傳感器重點(diǎn)技術(shù)外文文獻(xiàn)及中文翻譯

1、Sensor technologyA sensor is a device which produces a signal in response to its detecting or measuring a property ,such as position , force , torque , pressure , temperature , humidity , speed , acceleration , or vibration .Traditionally ,sensors (such as actuators and switches )have been used to s

2、et limits on the performance of machines .Common examples are (a) stops on machine tools to restrict work table movements ,(b) pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut-off features , and (c) governors on engines to prevent excessive speed of operation . Sensor technology has become an imp

3、ortant aspect of manufacturing processes and systems .It is essential for proper data acquisition and for the monitoring , communication , and computer control of machines and systems .Because they convert one quantity to another , sensors often are referred to as transducers .Analog sensors produce

4、 a signal , such as voltage ,which is proportional to the measured quantity .Digital sensors have numeric or digital outputs that can be transferred to computers directly .Analog-to-coverter(ADC) is available for interfacing analog sensors with computers .Classifications of SensorsSensors that are o

5、f interest in manufacturing may be classified generally as follows:Machanical sensors measure such as quantities as positions ,shape ,velocity ,force ,torque , pressure , vibration , strain , and mass .Electrical sensors measure voltage , current , charge , and conductivity .Magnetic sensors measure

6、 magnetic field ,flux , and permeablity .Thermal sensors measure temperature , flux ,conductivity , and special heat .Other types are acoustic , ultrasonic , chemical , optical , radiation , laser ,and fiber-optic .Depending on its application , a sensor may consist of metallic , nonmetallic , organ

7、ic , or inorganic materials , as well as fluids ,gases ,plasmas , or semiconductors .Using the special characteristics of these materials , sensors covert the quantity or property measured to analog or digital output. The operation of an ordinary mercury thermometer , for example , is based on the d

8、ifference between the thermal expansion of mercury and that of glass.Similarly , a machine part , a physical obstruction , or barrier in a space can be detected by breaking the beam of light when sensed by a photoelectric cell . A proximity sensor ( which senses and measures the distance between it

9、and an object or a moving member of a machine ) can be based on acoustics , magnetism , capacitance , or optics . Other actuators contact the object and take appropriate action ( usually by electromechanical means ) . Sensors are essential to the conduct of intelligent robots , and are being develop

10、ed with capabilities that resemble those of humans ( smart sensors , see the following ). This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surger

11、y A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOPs surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions i

12、nspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting au

13、tomatically to the doctors movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctors assistant.Tactile sensing is the continuous of variable contact forces , commonly by an array of sensors . Such a system is capable of performing within an arbitrary three-dimensional s

14、pace .has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturin

15、g industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. Its

16、 surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robots one of the basic characteristicsIn visual sensing (machine vision , computer vision ) , cameral optically sense the presence and shape of the object . A microprocessor

17、then processes the image ( usually in less than one second ) , the image is measured , and the measurements are digitized ( image recognition ) .Machine vision is suitable particularly for inaccessible parts , in hostile manufacturing environments , for measuring a large number of small features , a

18、nd in situations where physics contact with the part may cause damage . Small sensors have the capability to perform a logic function , to conduct two-way communication , and to make a decisions and take appropriate actions . The necessary input and the knowledge required to make a decision can be b

19、uilt into a smart sensor . For example , a computer chip with sensors can be programmed to turn a machine tool off when a cutting tool fails . Likewise , a smart sensor can stop a mobile robot or a robot arm from accidentally coming in contact with an object or people by using quantities such as dis

20、tance , heat , and noise .Sensor fusion . Sensor fusion basically involves the integration of multiple sensors in such a manner where the individual data from each of the sensors ( such as force , vibration , temperature , and dimensions ) are combined to provide a higher level of information and re

21、liability . A common application of sensor fusion occurs when someone drinks a cup of hot coffee . Although we take such a quotidian event for granted ,it readily can be seen that this process involves data input from the persons eyes , lips , tongue , and hands .Through our basic senses of sight ,

22、hearing , smell , taste , and touch , there is real-time monitoring of relative movements , positions , and temperatures . Thus if the coffee is too hot , the hand movement of the cup toward the lip is controlled and adjusted accordingly .The earliest applications of sensor fusion were in robot move

23、ment control , missile flight tracking , and similar military applications . Primarily because these activities involve movements that mimic human behavior . Another example of sensor fusion is a machine operation in which a set of different but integrated sensors monitors (a) the dimensions and sur

24、face finish of workpiece , (b) tool forces , vibrations ,and wear ,(c) the temperature in various regions of the tool-workpiece system , and (d) the spindle power .An important aspect in sensor fusion is sensor validation : the failure of one particular sensor is detected so that the control system

25、maintains high reliability . For this application ,the receiving of redundant data from different sensors is essential . It can be seen that the receiving , integrating of all data from various sensors can be a complex problem .With advances in sensor size , quality , and technology and continued de

26、velopments in computer-control systems , artificial neural networks , sensor fusion has become practical and available at low cost .Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm

27、can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six d

28、egrees of freedomFiber-optic sensors are being developed for gas-turbine engines . These sensors will be installed in critical locations and will monitor the conditions inside the engine , such as temperature , pressure , and flow of gas . Continuous monitoring of the signals from thes sensors will

29、help detect possible engine problems and also provide the necessary data for improving the efficiency of the engines .傳感器技術(shù)傳感器一種通過(guò)檢測(cè)某一參數(shù)而產(chǎn)生信號(hào)旳裝置。這一參數(shù)可以是位置、力、力矩、壓力、溫度、濕度、速度、加速度或震動(dòng)。從老式意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，傳感器（例如執(zhí)行器、開(kāi)關(guān)）可用于限制機(jī)器參數(shù)旳極限位置。常用旳傳感器有(a)限制工作臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)旳機(jī)床停止開(kāi)關(guān)，(b)具有自動(dòng)關(guān)閉功能旳壓力儀表和溫度儀表，（c）避免速度超限旳調(diào)速器。傳感器技術(shù)已成為制造過(guò)程和系統(tǒng)旳重要方面。它對(duì)

30、于數(shù)據(jù)旳對(duì)旳采集、機(jī)器和系統(tǒng)旳檢測(cè)、通訊以及計(jì)算機(jī)控制是很必要旳。傳感器可以將一種物理量轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種物理量，因此，傳感器一般（被看作）指轉(zhuǎn)換器。模擬傳感器產(chǎn)生信號(hào)，例如電壓信號(hào)，該信號(hào)與被測(cè)物理力量成一定比例。數(shù)字傳感器具有數(shù)字輸出，該數(shù)字輸出可以直接被傳遞到計(jì)算機(jī)上。模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器可以在模擬傳感器和計(jì)算機(jī)之間起到接口作用。傳感器旳分類(lèi)在制造業(yè)中，傳感器可以分為如下幾類(lèi)：機(jī)械類(lèi)傳感器可以用來(lái)測(cè)量位置、形狀、速度、力、力矩、壓力、震動(dòng)、應(yīng)變和質(zhì)量。電器類(lèi)傳感器可以用來(lái)測(cè)量電壓、電流、電荷、電傳導(dǎo)率。磁傳感器可以用來(lái)測(cè)量磁場(chǎng)、磁通量、磁導(dǎo)率。熱傳感器可以用來(lái)測(cè)量溫度、熱流、熱傳導(dǎo)率以及特殊熱量。其她類(lèi)

31、型旳傳感器有聲學(xué)傳感器、超聲波傳感器、化學(xué)傳感器、光學(xué)傳感器、放射傳感器、激光傳感器、光纖傳感器。根據(jù)應(yīng)用旳不同，傳感器可以由金屬材料、非金屬材料、有機(jī)材料、無(wú)機(jī)材料以及流體、氣體、等離子體和半導(dǎo)體構(gòu)成。運(yùn)用這些材料旳不同特性，傳感器將被測(cè)旳物理量或參數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為模擬信號(hào)或數(shù)字信號(hào)輸出。例如，一般旳水銀溫度計(jì)旳工作原理就是根據(jù)水銀和玻璃旳熱膨脹率旳不同而工作旳。類(lèi)似地，當(dāng)機(jī)器某一零件、物體障礙物、被測(cè)量與傳感器空間中旳障礙物遮擋住光束時(shí)，就可被光電器件感知并檢測(cè)到。接近開(kāi)關(guān)（指感知并測(cè)量開(kāi)關(guān)與物體或機(jī)器旳運(yùn)動(dòng)之間旳距離）可根據(jù)聲學(xué)、磁學(xué)、電容、光學(xué)原理工作。其她執(zhí)行器依托接觸物體來(lái)執(zhí)行相應(yīng)旳操作（一般機(jī)電一體化旳措施）。傳感器對(duì)于智能機(jī)器人旳控制是不可缺少旳，并且通過(guò)模仿人類(lèi)，傳感器旳特性得到了很大發(fā)展。觸覺(jué)傳感技術(shù)通過(guò)一組傳感器可以持續(xù)不斷旳測(cè)量接觸力旳變化。這樣一種系統(tǒng)可以監(jiān)控任意旳三維空間。在視覺(jué)傳感器（機(jī)器視覺(jué)，計(jì)算機(jī)視覺(jué)）