及D選項(xiàng)“公眾意識的削弱，在公眾中偽造對不和諧的規(guī)范反應(yīng)”原文有提及。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

86.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字定位到原文第二段Thegrimpicturethatthusemergesfromthetrial’sdisappearanceisabureaucratizedworldwheretherunofcasesaregroundoutbyanirresponsiblemechanismandtheremainingcases“whenthelawisuncertainandemotionsaroused”bytheuntutoredsubjectivityorpoliticalcommitmentsofthejudge.（因此，從審判的消失中出現(xiàn)的嚴(yán)峻景象是一個(gè)官僚化的世界，在這個(gè)世界上，案件的運(yùn)行是由一個(gè)不負(fù)責(zé)任的機(jī)制進(jìn)行的，而剩下的案件則是“在法律不確定的情況下，由法官未經(jīng)訓(xùn)練的主觀性或政治承諾引起的情緒”所影響）可知D選項(xiàng)“官僚決策將是合格的”不會(huì)發(fā)生；A選項(xiàng)“形式主義的裁決模式不合格”，B選項(xiàng)“公司官僚機(jī)構(gòu)將變得不那么合格”以及C選項(xiàng)“人們將不得不更完全地依賴行政機(jī)構(gòu)”都會(huì)發(fā)生。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

7.單選題

Inspite___theyworkeddayandnightontheproject,theyfailedtofindoutthemechanismofthedisease.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.that

B.thefactthat

C.ofthefactthat

D.ofwhat

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配和從句。inspite通常和of搭配，表示“盡管；不管，不顧”，排除A選項(xiàng)，B選項(xiàng)；D選項(xiàng)代入到原文后，whattheyworkeddayandnightontheproject，無法得知他們夜以繼日地為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目工作的具體內(nèi)容到底是什么，theyworkeddayandnightontheproject應(yīng)是一個(gè)既定事實(shí)，句意：盡管他們夜以繼日地致力于這個(gè)項(xiàng)目，他們還是沒能找出這種疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)制。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.單選題

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroupintheUnitedStates.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Furthermore,althoughitiscommonlysupposedthatsocialgroupshaveasingleleader,researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smember.Expressiveleaderarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Groupmembersexpectexpressiveleaderstomaintainstablerelationshipswithinthegroupandprovidesupporttoindividualmembers.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyadistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT___.

3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphabout“naturalleaders”?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromParagraph2?

5.Paragraphs3and4organizethediscussionofleadershipprimarilyintermof___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.recruitment

B.formalelectionprocess

C.specificleadershiptraining

D.traditionalculturalpatterns

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”.

B.Thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist.

C.“Naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofasocialgroup.

D.“Naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Apersonwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.examplesthatillustrateaproblem

B.causeandeffectanalysis

C.narrationofevents

D.comparisonandcontrast

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一段提出有幾種不同的方法可以使人成為某個(gè)社會(huì)群體公認(rèn)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，第二段只要具有適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，第三段表明不同的人會(huì)充當(dāng)兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色，最后一段說明不同類型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色發(fā)揮的不同作用。本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者——例如instrumentalleaders以及expressiveleaders——在不同的社會(huì)群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能。選D選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在社會(huì)群體中的作用”；A選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者面臨的問題”，B選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力在小群體和大群體中的區(qū)別”以及C選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)群體如何決定誰將領(lǐng)導(dǎo)他們”不符合原文主旨。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents…Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.（在家庭中，傳統(tǒng)的文化模式賦予父母一方或雙方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位……在較大的群體中，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人通常是通過選舉或招聘正式選出的）可知A選項(xiàng)“招聘”，B選項(xiàng)“正式選舉程序”以及D選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)文化模式”符合原文；C選項(xiàng)“具體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力培訓(xùn)”原文未提及。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“naturalleaders”定位到第二段decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.（數(shù)十年的研究未能找出可靠的證據(jù)來證明那些人是“天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”?？雌饋硭坪鯖]有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個(gè)人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）可知選B選項(xiàng)“沒有證據(jù)表明‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’存在”；A選項(xiàng)“很少有人稱得上是‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’”，C選項(xiàng)“‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’很容易被一個(gè)社會(huì)群體的成員所接受”未在第二段提及；D選項(xiàng)“‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’有一組相似的特征”和原文相悖。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.（看起來似乎沒有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個(gè)人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）可知適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不一定會(huì)適合另外某個(gè)群體，選A選項(xiàng)“看起來似乎沒有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個(gè)人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”；B選項(xiàng)“很少有人成功地與他人分享領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色”，C選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人可以通過研究領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力最好地學(xué)習(xí)如何成為一個(gè)有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”以及D選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)人都想成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，但很少能拿出證據(jù)證明他們的資格”未在第二段提及。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段therearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup…Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smember.（通常情況下，不同的個(gè)體擁有兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色。工具性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)群體完成任務(wù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式……另一方面，表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)群體成員的集體福祉）以及第四段Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers…Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup…Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyadistantrespect.（工具型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者與其他群體成員的關(guān)系可能是次要的……表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者會(huì)與團(tuán)隊(duì)中的其他人建立一種更私人或更重要的關(guān)系……正如這兩種不同角色所表明的那樣：表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一般會(huì)從群體成員那里獲得更多的個(gè)人感情；而指導(dǎo)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，如果他們能成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)群體的目標(biāo)，可能會(huì)獲得更廣泛的尊重）可知這兩段是通過對比來表達(dá)不同群體會(huì)擁有兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色，選D選項(xiàng)“對比”；A選項(xiàng)“舉例說明一個(gè)問題”，B選項(xiàng)“原因和影響分析”以及C選項(xiàng)“事件的敘述”都不符合原文。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

II.LastTerm,theSupremeCourtinUnitedStatesv.Halper,unanimouslycreatedaruleoflawthatwilldisruptfederal,state,andlocalgovernments’abilitytoenforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes,includingenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection.ThislikelydisruptionflowsfromtheCourt’srecognitionthatcertainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areattimesequallyaccessibletocivildefendantsfromwhomgovernmentisattemptingtocollectcivilpenaltiesforproscribedactivity.WhiletheCourt’sdecisioninHalperfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings,itsreasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.Theseadditionalconstitutionalprotectionscouldincludetheeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendment.

TurninginitiallytothemorenarrowdoublejeopardyissueaddressedinHalper,theCourt’sapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceedingwasaremarkablechangeinthelaw.Byextendingthereachofthedoublejeopardyclause,JusticeBlackmun’sopinionignoredaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.LookingatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle,however,itistheCourt’sreasoning,apartfromitsholdingondoublejeopardythatformsthecoreofthedisruptioncreatedforgovernmentregulatoryprograms.

Forexample,intheprocessofjustifyingitsruling,theCourtfounditnecessary:(1)toblurthelinebetweencivilandcriminalpunishmentandtodefinepunishmentforconstitutionalpurposestoincludecivilpenalties;(2)todiscardastatutoryconstructiontestusedforoverfiftyyearsindecidingwhetheralegislatureintendedacriminalorcivilpenalty;(3)torejecttheconceptofdeterrenceasalegitimateobjectiveofacivilstatute;(4)toreducetheconceptofgovernmentdamagetoamonetaryformulawhileignoringsubstantialprecedentwhichrecognizedthepossibilityofnonmeasurableharmtogovernment;(5)tocreateanaccountingprocedurefordecidingwhenthelineiscrossedbetweenremedyandpunishmentforconstitutionalpurposes;and(6)toallowindividualtrialcourtstoreplacethewilloflegislaturesindecidingtherationallevelofindemnitytogovernmentforitsloss.

1.ThenewrulecreatedbytheCourtinHalpercasewilldisruptdifferentlevelsofgovernments’abilityto___.

2.AccordingtoHalper,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

3.Whatistheremarkablechangeinthelawaccordingtothesecondparagraph?

4.Readingtheparagraphsgiven,onecanfeelthatauthor___theHalpercase.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.enforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes

B.enforcealltheimportantregulatoryschemes

C.enforcetheimportantregulatoryschemesofenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection

D.enforcetheimportantregulatoryschemesotherthanenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Certainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areequallyaccessibletocivildefendants.

B.Thereasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.

C.Theeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendmentareavailabletocivildefendants.

D.TheCourt’sreasoninganddecisionfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Tonarrowdoublejeopardyissue.

B.Toignoreaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.

C.Theapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceeding.

D.TolookatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.disagreeswith

B.hasnegativefeelingwith

C.whollysupports

D.likes

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句LastTerm,theSupremeCourtinUnitedStatesv.Halper,unanimouslycreatedaruleoflawthatwilldisruptfederal,state,andlocalgovernments’abilitytoenforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes,includingenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection.（上一屆，最高法院在美國訴Halper案中一致制定了一項(xiàng)法律規(guī)則，該規(guī)則將破壞聯(lián)邦、州和地方政府執(zhí)行一系列重要監(jiān)管計(jì)劃的能力，包括環(huán)境保護(hù)、證券監(jiān)管和稅收征收）可知選A選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行一系列重要的監(jiān)管計(jì)劃”；B選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行所有重要的規(guī)管計(jì)劃”，C選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行環(huán)境保護(hù)、證券監(jiān)管、稅收征管等重要監(jiān)管方案”以及D選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行除環(huán)境保護(hù)、證券監(jiān)管和稅收征管外的重要監(jiān)管計(jì)劃”都不符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段ThislikelydisruptionflowsfromtheCourt’srecognitionthatcertainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areattimesequallyaccessibletocivildefendantsfromwhomgovernmentisattemptingtocollectcivilpenaltiesforproscribedactivity.（這種可能造成的干擾是由于最高法院認(rèn)識到，某些憲法保護(hù)以前被認(rèn)為只適用于刑事被告，但有時(shí)也適用于民事被告，政府正試圖對被禁止的活動(dòng)收取民事處罰）可知A選項(xiàng)“某些憲法保護(hù)以前被認(rèn)為只適用于刑事被告，現(xiàn)在對民事被告也同樣適用”和原文不符；第一段WhiletheCourt’sdecisioninHalperfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings,itsreasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.Theseadditionalconstitutionalprotectionscouldincludetheeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendment.（雖然法院在Halper案中的裁決只側(cè)重于將雙重危險(xiǎn)條款擴(kuò)展到民事處罰程序，但其推理和裁定的范圍足夠廣泛，允許將其他憲法保護(hù)適用于政府發(fā)起的民事處罰案件。這些附加的憲法保護(hù)包括第八修正案、第五修正案的自證其罪條款和第六修正案的審判保障）可知B選項(xiàng)“推理和裁定的范圍足夠廣泛，允許對政府發(fā)起的民事處罰案件適用其他憲法保護(hù)”，C選項(xiàng)“第八修正案、第五修正案的自證其罪條款和第六修正案的審判保證對民事被告適用”以及D選項(xiàng)“法院的推理和裁決只集中于將雙重危險(xiǎn)條款擴(kuò)大到民事處罰程序”符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段第一句TurninginitiallytothemorenarrowdoublejeopardyissueaddressedinHalper,theCourt’sapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceedingwasaremarkablechangeinthelaw.（最初轉(zhuǎn)向Halpe案中涉及的更狹義的雙重危險(xiǎn)問題，法院對民事處罰程序的雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)的適用是法律上的一個(gè)顯著變化）可知選C選項(xiàng)“雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)在民事處罰程序中的適用”；A選項(xiàng)“縮小雙重危險(xiǎn)問題”，B選項(xiàng)“忽視一系列只有在刑事訴訟中才承認(rèn)雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)的案件”以及D選項(xiàng)“從一個(gè)更全景的角度看Halper案”皆不是原文提到的法律上的一個(gè)顯著變化。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。定位到第二段Byextendingthereachofthedoublejeopardyclause,JusticeBlackmun’sopinionignoredaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.LookingatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle,however,itistheCourt’sreasoning,apartfromitsholdingondoublejeopardythatformsthecoreofthedisruptioncreatedforgovernmentregulatoryprograms.（通過擴(kuò)大雙重危險(xiǎn)條款的范圍，布萊克門法官的意見忽視了一系列只有在刑事訴訟中才承認(rèn)雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)的案件。然而，從更全面的角度來看，除了對雙重危險(xiǎn)的認(rèn)定外，法院的推理構(gòu)成了對政府監(jiān)管項(xiàng)目造成破壞的核心）可知作者認(rèn)為Halper案的處理方式導(dǎo)致了對政府監(jiān)管項(xiàng)目造成破壞的核心，可以推測作者對Halper案有負(fù)面感覺，選B選項(xiàng)“對Halper案有負(fù)面的感覺”；A選項(xiàng)“不同意”太過嚴(yán)重；C選項(xiàng)“完全支持”和D選項(xiàng)“喜歡”都不符合原文的表達(dá)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Itis___impossibletoimaginethatuniversities,hospitals,largebusinessesorevenscienceandtechnologycouldhavecomeintobeingwithoutcitiestosupportthem.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.preferably

B.virtually

C.precisely

D.presumably

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)preferably“更合意地，最好是”；B選項(xiàng)virtually“事實(shí)上，幾乎；實(shí)質(zhì)上”；C選項(xiàng)precisely“精確地；恰恰”；D選項(xiàng)presumably“大概；推測起來；可假定”。句意：___無法想象，如果沒有城市的支持，大學(xué)、醫(yī)院、大企業(yè)甚至科學(xué)技術(shù)會(huì)出現(xiàn)。本句表達(dá)“幾乎無法想象”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

X.(IntellectualProperties)

WenowaddressthedegreetowhichtheSupremeCourt’sdecisioninQualityKinginvalidatesthiscircuit’sconstructionof109(a).ThispanelmayoverruleBMGMusic,DrugEmporium,andDenbicareifQualityKing“undercutsthetheoryorreasoningunderlyingthepriorcircuitprecedentinsuchawaythatthecasesareclearlyirreconcilable”.

Itisclearthat