閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解答題技巧講義-高考英語

1、閱讀理解閱讀成功學(xué)法則一：詞匯是閱讀的基礎(chǔ)雖然詞匯不是萬能的，但閱讀沒有詞匯是萬萬不能的！1. “工欲善其事必先利其器”！閱讀中的那個(gè)“器”就是詞匯。雖然說認(rèn)識(shí)所有的詞不一定能保證題目全做對(duì)，但如果大部分考綱單詞都不認(rèn)識(shí)，你的閱讀將無法獲得一個(gè)理想的分?jǐn)?shù)。2. 對(duì)單詞掌握的熟練程度會(huì)影響你的閱讀速度，而閱讀速度太慢又會(huì)導(dǎo)致沒有足夠的時(shí)間做題，從而導(dǎo)致失分。目標(biāo)：牢記考綱所規(guī)定的3500個(gè)詞匯，至少應(yīng)該達(dá)到看到單詞就能說出其中文意思的程度。法則二：思維是閱讀的靈魂做題者揣測(cè)出題者思維的能力在很大程度上決定了做閱讀題對(duì)錯(cuò)的多少。很多人做閱讀理解時(shí)都會(huì)遇到這樣的問題：?jiǎn)卧~都認(rèn)識(shí)，文章都看懂了，但答案

2、卻選錯(cuò)了。這是什么原因呢？這個(gè)原因其實(shí)就在于那只無形的手-思維！文章本身是不帶考題的，考題都是考試出題人設(shè)計(jì)出來的。只要是人出的題就難免帶有個(gè)人主觀意識(shí)，而且每個(gè)人看待問題的方式與角度也不盡相同，所以有時(shí)你選錯(cuò)了，不一定是你絕對(duì)錯(cuò)了，而是你相對(duì)錯(cuò)了-你沒有選出題人想讓你選的答案而已！目標(biāo)：訓(xùn)練自己揣測(cè)出題者思維的能力，通俗點(diǎn)說就是“將心比心”。在做錯(cuò)題后，我們要借助答案去反思。反思出題者為什么想讓你選某個(gè)答案，而你卻沒有選，這背后體現(xiàn)的思維差異是什么。久而久之，你就能發(fā)現(xiàn)出題者思維的規(guī)律。法則三：差異是解題的關(guān)鍵分析選項(xiàng)，就是分析差異！即選項(xiàng)與選項(xiàng)的差異以及選項(xiàng)與原文的差異。閱讀的解題關(guān)鍵很大

3、程度上在于分析選項(xiàng)的差異。正如之前所說的，文章后面的題目和選項(xiàng)是人為設(shè)計(jì)出來的。對(duì)于出題者來說，煞費(fèi)苦心的地方就是設(shè)計(jì)選項(xiàng)，而如果我們有分析各選項(xiàng)之間差異以及對(duì)比選項(xiàng)與原文差異的意識(shí)與能力，那么選出正確答案并不難！目標(biāo)：系統(tǒng)掌握分析選項(xiàng)差異的解題技能，在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)較高效地提高閱讀能力與閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)！閱讀理解 主旨大意 詞義猜測(cè) 20% 10% 閱讀理解 細(xì)節(jié)理解 推理判斷 35% 35%5大細(xì)節(jié)題: wh-題, true/except題, 數(shù)字計(jì)算題，圖表，排序3大主旨題: Topic/ Title, Main idea, Purpose）3大推斷題: 細(xì)節(jié)推斷，態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)，文章來源3大詞匯題:

4、指示代詞，熟詞生義，陌生詞匯2大結(jié)構(gòu)題: 文章結(jié)構(gòu)題，文章展開細(xì)節(jié)理解題考點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)理解題在高考中占有較大比例，其主要考查考生對(duì)文章（或某一段落）中某一些特定細(xì)節(jié)或文章的重要事實(shí)的理解能力。概念指原文提高了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對(duì)原文具體敘述本身發(fā)問。解題原則&步驟和方法原則：忠實(shí)于原文原句及全篇邏輯關(guān)系，不能主觀臆斷步驟和方法：Step 1:題干中選定關(guān)鍵詞（定位詞）Step 2:通過略讀、查讀鎖定文中定位區(qū)域Step 3:結(jié)合信息區(qū)域上下文理解、比對(duì)Step 4:排除干擾項(xiàng)，篩選得出答案定位詞通常是哪些詞？1. 人名、地名等專有名詞；年份、數(shù)字等數(shù)詞及題干中的大寫名詞2. 指代具體事物或人

5、物的名詞3. 詞義鮮明的動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等實(shí)詞正確項(xiàng)特征同義替換 指對(duì)原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換語言簡(jiǎn)化 把原文中的復(fù)雜語言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化，設(shè)置為答案正話反說 把原文中的意思反過來表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。干擾項(xiàng)特征張冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容無中生有 符合常識(shí)，但不是文章的內(nèi)容曲解文意 與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動(dòng)顛倒是非 在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反正誤參半 部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤題干和正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)歸納替換關(guān)鍵詞：把文中關(guān)鍵詞轉(zhuǎn)化替換成同、近義詞，設(shè)置題干或正確選項(xiàng)。When I was growing up in America, I was asham

6、ed of my mothers Chinese English. Because of her English, she was often treated unfairly. People in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.41. Why was the au

7、thors mother poorly served? _A. She was unbale to speak good English.B. She was often misunderstood.C. She was not clearly heard.D. She was not very polite.【解析】選A。treated unfairly= poorly servedC是對(duì)“as if they did not hear her”的偷換概念D無中生有詞性或語態(tài)變化：把原文句中的詞變換詞性或語態(tài)，以制造理解障礙。Confucius assumed that all men we

8、re equal at birth, though some had more potential than others, and that it was knowledge that set men apart. Socrates focused on individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. He believed66. What made some people different from others according to Confucius? _A. Family

9、B. Potential C. Knowledge D. Community【解析】選C。原文：it was knowledge that set men apart.語言簡(jiǎn)化，長(zhǎng)話短說：把原文中散雜語言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行提煉總結(jié)，成為題干或正確答案。Unfortunately, the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions of dollars. In addition, they used millions more dollars for personal expenses. Soon people realized that

10、they had a terrible problem- their phosphate was running out. Ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing. By 2000, Nauru was financially ruined. Experts say that it would take approximately $433,600,000 and more than 20 years to repair the island. This will probably never happ

11、en.1. Which of the following was a cause of Naurus financial problem?A. Its leaders misused the moneyB. Its spent too much repairing the islandC. Its phosphate mining cost much moneyD. It lost millions of dollars in the civil war【解析】選A。B選項(xiàng)屬于偷換概念，未然變已然。選項(xiàng)的其他注意事項(xiàng)1.關(guān)注起承轉(zhuǎn)合的過渡詞，如however, but, moreover, t

12、herefore, hence, thus, nevertheless等，要特別注意句子前后意義的轉(zhuǎn)折，遞進(jìn)，因果等關(guān)系。2.警惕語氣絕對(duì)的詞，如must, never, the most, all, merely, only, have to, any, no, none, completely, absolutely等，通常不是答案。3.關(guān)注試探性語氣的詞，如probably, possibly, may, usually, might, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, tend to, be liable to

13、, 往往是答案。4.了解題目設(shè)計(jì)常考位置：因果關(guān)系處；轉(zhuǎn)折處；引言處；列舉處；比較處細(xì)節(jié)理解題解題技巧技巧1 利用“跳讀法”和“定位法”做細(xì)節(jié)題目，無需通篇細(xì)看全文，應(yīng)戴著問題找答案，通過跳讀迅速定位與題目相關(guān)的信息，然后對(duì)選項(xiàng)與原文進(jìn)行信息加工比對(duì)，準(zhǔn)確確定答案。技巧2 利用“順藤摸瓜”法“順藤摸瓜”法，就是根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞(“藤”)到文中去找相同或相似的關(guān)鍵詞句（“藤”），然后順著這根“藤”找到答案信息（“瓜”）。一般來說“瓜”多在“藤”后面，若后面的信息不是“瓜”，我們就往“藤”前去摸。短文中的“瓜”與選項(xiàng)中的“瓜”一般不完全相同，而是以同義或近義表達(dá)出現(xiàn)。技巧3 利用加減乘除法此法來

14、解決數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算類題目，做此類題要審清題目，弄清問題，比對(duì)原文中的數(shù)字和單位，不要忽略任何信息，一般再通過簡(jiǎn)單的加減乘除便可知答案。技巧4 利用“排除法”此法用來解決正誤判斷題，這類題型相對(duì)信息量大，誤導(dǎo)性強(qiáng)，考查學(xué)生分析問題的能力更為突出，在排除選項(xiàng)時(shí)一定做到準(zhǔn)確無誤。仔細(xì)揣摩文中信息與選項(xiàng)信息的吻合性。獲取信息-獲取信息-記住信息-回憶并對(duì)號(hào)入座eg.Which buttons directly control the movement of the Rocket Ball? 直接信息題例題剖析Rosa Parks(1913-2005) On December 1, 1955, in Mont

15、gomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil- rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in,” said

16、 Parks.Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U.S.? _A. Jane Addams B. Rachel Carson C. Sandra Day O Conner D. Rosa Parks【解析】選D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。首先根據(jù)題干中的“civil-rights”可將答案鎖定在“Rosa Parks”一欄中；根據(jù)本段中的“Her simple act landed Parks in prisonand kicked off the civil-rights movement.”可知，Rosa

17、Parks推動(dòng)了美國(guó)民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)，故D正確。此類題目要適合尋讀法，戴著問題找句子，即先看問題，記住關(guān)鍵詞，如人物、時(shí)間、事件、地點(diǎn)等，然后帶著問題閱讀文章，快速定位有效信息，有的放矢。獲取獲取信息-加工轉(zhuǎn)換-得出正確釋義間接信息題同義同義（反義）轉(zhuǎn)換、排序、圖文轉(zhuǎn)換、數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換例題剖析Mothers have long known that their home workload was just as heavy as paid work. Now, the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labors,

18、they would earn as much as 172,000 a year. The study looked at the range of jobs mothers do, as well as the hours they are working, to determine the figure. This would make their yearly income 30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns.How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minis

19、ter? _A. 30,000 B. 142,000 C. 172,000 D. 202,000【解析】選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。有第二段中的“they would earn as much as 172,000 a year”和第三段中的“This would make their yearly income 30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns”可知，首相一年的收入為172,000-30,000=142,000。就單個(gè)特定細(xì)節(jié)提問，答案位于就單個(gè)特定細(xì)節(jié)提問，答案位于單句和上下文處eg.As is mentioned in the card, the

20、limitation of the research paper mainly lies in that _集中提問題例題剖析From the very beginning of school we make books and reading a constant source of possible failure and public humiliation. When children are little we make them read aloud before the teacher and other children, so that we can be sure they

21、 know all the words they are reading. This means that when they dont know a word, they are going to make a mistake, right in front of everyone. After having taught fifth-grade classes for four years, I decided to try at all costs to rid them of their fear and dislike of books, and to get them to read oftener and more adventurously.According to the passage，childrens fear and dislike of books may result from_A. reading little and thinking