新視野大學英語第三版讀寫教程第四冊課文原文及翻譯

1、Love and logic: The story of fallacyI had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That yearevery guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldnt stand the idea of being theonly football player who didnt, so he made a pact that hed give me his girl inexchange for my

2、jacket. He wasnt the brightest guy. Polly wasnt too shrewd, either.But she was pretty, well-off, didnt dye her hair strange colors or wear too muchmakeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliantlawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a rad

3、iant,well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.Radiant she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make herwell-spoken.After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on ahill off the expressway. What I had in mind

4、 was a little eccentric. I thought the venuewith a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car,and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. What are wegoing to talk about? she asked.聰明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明?？赡茉诟偲钢幸晕⑷鮾?yōu)勢獲勝。光彩照人，她已經(jīng)是了。而我也能施予她足夠多的智慧之珠，讓她變得

5、談吐優(yōu)雅。我們要談些什么？她問道。Logic.The doctrine of logic,” I said, is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distortthe truth, and some of them are well known. First lets look at the fallacy DictoSimpliciter.Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise isgood. Therefore, e

6、verybody should exercise.She nodded in agreement.I could see she was stumped. Polly, I explained, its too simple a generalization. Ifyou have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore,you must say exercise is good for most people.Next is Hasty Generalization. Self-

7、explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You cantspeak French. Rob cant speak French. Looks like nobody at this school can speakFrench.This is also a fallacy, I said. The generalization is reached too hastily. Too fewinstances support such a conclusion.She seemed to have a good time. I could safely say

8、 my plan was underway. I took herhome and set a date for another conversation.Seated under the oak the next evening I said, Our first fallacy tonight is called AdMisericordiam.She nodded with delight.Listen closely, I said. A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what hisqualifications are,

9、he says he has six children to feed.Oh, this is awful, awful, she whispered in a choked voice.Yes, its awful, I agreed, but its no argument. The man never answered the bosss好酷啊，她一邊嚼著口香糖一邊說。邏輯學的原理，我說道，即清晰思考的主要原則。邏輯上出現(xiàn)的問題會歪曲事實，其中有些還很普遍。我們先來看看一種叫做絕對判斷的邏輯謬誤?！焙冒?，她表示同意。絕對判斷是指在證據(jù)不足的情況下所作出的推斷。比方說：運動是有益的，她點頭

10、表示贊同。我看得出她沒弄明白。波莉，我解釋說，“這個推斷太過簡單化了。如果你有動對大多數(shù)人來說是有益的?！苯酉聛硎遣萋式Y(jié)論。這似乎不言自明，對吧？仔細聽好了：你不會說法語，羅伯也不會說法語，那么這所學校里好像是沒有人會說法語?！笔菃?？波莉吃驚地說。沒有人嗎？”這也是一種邏輯謬誤，我說，這一結(jié)論太草率了，因為能夠支持這一結(jié)論的例證太少了?！奔遥⑶叶ㄏ铝讼乱淮渭s會交談的日子。今天晚上我們要談的第一個邏輯謬誤叫文不對題?！彼吲d地點了點頭。聽好了，我說，有個人去申請工作，當老板問他有什么應聘資格時，他說他有六個孩子要撫養(yǎng)?！蓖郏@太可怕了，太可怕了，她哽咽著輕聲說到。對，是挺可怕的，我表示贊同地說

11、，但這不是理由。這個人根本沒有回答老板的問題，而只是在博取老板的同情，這就是文不對題。”She blinked, still trying hard to keep back her tears.Next, I said carefully, we will discuss False Analogy. An example, students shouldbe allowed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have X-rays toguide them during surgery.Polly, I gr

12、oaned, dont derail the discussion. The inference is wrong. Doctors arenttaking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations arealtogether different. You cant make an analogy between them.I still think its a good idea, said Polly.With five nights of diligent work, I actu

13、ally made a logician out of Polly. She was ananalytical thinker at last. The time had come for the conversion of our relationshipfrom academic to romantic.Polly, I said when next we sat under our oak, tonight we wont discuss fallacies.Oh? she said, a little disappointed.Favoring her with a grin, I s

14、aid, We have now spent five evenings together. We getalong pretty well. We make a pretty good couple.Hasty Generalization, said Polly brightly. Or as a normal person might say, thats alittle premature, dont you think?I laughed with amusement. Shed learned herlessons well, far surpassing my expectati

15、ons. Sweetheart, I said, patting her hand ina tolerant manner, five dates is plenty. After all, you dont have to eat a whole cake toknow its good.接下來，我小心地說，我們來討論錯誤類比。舉個例子：學生考試時應該允許看課本，因為外科醫(yī)生在做手術(shù)時可以看 X 光片?！蔽蚁矚g這個主意，她說。波莉，我抱怨道，“別打岔，這一推論是錯誤的。醫(yī)生們不是在參加考試以檢”我仍然認為這是一個好主意，波莉說。夠分析思考了?，F(xiàn)在應該是時候讓我們的關(guān)系從學術(shù)向浪漫發(fā)展了。波莉

16、，當我們又一次坐在那棵橡樹下的時候我對她說，今晚我們不討論邏輯謬誤了。”我贊許地對她笑了笑，說：我們在一起已經(jīng)度過了五個晚上，相互之間挺合得來，我們是蠻相配的一對?！辈萋式Y(jié)論，波莉伶俐地說，或者是按一般人的說法，這個結(jié)論有些不成熟，你不這樣認為嗎？我被逗得笑了起來，她功課還真學得不錯，大大超過了我的預期。五次約會已經(jīng)夠多了，畢竟你不需要吃掉整個蛋糕才知道它是不是好吃。”False Analogy, said Polly promptly.Your premise is that dating is like eating. But youre not a cake. Youre a boy.I

17、 laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that shed learned herlessons too well.A few more false steps would be my doom. I decided to change tactics and try flatteryinstead.Polly, I love you. Please say youll go out with me. Im nothing without you.Ad Misericordiam, she said.You certainl

18、y can discern a fallacy when you see it, I said, my hopes starting tocrumble.But dont take them so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things youlearn in school dont have anything to do with real life.Dicto Simpliciter, she said. Besides, you really should practice what you preach.I

19、 leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. Will you or will you not go out with me?No to your proposition, she replied.Why? I demanded.Im more interested in a different petitioner - Rob and I are backtogether.With great effort, I said calmly, How could you give me the axe over Rob?Look at me, an inge

20、nious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assuredfuture.錯誤類比，波莉立即回應。你的前提是約會就如同吃東西。可你不是蛋糕，你是個男孩?！蔽矣中α诵?，不過不覺得那么有趣了，同時還不能表露出我害怕她學得太好了。再錯幾步我可就無法挽回了。我決定改變策略，轉(zhuǎn)而嘗試奉承她的辦法。波莉，我愛你。請答應做我的女朋友，沒有你我什么也不是。”文不對題，她說。你還真是能在遇到邏輯謬誤時一一辨別它們了，搖。不過不要對它們太死板，我是說這都是些學術(shù)的東西。你知道，學校里學的東西和實際生活根本沒有什么聯(lián)系。”絕對判斷，她說道，而且，你自

21、己教的東西應該自己身體力行?！蔽乙幌绿似饋?，怒火中燒，你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”我不愿意，她答道。為什么？我追問道。我對另一位求愛者更感興趣”我極力地保持著平靜，說道：你怎么會甩了我而選擇羅伯？看看我，一個聰明過人的學生，一個不同凡響的學者，一個前途無量的人。32 你的前提是約會就如同吃東西。可你不是蛋糕，你是個男孩?！?3 我又笑了笑，不過不覺得那么有趣了，同時還不能表露出我害怕她學得太好了。 再錯幾步我可就無法挽回了。 法。 34 波莉，我愛你。請答應做我的女朋友，沒有你我什么也不是?！?5 文不對題，她說。36 你還真是能在遇到邏輯謬誤時一一辨別它們了，” 經(jīng)開始動搖。 不過不要對

22、它們太死板，我是說這都是些學術(shù)的東西。你知道，學校里學的東西和實際生活根本沒有什么聯(lián)系。”37 ” 38我一下跳了起來，怒火中燒，你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”42 我極力地保持著平靜，說道：你怎么會甩了我而選擇羅伯？看看我，一個聰明過人的學生，一個不同凡響的學者，一個前途無量的人。再看看羅伯，一為什么要選擇跟他？”43 ”波莉反駁道，聲音里充滿了諷刺，事情的真相是我喜歡羅伯穿皮衣。是我讓他同意你們的協(xié)議的，這樣他就能擁有你的夾克！”給我一個充足的理由，為什么要選擇跟他？”43 ”波莉反駁道，聲音里充滿了諷刺，事情的真相是我喜歡羅伯穿皮衣。是我讓他同意你們的協(xié)議的，這樣他就能擁有你的夾克！”U

23、nit 2The confusing pursuit of beautyIf youre a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to form anhonest yet sensitive response, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind ofemergency. Trust me, this is the easiest

24、 way out. No amount of rehearsal will help youcome up with the right answer.The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do. Mostmen form an opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of theirlives. Some men think theyre irresistibly desirable, a

25、nd they refuse to change thisopinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks. If the transient thought passesthrough their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as average-looking. Beingaverage doesnt bothe

26、r them; average is fine. They dont affix much value to theirlooks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is toshave themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at theend of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has

27、 managed to wipemost of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair and isnt bleeding too badly,he feels hes done all he can.Women do not look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women thinkabout their appearance, it would be: Not good enough. No matter how attractive awoman may

28、 be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry. She hastrouble thinking Im beautiful, She magnifies the smallest imperfections in her bodyand imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.令人困惑的對美的追求如果你是一位男士，肯定在某個時候會有女士問你她看起來怎么樣。回答，然后借口有急事馬上脫身。相信我，這是最簡單的方法

29、。對于她的這一問題，無論你事先練習多少次，都不會找到正確答案。男性來說，如果能花四分鐘刮刮胡子，結(jié)束之后再把粘到頭發(fā)上的剃須膏擦凈，又沒有出血太厲害，他就覺得自己已經(jīng)盡心盡力了。價的話，那肯定是：“一位女士，無論她看起來多么吸引人，她對自我很漂亮是一件難事。她把身體上的極小的不完美之處加以放大，并且幻想這些缺點十分明顯，以至于全世界的人都會注意到并且嘲笑她。Why do women consider their looks so deficient? This chronic insecurity isnt inborn,but created through the interaction

30、of many complex psychological and societalfactors, beginning with the dolls we give them as children. Girls grow up playing withdolls proportioned so that, if they were human, they would be seven feet tall andweigh 61 pounds, with tiny thighs and a large upper body. This is an absurd standardto live

31、 up to, especially when you consider the size of the dolls waist, a relativemeasurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve. Contrast thisabsurd standard with that presented to little boys with their action figures. Most ofthe toys that young boys have played with were weird-looking,

32、 like the one calledBuzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect. This guy was not a looker, but hewas still extremely self-confident. You could not imagine him saying to the others, Isthis accessory the right shade of violet for this outfit?But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barb

33、ie dolls or girls on magazinecovers, which for most women is impossible. Nonetheless, the multibillion-dollarbeauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the grocery store, is devoted toconstant warfare on female self-esteem, convincing women that they must buy all thenewest moisturizing creams,

34、bronzing powders and appliances that promise tostimulate and restore their skin. I once saw an Oprah Show in which supermodelCindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio audience. Cindy had all thesemiddle-aged women apply clay masks and other wrinkle-removing products to theirfaces; she stres

35、sed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applyingproducts via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity. All the women dutifully didthis, even though it was obvious to any rational observer that, no matter how carefullythey applied these products, they would never have Cindy

36、Crawfords face orcomplexion.為什么女性會把自己的外貌想得這么差呢？這種長期的不安全感并不是與生倶原為真人大小的話，就會是 7 英尺高，61 英磅重，大腿纖細，上身豐滿。要達相對尺寸對任何一個活人來說都是不可企及的。與女孩玩具的這種荒唐標準相動作玩偶蜜蜂俠的玩偶，一半像人，一半像會飛的昆蟲。這個玩偶盡管樣子不好看，但仍然非常自信。你肯定無法想象他會問別人說：這個配飾的紫羅蘭色和這件外套配不配呢？”然而，女性在成長過程中卻認為自己應該長得像芭比娃娃或雜志的封面女郎那樣，這對大多數(shù)女性來說是不可能的。盡管如此，產(chǎn)值達幾十億美元的美容業(yè)，己只有購買最新的保濕面霜、古銅散粉，

37、以及各種美容器具，才能激發(fā)和恢復”肌膚活力。我曾經(jīng)看過一期奧普拉脫口秀，在節(jié)目中，超級名模辛迪克勞這些產(chǎn)品，她們都不可能擁有辛迪那樣的面容或膚色。Im not saying that men are superior. Im just saying that youre not going to get agroup of middle-aged men to plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instruction ofBrad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him. Men dont face the

38、 same societal focuspurely on physical beauty, and theyre encouraged to reach out to other characteristicsto promote their self-esteem. They might say to Brad: Oh yeah? Well, what do youknow about lawn care, pretty boy?Of course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction top

39、ressure from men. The truth is that most men think beauty is more than just lipstickand perfume and take no notice of these extra details. I have never once, in more than40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, She had gorgeousfingernails! To most men, little things like finge

40、rnails are all homogeneous anyway,and one womans flawless pink polish is exactly as invisible as anothers bare nails.By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually openingthemselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualified to judge theirefforts. What is t

41、he real benefit of working this hard to appease men who dont noticewhen it only exposes women to prosecution from other women?Anyway, to get back to my original point: If youre a man, and a woman asks you howshe looks, you cant say she looks bad without receiving immediate and well-deservedoutrage.

42、But you also cant shower her with empty compliments about how her shoescomplement her dress nicely because shell know youre lying. She has spent countlesshours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawfords.Also,she suspects that youre not qualified to voice a subjective opinio

43、n on anybodysappearance. This may be because you have shaving cream in your hair and inside thefolds of your ears.我并不是說男性優(yōu)于女性。我的意思是你不可能讓一群中年男子在布拉德皮特的指導下把化妝品敷到自己臉上，期望自己能看起來更像布拉德。與女性不同，自尊。他們也許會對布拉德說：”當然，女性會爭辯說她們對外表的熱衷追求是出于對來自男性的壓力的一種反她的指甲真漂亮?。　睂Υ蠖鄶?shù)男性來說，像指甲這樣小光光的毫無修飾，男性都一概視而不見。呢？不管怎樣，言歸正傳：如果你是一位男性，當有女士

44、問你她看起來怎么樣時，你知道你是在說謊。她已經(jīng)花費了無數(shù)個小時發(fā)愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪克勞馥格對任何人的外表給出主觀評價。Unit 3Every night several hundred planes bearing a purple, white, and orange design touch down at Memphis Airport, in Tennessee. What precedes this landing are package pickups from locations all over the United States earlier in the day. C

45、rews unload the planes cargo of more than half a million parcels and letters. The rectangular packages and envelopes are rapidly reshuffled and sorted according to address, then loaded onto other aircraft, and flown to their destinations to be dispersed by hand - many within 24 hours of leaving thei

46、r senders. This is the culmination of a dream of Frederick W. Smith,the founder, president, chief executive officer, and chairman of the board of the FedEx Corp. - known originally as Federal Express - the largest and most successful overnight delivery service in the world. Conceived when he was in

47、college and now in its 28th year of operation, Smiths exquisite brainchild has become the standard for door-to-door package delivery.Recognized as an outstanding entrepreneur with an agreeable and winning personality, Smith is held in high regard by his competitors as well as his employees and stock

48、holders. Fred Smith was just 27 when he founded FedEx. Now, so many years later, hesstill the captain of the ship. He attributes the success the company simply to leadership, something he deduced from his years in the military, and from his family.Frederick Wallace Smith was born into a wealthy fami

49、ly clan on August 11, 1944 inMississippi. His father died when he was just four years old. As a juvenile, Smith wasan invalid, suffering from a disease that left him unable to walk normally. He was picked on by bullies, and he learned to defend himself by swinging at them with his alloywalking stick

50、. Cured of the disease by the age of 10, he became a star athlete in highschool, playing football, basketball, and baseball.弗雷德史密斯與聯(lián)邦快遞：一個改變了世界的創(chuàng)想每天夜晚，在田納西州的孟菲斯機場，都有幾百架帶著白、紫、桔色圖案的飛機再由人工投遞到這時很多郵件離開寄件人之手還不到 24 小時。這是弗雷德里克W史密斯的終極夢想，他就是聯(lián)邦快遞集團（最初為聯(lián)邦快遞）這一全球最大、最成功的隔夜送達服務(wù)企業(yè)的創(chuàng)始人、總裁、首席執(zhí)行官及董事會主席。如今，史密斯這一源于大學時代的

51、妙想已在現(xiàn)實中經(jīng)營到了第 28 個年頭，并已成為包裹快遞入戶行業(yè)的標桿。史密斯被公認為是一位和藹可親、性格迷人的杰出企業(yè)家。無論是他的競爭者、員工，還是他公司股票的持有人，都對他十分敬重。弗雷德史密斯創(chuàng)建聯(lián)邦快遞時只有 27 歲?，F(xiàn)在多年過去了，他仍然坐在掌門人的位置上。他將公司的成功簡單地歸因于領(lǐng)導力，而這一推論則來自于他的軍旅生涯及其家庭的影響。弗雷德里克華萊士史密斯 1944 年 8 月 11 日出生于密西西比州一個富裕的家族。他四歲時父親就離世了。史密斯年少時被視為病殘者，因為他得了一種病，保護自己。十歲時他的病治好了，到了高中他則成了學校里的體育明星，足球、籃球、棒球樣樣能行。Smi

52、ths passion was flying. At 15, he was operating a crop-duster over the skyline ofthe Mississippi Delta, a terrain so flat that there was little need for radar navigation.As a student at Yale University, he helped revive the Yale flying club; its alumni hadpopulated naval aviation history, including

53、the famous Millionaires Unit in WorldWar I. Smith administrated the clubs business end and ran a small charter operationin New Haven.With his study time disrupted by flying, his academic performance suffered, butSmith never stopped looking for his own big idea. He thought he had found it whenhe wrot

54、e a term paper for an economics class. He drafted a prototype for atransportation company that would guarantee overnight delivery of small,time-sensitive goods, such as replacement parts and medical supplies, to major USregions. The professor wasnt impressed and told Smith he couldnt quantify the id

55、eaand clearly it wasnt feasible.However, Smith was certain he was onto something, even though several more yearselapsed before he could turn his idea into reality. In the interim, he graduated fromYale in 1966, just as Americas involvement in the Vietnam War was deepening.Since he was a patriot and

56、had attended officers training classes, he joined theMarines.Smith completed two tours in Vietnam, eventually flying more than 200 missions. Inthe military, leadership means getting a group of people to subordinate theirindividual desires and ambitions for the achievement of organizational goals, Sm

57、ithsays, fusing together his military and business experiences. And good leadership hasvery measurable effects on a companys bottom line.Home from Vietnam, Smith became fascinated by the notion that if you connected allthe points of a network through an intermediary hub, the streamlined efficient co

58、uldbe enormous compared to other disjointed, decentralized businesses, whether thesystem involved moving packages and letters or people and planes. He decided to takea stab at starting his own business. With an investment from his fathers company, aswell as a chunk of his own inheritance, Smith boug

59、ht his first delivery planes and in1971 formed the Federal Express.史密斯對飛行充滿了激情。15 歲時，他就曾駕駛一架作物噴粉飛機在密西西比責管理俱樂部的事務(wù)，同時還在紐黑文經(jīng)營一項小規(guī)模的租賃業(yè)務(wù)。 1966 了美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊。領(lǐng)導力對控制一個公司的盈虧底線來說具有相當重要的作用?！彼约豪^承財產(chǎn)的一部分購買了第一架快遞飛機，并于 1971 年創(chuàng)建了聯(lián)邦快遞。The early days were underscored by extreme frugality and financial losses. It was not

60、uncommon for FedEx drivers to pay for gasoline for their vans out of their ownpockets. But despite such problems, Smith showed concern for the welfare of hisemployees. Just as he recalled, even when they didnt have the money, even whenthere werent couches in the office and electric typewriters, they