高中英語語法總結(jié)-非謂語動詞

1、非謂語動詞在句中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式：不定式、動 名詞和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化.不定式主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)與謂語動詞的關(guān)系一般式To doTo be done動作發(fā)生在謂語動作 之后進(jìn)行式To be doing與謂語動作同時發(fā)生完成式To have doneTo have been done動作發(fā)生在謂語動作 之前動名詞主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)與謂語動詞的關(guān)系一般式DoingBeing done -與謂語動作同時發(fā)生完成式Having doingHaving been done -動作發(fā)生在謂語動作

2、 之前現(xiàn)在分詞主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)與謂語動詞的關(guān)系一般式DoingBeing done與謂語動作同時發(fā)生完成式Having doneHaving been done動作發(fā)生在謂語動作 之前不定式不定式的作用1、作主語 不定式作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。往往用it作形式主語，把不定式放在謂語后面。如:It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系動詞如look,叩pear等也可用于此句型。（2）當(dāng)不定

3、式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It isto的句型。試比擬:It is to negate my own idea to believe him. （昔）To believe him is to negate my own idea .（對）A lost opportunity never returns.He is a retired worker.分詞短語作定語，分詞后置；分詞修飾不定代詞something等要后置；個別分詞如give, left等作定語也后 置。如:The girl standing under the tree is my niece.The build

4、ing built last year is our library.This is the question given.There is nothing interesting.過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。如：Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientistsThe first textbook for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A have written B to

5、be written C being written D writtenWhats the language in Germany?A speakingB spokenC be spoken D to speakPrices of daily goods through a computer can be lower than store prices.A are boughtB boughtC been boughtD buying.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the doorSorry to miss you; will c

6、all later/9A readB readsC to read D reading2、作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞在句中可以作時間、原因、方式、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語。Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.If more attention was given, the trees could have

7、 grown better.（條件）Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend.Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital（原因）.Though defeated, he didnt lose heart.（讓步）He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.（伴隨）He came running to tell me the good news.（方式）some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A Fol

8、lowed B Followed by C Being followed D Having been followed答案：BThere was a terrible noise the sudden burst of light.A followed B following C to be followed D being followed答案：B,liquids can be changed into gases.A HeatingB To be heated C HeatedD Heat答案：CA HeatingB To be heated C HeatedD Heat注意：選擇現(xiàn)在分詞

9、還是過去分詞，關(guān)鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作是由主句的主語發(fā)出，分詞就用現(xiàn)在分詞,反之就用過去分詞。試比擬：(Being) Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很長時間，這本書看上去很舊。Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的過程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須和主句的主語一致，如果不一致，就用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，即在分詞前加上它的邏輯主語現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用于作狀語，一般不用作定語。When, the museum will be open to the public next year

10、.A completed B completing C being completed D to be completedsuch heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.D SufferedA Having suffered B Suffering C To suffer3、作表語D Suffered現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語具有的特征，過去分詞作表語多指主語所處的狀態(tài)。如：The film is touching.The glass is broken.She looked tired wit

11、h cooking.He remained standing beside the table.Im very with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.一Mm, it does have a smell.A pleasant; pleased B pleased; pleased C pleasant; pleasant D pleased; pleasant4、作賓語補(bǔ)足語分詞和不定式一樣，在一些感官動詞或使役動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：I smell something burning.I heard him singin

12、g the song.I heard my name called.I cant make myself understood in English.I found my car missing.ril have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year.A carry out B carrying out C carried out D to carry out5、作插入語其結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的，意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。genera

13、lly speaking 一般說來talking of (speaking of)說至!Jstrictly speaking strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格地說strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格地說strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格地說judging from 從判斷all things considered 從整體來看 taking all things into consideration 全面看來。如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.從他的臉色看，他一定是病了。Generally speaking, dogs can ru

14、n faster than pigs.總的來說,狗比豬跑得快。一、 分詞的時態(tài)1、與主語動詞同時。如：Arriving there, they found the boy dead.剛一到那兒，他們就發(fā)現(xiàn)那男孩死了。The secretary worked late into the night,a long speech for the president.A to prepare B preparing C prepared D was preparing2、先于主語動詞分詞作時間狀語，如果先于主動詞的動作，且強(qiáng)調(diào)先后,要用having done。如：Having finished his

15、 homework, he went out for a walk.After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.做完作業(yè)，他出去散步。a reply, he decided to write again.A Not receivingB Receiving notC Not having receivedD Having not received二、 分詞的語態(tài)1、通常情況下，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，過去分詞表示被動。如：He is the man giving you/who gave you the book 他就是給你書

16、的那個人She is the girl stopped by/who was stopped by the car.她就是那個被車攔住的女孩。2、不及物動詞的過去分詞表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。像：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等詞。如:a retired person 一個退休的人a fallen ball 一個落下來的球 a burnt-out matcha retired person 一個退休的人It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語和前面的形容詞可以構(gòu)成

17、系表結(jié)構(gòu)時，用of,否那么用 for.2、作賓語動詞+不定式。如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him. （it 作形式賓語）注：以下動詞通常用不定式作賓語：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get 等動詞+疑問詞+t。，”特殊疑問句+不定式，湘當(dāng)于名詞，作賓語。如：I dont know what to

18、do next/ how to do it next.I cant decide when to go there.注意：不定式短語作賓語時，如果還帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語，往往把不定式短語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后，用it作形式賓語。 如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.3、作賓語補(bǔ)足語動詞+賓語+不定式（to do ） o如：He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?（不帶 to 的不定式）注：可以用動詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)的動詞有：ask

19、, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage表見解、看法的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)可為：動詞+賓語+ to be的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被動語態(tài)）There +不定式。如:We didnt expect there to be so many people

20、there.我們沒料至U會有那么多人在那里。注意：（1）有些動詞需用 as 短語作補(bǔ)語，regard, think, believe, take, considero 如:We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。（2）在動詞 feel （一感），hear, listen to （二聽），have, let, make （三讓），notice, see, watch, observe, look at （五看）（BP：吾看三室兩廳一感覺）等后面的補(bǔ)足語中，不定

21、式不帶t。，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后，必須帶to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree.The boy was seen to fall off the tree.They saw the boy fall off the tree.The boy was seen to fall off the tree.help后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式可以帶to,也可以不帶to.I often help him （to） clean the room.I helped him （to） find his things.4、作定語不定式作定語，修飾名詞或代詞，不定式和它所修飾的名

22、詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系、動狀關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系。不定式通常要放在這些被修飾的詞后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（動賓關(guān)系）He is looking for a room to live in.（動狀關(guān)系）He is the first person to think of the idea.（主謂關(guān)系）He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位關(guān)系）注意：1.不定式的邏輯主語是句子的主語時，不定式用主動形式表被動。如:Do you have anything else to say?2.如果作定語的不定式是一個短語，那么要保

23、存不定時短語中的副詞或介詞。如：I need a pen to write with . （I will wirte with the pen ）（我需要一直鋼筆寫字）I have a little baby to look after .（I must look after the little baby ）（我有一個嬰兒要照看）作狀語，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等，有時還有一些固定搭配的不定式短語，如in order to , so as to, so.as to, suchas to, .enough to, too.to 等。做目的狀語，to, only to （僅僅為了），in order

24、 to, so as to, so（such）.as to（如此以便）如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus,他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。He came to the school to see his son.作結(jié)果狀語，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。如：He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.He searched the room only to find nothing.做原因狀語。如：We were very excited to hear the news.

25、Im glad to see you.做條件狀語。如：To turn to the left, you could find a post office.5、作表語不定式可放在be動詞后面，構(gòu)成表語。如：The question is how to put it into practice.My question is when to leave.His dream is to be a doctor.Her work is to look after the babies.注意：1.不定式在句中作表語時，對應(yīng)的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。2.當(dāng)助于是不定式時，表語不能用Ving形式，可用不定式。如：To

26、 see is to believe.（眼見為實(shí)）6、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。如：To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you.To make matters worse, it began to rain.二、 不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)1、不定式的時態(tài)現(xiàn)在時：有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you again.完成時：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。如：Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seem

27、s to have caught a cold.進(jìn)行時：表示動作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。如：He seems to be eating something.完成進(jìn)行時：表示動作從過去某個時間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能持續(xù)下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2、不定式的語態(tài)當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是其動作的承受者時，就用被動式。如：He was seen to enter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.三、 省to的動

28、詞不定式1、情態(tài)動詞(除ought外,ought to)2、Would rather, had better.3、感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略 to.注意：在被動語態(tài)中to不能省略掉。如：I saw him dance. He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.They were made to work the whole night.4、使役動詞 let, have, make

29、.5、由 and, or 和 than 連接的兩個不定式，第一個 to 可以省去 如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.6、Help 可帶 to 也可不帶 to, help sb. (to) do sth.7、Why./Why not.He8、But和except前是動詞do時，后面出現(xiàn)的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。試比擬:Hewants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.9、通常在 discover, imagi

30、ne, suppose, think, understand 等詞后，可以省去 to be .如：He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個好人。1 usually go there by train.Why not by boat for a change?A to try going B trying to goC to try and goD try goingPaul doesnt have to be made. He always works hard.A learnB to learnC learnedD learning四、動詞不定式的否認(rèn)式。如：Te

31、ll him not to shut the window. She pretended not to see me when I passed by.Mrs. Smith warned her daughter after drinking.A never to drive B to never drive C never driving D never driveThe boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him.A not toB not to doC not do itD do not do

32、The patient was warned food before the operation.A to eat noB eating notC not to eatD not eating動名詞 (動名詞具有動詞和名詞的特征,在句中作主語、表語、賓語和定語)一、動名詞的作用1、作主語謂語用單數(shù)。It代替動名詞作主語，常用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)：Its no good/use doing如：Seeing is believing.Playing with fire is dangerous.Its no good waiting here.2、作賓語I enjoy listening to music.

33、He often practices playing the piano in the evening.He is fond of playing basketball.He has given up smoking.Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?(1)只能接動名詞作賓語的動詞：admit, advise 建議，risk, appreciate, envy 嫉妒，avoid 防止，consider 考慮，delay 延遲，deny 否認(rèn)，dislike 不喜歡，enjoy, escape 逃避，excuse 原諒

34、、寬恕，finish 完成，forgive 原諒，understand 理解，give up 放棄，imagine 想象，keep 保持，mind 介意、在乎，miss 未達(dá)到,practise訓(xùn)練，put off推遲,resist抵抗，suggest建議、暗示can9t help禁不住,cant stand無法忍受，devote to(to為介詞)致力于,look forward to期望、盼望,stick to 堅(jiān)持，be used to 習(xí)慣于，object to 反對，be busy 忙于，fee like 想要be surprised at對感到驚訝be proud of以為驕傲su

35、cceed in在某方面成功be afraid of 害怕 give up 放棄(2)只能接不定式作賓語的動詞：happen碰巧，offer主動提出，promise容許，agree同意，refuse拒絕，decide決定，determine 決定、決心,pretend 假裝,fail 未能夠，learn, wish 希望，hope, expect, afford 負(fù)擔(dān)得起。(3)接動名詞、不定式均可，意義相同的動詞：like, love, dislike, hate, begin, star, continue, prefer,can bear/endure 無法忍受，cease 停止(4)以

36、下詞接動名詞和不定式均可，但意義不同的動詞：forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try等Stop to do停下來去做stop doing停止做Forget to do忘記要做forget doing忘記做過Remember to do 記得要做remember doing 記得做過Regret to doRegret to do遺憾要做Regret to do遺憾要做regret doing后悔做過Regret to do遺憾要做regret doing后悔做過Try to do企圖做，盡力做Try to do企圖做，盡力做Try to

37、do企圖做，盡力做try doing試著做Go on to do繼續(xù)做（另一件事）go on doing繼續(xù)做（同一件事）Mean to do打算做mean doing意味做In some parts of London, missing a bus means for another hour.A waiting B to waiting C waitD to be waitingNeed, require, want作“需要”講，其后用動名詞的主動式表示被動意義，be worth也有類似用法。如：The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.3、作表語此時的動名詞可以和主