家畜服務(wù)及需求為導(dǎo)向的發(fā)展課件

1、Livestock Services and Demand Led Development家畜服務(wù)及需求為導(dǎo)向的發(fā)展Claire Heffernan, DVM,PhD,MRCVSLivestock Development GroupUniversity of ReadingLivestock Services and Demand Participation and Demand參與式同需求式Participatory Paradigm: Late 1980s參與式的范例: 80年代末Tyranny and Bias in Participation: Early 2000s在參與式中存在的固

2、執(zhí)和偏見(jiàn): 21世紀(jì)早期The Poor as Clients/Consumers: 2006以窮人為客戶對(duì)象或消費(fèi)者: 2006Participation and Demand參與式同需Development Research關(guān)于發(fā)展的研究 the academic orientation of local research and the prevalence of northern paradigms rather than being orientated towards concrete issues and problems confronting the South. 學(xué)術(shù)發(fā)展研

3、究偏重于本地性，以及尋求盛行的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的范例模式，而不是著眼于發(fā)展中國(guó)家面臨的具體問(wèn)題。 (Engelhard, 2001) Development Research關(guān)于發(fā)展的研究 The Drivers of Demand-led Research Development需求導(dǎo)向型研究的推動(dòng)力Driven by:End-Users i.e. Policy-makers/ Practitioners Receptors: i.e. Livestock keepersResearchers/PractitionersOutputs/Benefits驅(qū)使者:最終用戶（比如：政策決策者，從業(yè)者）接受

4、者（比如：禽畜飼養(yǎng)人）研究者/參與者結(jié)果/收益The Drivers of Demand-led ResePerceptions of Demand: The Researchers研究人員對(duì)需求的理解190 Stakeholders in Animal Health Research190個(gè)動(dòng)物健康研究領(lǐng)域相關(guān)者參與Perceptions of Demand對(duì)需求的理解Open-Ended Questions Regarding Priority Livestock Diseases關(guān)于畜禽疾病重要性之一持續(xù)變化著的問(wèn)題Perceptions of Demand: The ResPercep

5、tions of Demand: The Researchers研究人員對(duì)需求的理解Driven/Requested by End-User由最終用戶所驅(qū)動(dòng)/要求30%End-User Consulted以最終用戶為咨詢(xún)者29%Responds to End-User Needs, Problems響應(yīng)最終用戶的需要及問(wèn)題41%Perceptions of Demand: The Notions of DemandDemanded by whom? Identification of needs by the people is important, but must be treated w

6、ith caution.demand-led research is directed to where the money is. This is the sad reality.The current fashion is that you have to go to the beneficiaries and find out what they wantthis is only useful in understanding the context.誰(shuí)的需求？辨別什么是重要人群的需要，但必須要謹(jǐn)慎處置。以需求為導(dǎo)向的研究 是由金錢(qián)為導(dǎo)向的. 這是一個(gè)不幸的事實(shí)?，F(xiàn)在流行的趨勢(shì)是你必須到

7、受益者哪里去，找到他們需要什么這僅僅對(duì)與理解上下文用益處。關(guān)于需求式的理解Notions of DemandDemanded by 1st Order Priority Livestock Diseases 優(yōu)先級(jí)最高的家畜疾病 (n=139)1st Order Priority Livestock DFMD Responses Disaggregated by Region口蹄疫反饋地區(qū)分布表Region 地區(qū)Responses 反饋South/Central America南美洲及中美洲24North America 北美洲21Europe 歐洲7Africa 非洲3Asia 亞洲1Tot

8、al 總計(jì)56FMD Responses Disaggregated bCommunity-Animal Healthcare Programs: The Literature社區(qū)動(dòng)物衛(wèi)生保健項(xiàng)目: 文獻(xiàn)(n=106)Primary Author主要作者Positive正面Negative負(fù)面Total 總計(jì)Northern Authors 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家 (n=59)54559Southern Authors發(fā)展中國(guó)家 (n=47)361147Total 總計(jì)9016106Community-Animal Healthcare PrInstitutional Affiliation of Prim

9、ary Author 主要作者的所在機(jī)構(gòu) (n=106)Northern affiliation 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)Positive正面Negative負(fù)面Total總計(jì)Northern-funded projects發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家基金項(xiàng)目30131NGOs22124Consultants 顧問(wèn)718Universities 大學(xué)9412Professional Association 專(zhuān)家協(xié)會(huì)101Donor 贊助12012Sub-Total小計(jì)81788Southern affiliation 發(fā)展中國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)University 大學(xué)123Government 政府628Professional As

10、sociation 專(zhuān)家協(xié)會(huì)134NGO 101Vet Practitioner 獸醫(yī)從業(yè)人員022Sub-Total小計(jì)9918Institutional Affiliation of PFarmers Priorities 農(nóng)戶的優(yōu)先級(jí)5,272 Households in Kenya, India and Bolivia.5,272戶農(nóng)戶于肯尼亞，印度及玻利維亞。29% of Farmers Prioritised FMD.29%的農(nóng)戶選擇口蹄疫為第一優(yōu)先級(jí)。41% of Bolivian farmers, did not own a species that could be infe

11、cted. 41%的玻利維亞農(nóng)戶沒(méi)有擁有會(huì)感染這一疾病的物種。Farmers Priorities 農(nóng)戶的優(yōu)先級(jí)5,2Farmer Behaviour農(nóng)戶的行為48% Percent Viewed Vaccination as a Means of Disease Prevention.48% 的農(nóng)戶認(rèn)為免疫是預(yù)防疾病的一項(xiàng)措施。Of these, only 31% participated in any vaccination campaigns within the last five years.這些人中，只有31%在過(guò)去五年中參與過(guò)免疫活動(dòng)。Farmer Behaviour農(nóng)戶的行為4

12、8% PercReasons for Not Vaccinating不進(jìn)行免疫的原因45% Viewed Vaccination as Unnecessary45%認(rèn)為免疫是不必要的19% High Cost19%覺(jué)得太貴25% Purchased Animals Already Vaccinated25%購(gòu)買(mǎi)的家畜已經(jīng)得到免疫10% Lacked Access10%缺乏得到免疫的手段Reasons for Not Vaccinating不進(jìn)Key Parameters for the Uptake of Livestock Service Delivery 承受所傳遞的家畜服務(wù)所需的重要參數(shù) Access Physical Distance接近物理距離Affordability Ability to Pay可獲取度支付的能力Acceptability Social or Other Factors Important to Uptake可接受性社會(huì)因素及其他重要的有關(guān)承受服務(wù)的因素(Heffernan and Misturelli, 2000)Key Parameters for the Uptake Conclusions 結(jié)論Greater Understanding of Demand: