2015-01ap全程班經(jīng)濟學13課課件與第一次作業(yè)第2經(jīng)濟學家思維

1、 2007 Thomson South-WesternThinking Like an EconomistEvery field of study has its own terminologyMathematics 每一研究領域都有自己的術語體系Integrals(積分) axioms(公理) vector spaces 矢量空間PsychologyEgo(自我) id(本我) cognitive dissonance(認知的不一致性)Lawpromissory estoppel 禁止翻供 torts民事侵權 venues(案發(fā)地點)Economicssupply opportunity c

2、ost elasticity consumer surplus demand comparative advantage deadweight loss(無謂損失)Thinking Like an Economist像經(jīng)濟學家那樣思考Economics trains you to. . . . Think in terms of alternatives.以可變換的術語思考Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices.評估個人與社會選擇的成本Examine and understand how certain events and iss

3、ues are related.考察和理解特定事件與問題是相互聯(lián)系的THE ECONOMIST AS A SCIENTISTThe economic way of thinking . . .經(jīng)濟學家思考的方式Involves thinking analytically and objectively.涉及分析性與客觀性思考Makes use of the scientific method. 采用科學的方法Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.使用抽象的模型以幫助闡釋一個復雜的真實的世界

4、是如何運行的.Develops theories, collects and analyzes data to evaluate the theories.開發(fā)出各種理論, 收集并分析評估理論的數(shù)據(jù).The Scientific Method: Observation, Theory, and More Observation科學方法: 觀察、理論以及更多的觀察Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.使用抽象的模型以幫助闡釋一個復雜的真實的世界是如何運行的.Develops theories

5、, collects and analyzes data to evaluate the theories.開發(fā)出各種理論, 收集并分析評估理論的數(shù)據(jù).Economists make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand.經(jīng)濟學家采用假設是為了使世界比較容易被理解The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make.科學思維的藝術是決定采用何種假設Economists use different assumptions to an

6、swer different questions.經(jīng)濟學家使用不同的假設來回答不同的問題The Role of AssumptionsEconomic ModelsEconomists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world.經(jīng)濟學家使用模型來簡化現(xiàn)實是為了改善我們對世界的理解。 Two of the most basic economic models are:兩個最基本的經(jīng)濟模型是：The Circular Flow Diagram循環(huán)流動圖The Productio

7、n Possibilities Frontier生產(chǎn)可能性邊界Our First Model: The Circular-Flow DiagramThe circular-flow diagram is a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.循環(huán)流動圖是經(jīng)濟的視覺模型，展示美圓（貨幣）是如何通過市場在家庭與企業(yè)之間流動的。0Figure 1 The Circular Flow支出Goods andservicesbought收入Go

8、odsand servicessoldLabor, land,and capital e = Flow of inputs and outputs = Flow of dollarsFactors ofproductionWages, rent,and profit 企業(yè)Produce and sellgoods and servicesHire and use factorsof production Buy and consumegoods and servicesOwn and sell factorsof production家庭 Households sellFirms buyMAR

9、KETSFOR生產(chǎn)要素市場 企業(yè)出售家庭購買MARKETSFOR商品與服務市場Our First Model: The Circular-Flow DiagramFirms Produce and sell goods and services生產(chǎn)和出售商品與服務 Hire and use factors of production雇傭和使用生產(chǎn)要素Households Buy and consume goods and services購買和消費商品與服務 Own and sell factors of production擁有和出售生產(chǎn)要素Our First Model: The Circ

10、ular-Flow DiagramMarkets for Goods and Services 商品與服務市場 Firms sell 企業(yè)出售 Households buy 家庭購買Markets for Factors of Production 生產(chǎn)要素市場 Households sell 家庭出售 Firms buy 企業(yè)購買Our First Model: The Circular-Flow DiagramFactors of Production 生產(chǎn)要素 Inputs used to produce goods and services用來生產(chǎn)商品與服務的投入 Land, labo

11、r, and capital土地、勞動力和資本Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities FrontierThe production possibilities frontier is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.生產(chǎn)可能性邊界是展示在可獲得的

12、生產(chǎn)要素和生產(chǎn)技術給定的情況下，經(jīng)濟有可能產(chǎn)出的產(chǎn)量之圖形。Figure 2 The Production Possibilities FrontierProductionpossibilitiesfrontierBDAQuantity ofCars Produced2,2006001,00030007002,0003,0001,000Quantity ofComputersProducedCOur Second Model: The Production Possibilities FrontierConcepts illustrated by the production possibil

13、ities frontier 生產(chǎn)可能性邊界所描述的概念Efficiency 效率Trade-offs 權衡取舍Opportunity cost 機會成本Economic growth 經(jīng)濟增長Figure 3 A Shift in the Production Possibilities FrontierQuantity ofCars Produced2,2006002,30065004,0003,0001,000Quantity ofComputersProducedAGMicroeconomics and MacroeconomicsMicroeconomics focuses on t

14、he individual parts of the economy.微觀經(jīng)濟學關注經(jīng)濟中的個案部分How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets家庭與企業(yè)如何做出決策以及他們?nèi)绾卧谔囟ǖ氖袌鲋邢嗷ビ绊慚acroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole. 微觀經(jīng)濟學把經(jīng)濟看作一個整體Economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth

15、經(jīng)濟范圍現(xiàn)象包括通貨膨脹、失業(yè)與經(jīng)濟增長。THE ECONOMIST AS POLICY ADVISOR 作為政策顧問的經(jīng)濟學家When economists are trying to explain the world, they are scientists.當經(jīng)濟學家試圖解釋世界時，他們是科學家。When economists are trying to change the world, they are policy advisors.當經(jīng)濟學家試圖改變世界時，他們是政策顧問。Positive versus Normative AnalysisPositive statements

16、 are statements that attempt to describe the world as it is. 實證性描述是試圖描述世界到底是什么樣的描述Called descriptive analysis 稱為描述性分析Normative statements are statements about how the world should be.規(guī)范性描述是有關世界應當是什么樣的描述Called prescriptive analysis 稱為處方性分析Positive Versus Normative AnalysisAre the following positive o

17、r normative statements?An increase in the minimum wage will cause a decrease in employment among the least-skilled.最低工資的增加將引起無技能或低技能者就業(yè)的減少POSITIVEHigher federal budget deficits will cause interest rates to increase.更高的聯(lián)邦預算赤字將導致利率的提高POSITIVE?Positive Versus Normative AnalysisAre the following positiv

18、e or normative statements? 下列是實證性陳述還是規(guī)范性陳述？The e gains from a higher minimum wage are worth more than any slight reductions in employment.來自更高的最低工資水平所獲得的收入獲益要比就業(yè)的任何輕微減少都更有價值。NORMATIVEState governments should be allowed to collect from tobacco companies the costs of treating smoking-related illnesses

19、 among the poor.州政府應當被獲許向煙草公司收取治療窮人與吸煙有關之疾病的費用。NORMATIVE?Economists in Washington. . . serve as advisers in the policymaking process of the three branches of government:華盛頓的經(jīng)濟學家作為治理政體三大分支的決策顧問參與決策過程Legislative 立法Executive 行政Judicial 司法Economists in WashingtonSome government agencies that collect eco

20、nomic data and make economic policy include:有些收集經(jīng)濟數(shù)據(jù)并制定經(jīng)濟政策的政府機構包括：Department of Commerce商務部 Bureau of Labor Statistics 勞工統(tǒng)計局 Congressional Budget Office 國會預算辦公室 Federal Reserve Board 聯(lián)邦儲備委員會 WHY ECONOMISTS DISAGREEThey may disagree about the validity of alternative positive theories about how the w

21、orld works.他們有可能在有關世界是如何運行的各種可替換的實證理論的有效性方面產(chǎn)生分歧They may have different values and, therefore, different normative views about what policy should try to plish. 他們也可能具有不同的價值觀，因此就具有關于政策應當達到什么目標而具有不同的規(guī)范性觀點Economists try to address their subjects with a scientists objectivity.經(jīng)濟學家試圖以科學家的客觀性來表達他們的主題They m

22、ake appropriate assumptions and build simplified models in order to understand the world around them.他們做出適宜的假設，并建立起簡化模型，以便理解他們周圍的世界。Two simple economic models are the circular-flow diagram and the production possibilities frontier.兩個簡化的經(jīng)濟模型是循環(huán)流動圖和經(jīng)濟可能性邊界。Economics is divided into two subfields:Microeconomics is the study of decision-making by households and firms in the marketplace.Macroeconomics is the study of the forces and tr