浙江版高考英語總復(fù)習(xí)專題五《非謂語動(dòng)詞（講解練）》教與學(xué)

1、專題五 非謂語動(dòng)詞高考英語 浙江專用考點(diǎn)清單考點(diǎn)一非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語一、不定式、分詞作狀語的基本原則不定式、分詞作狀語時(shí),不定式、分詞的邏輯主語要與句子的主語保持一致,即不定式、分詞作狀語時(shí)必須和句子主語含有邏輯上的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系,否則一般不能使用不定式、分詞作狀語。二、不定式作狀語1.不定式作目的狀語不定式作目的狀語的情況較多,如果強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語時(shí),不定式前還可加in order或so as,構(gòu)成“in order to do”或“so as to do”結(jié)構(gòu)?！癷n order to do”結(jié)構(gòu)作目的狀語時(shí),可以放在句首也可以放在句中;“so as to do”結(jié)構(gòu)一般只能放在句中。 Her

2、mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year (so as/in order)to visit her.她母親計(jì)劃每年至少四次飛到北京來看她。2.不定式作結(jié)果狀語不定式作結(jié)果狀語常用在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中:so.as to;such.as to;.enough to;on-ly to(常表示“意外的或事與愿違的結(jié)果”);too.to等。He was in such a hurry as to forget to lock the door. 他如此匆忙以至于忘記了鎖門。Jane hurried back only to find th

3、at her mother had left.簡匆忙趕回來卻發(fā)現(xiàn)她的母親已經(jīng)離開了。(表示“意外的或事與愿違的結(jié)果”)Im too tired to stay up.我太累了,不能熬夜了。注意:在only too.to結(jié)構(gòu)中,too.to.并非是“太而不能”之意。此時(shí),與too.to.搭配的形容詞常見的有pleased,ready,willing,glad,happy等。 Im only too glad to have passed the exam.考試及格了,我非常高興。3.不定式作原因狀語形容詞作表語時(shí),后面可接不定式作原因狀語,用以說明產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因。用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞常見的

4、有:happy,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,delighted,pleased等。All the teachers and students were very happy to see the famous schoolfellow. 全體師生都很高興看到那個(gè)著名的校友。4.在“主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語(形容詞)+to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中,句子的主語與動(dòng)詞不定式有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且形容詞表示主語的特征或性質(zhì),這時(shí)需用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。該結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的形容詞有:easy,hard,difficult,importa

5、nt,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerous等。This question is easy to answer.這個(gè)問題容易回答。This book is difficult to understand.這本書難以理解。三、分詞作狀語1.分詞作狀語時(shí)其形式的選擇形式意義v.-ing(doing)與句子主語為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系,與句子謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,或基本上同時(shí)發(fā)生having+v.-ed(having done)與句子主語為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系,先于謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生v.-ed(done)與句

6、子主語為邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,表完成being+v.-ed(being done)與句子主語為邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生having been+v.-ed(having been done)與句子主語為邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且先于謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生2.分詞作狀語的句法功能分詞作狀語時(shí),可以表時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式或伴隨狀況等。為了強(qiáng)調(diào),還可與while,when,once,if,unless等連詞連用。When offered help,one often says“Thank you”or “Its kind of you”.(時(shí)間)當(dāng)被提供幫助的時(shí)候,

7、人們常說“謝謝你”或“你真好”。Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.(原因)因?yàn)闆]看見有人在家,她決定給他們留一個(gè)紙條。Generally speaking,if taken according to the directions,the drug has no side ef-fects.(條件)一般來說,如果按照說明服用,這種藥沒有副作用。He glanced at her,noticing that though she was tiny,she seemed very well.(結(jié)果)他瞥了她一眼,注意到她雖

8、然很纖弱,但看起來非常健康。Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.(讓步)雖然被告訴過好多次了,但他仍然犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.(伴隨)老師進(jìn)了實(shí)驗(yàn)室,后面跟著一些學(xué)生。四、獨(dú)立成分作狀語有些分詞或不定式短語作狀語,其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響,稱作獨(dú)立成分。常見的有:generally speaking 一般來說;frankly speaking 坦白地說;judging from/by.根據(jù)來判斷;c

9、onsidering./o consideration考慮到;to tell you the truth 說實(shí)話;compared to/with 與相比。Judging from his accent,he is from Hong Kong.從口音判斷,他是香港人。Considering your health,youd better have a rest.考慮到你的健康,你最好休息一下。To tell you the truth,I am a little tired.說實(shí)話,我有點(diǎn)累。五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語時(shí),它的邏輯主語應(yīng)和句子主語保持一致。但有時(shí)非謂語動(dòng)詞帶有自己

10、的邏輯主語,在句子中作狀語,我們稱之為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn):獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨(dú)立存在。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中作邏輯主語的名詞或代詞與后面的分詞或不定式是邏輯上的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般由逗號(hào)與句子分開。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成:名詞/代詞+分詞;名詞/代詞+不定式;with/without+名詞/代詞+分詞/不定式。The test finished(=When the test was finished),we began our holiday.考試結(jié)束后,我們就開始我們的假期了。The president assassinated(=Because the

11、 president was assassinated),the whole country was in deep sorrow.總統(tǒng)被暗殺了,全國上下沉浸在深切的悲痛之中。Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天氣允許,我們明天就去看你。I stood before her with my heart beating fast.我站在她面前,心跳得很快。題組訓(xùn)練用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空knowing(know) all this, they made me pay for t

12、he damage. Having finished (finish) all the homework, I happily went out to look for my pleasure. Be careful when you deal with this chemical, as it will explode when ex-posed(expose)to sunlight.The writers works are difficult to understand(understand).All the people were surprisedto see(see)the pre

13、sident.He hurried to the railway station, onlyto find(find)the train had left.Many activities are organized after classto help(help)the students to develop team spirit.Accustomed(accustom)to living in the countryside, my parents cant adapt to living in an apartment.The hurricane finally went away, l

14、eaving(leave) a lot of houses dam-aged. Having been warned(warn)several times, he still turned a deaf ear to the typhoon forecast.考點(diǎn)二非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語一、不定式作定語1.作定語的不定式中的動(dòng)詞如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等,不定式后面需有相應(yīng)的介詞。The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.布朗一家有一幢舒適的房子可以居住。但是,如果不定式所修飾的名詞是time,plac

15、e或way 時(shí),不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上省去。He had no place to live.他沒有地方住。2.用不定式作定語的幾種情況:(1)表示將來的動(dòng)作。The house to be torn down tomorrow is not suitable to live in.將于明天被拆毀的這所房子不適合居住。(2)用來修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)或no,all,any等限定的中心詞,且與中心詞為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是第一個(gè)在奧運(yùn)會(huì)上獲得金牌的女性。He was

16、the best man to do the job.他是做這份工作的最佳人選。(3)有些名詞的同根詞后面常跟不定式,因而它們后面也常跟不定式作定語,常見的有:promise,plan,attempt,offer,decision,refusal,failure,ability,anxi-ety,eagerness,willingness,readiness等。I dont trust his promise to come for a visit.我不相信他來訪的諾言。(比較:He promised to come for a visit.)He said he had no plans t

17、o go there.他說他沒有要去那里的計(jì)劃。(比較:He didnt plan to go there.)He made an attempt to stand up.他試圖站起來。(比較:He attempted to stand up.)二、分詞作定語1.作定語的及物動(dòng)詞的分詞形式為:v.-ing,being+過去分詞和過去分詞。當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞為主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí),用v.-ing;當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表正在進(jìn)行時(shí),用being+過去分詞;當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表完成時(shí),用過去分詞。The houses being built are for the

18、 teachers.正在建的那些房子是給老師們的。(被動(dòng),正在進(jìn)行)2.作定語的不及物動(dòng)詞的分詞形式為:v.-ing 和過去分詞。v.-ing 表示正在進(jìn)行;過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成。三、to be done,done和being done作定語的區(qū)別to be done表被動(dòng)、將來;done表被動(dòng)、完成;being done表被動(dòng)、正在進(jìn)行。Have you read the novel written by Dickens?你讀過狄更斯寫的這部小說嗎?(表被動(dòng)、完成)Listen!The song being sung is very popular with the students.聽!正

19、唱著的這首歌非常受學(xué)生們的歡迎。(表被動(dòng)、正在進(jìn)行)The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is very important.明天在會(huì)上將要討論的問題非常重要。(表被動(dòng)、將來)題組訓(xùn)練用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空There are still many problemsto be solved(solve)before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.I want to get something to read(read) during my holiday.John is so ha

20、ppy because he has got the letteroffering(offer)him the job he has been dreaming of.My favorite dish is fishcooked(cook)with pepper and other spices.It can give you an amazing experience because of its interesting thingsof-fered(offer)to all types of tourists.The metro to be built(build) next year w

21、ill bring great convenience to the people around. These huge creatures were being held by only a small ropetied(tie)to their front legs.考點(diǎn)三非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語、表語、賓語、補(bǔ)語一、非謂語動(dòng)詞(不定式、動(dòng)名詞)作賓語(一)下列動(dòng)詞一般用不定式作賓語,請牢記下面的口訣:決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望,拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝。主動(dòng)答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃,同意請求幫一幫。decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pre

22、tend;of-fer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help。She pretended not to see me when I passed by.當(dāng)我經(jīng)過時(shí),她假裝沒看見我。We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.我們約好了在這里見面,但是她到現(xiàn)在還沒有露面。此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等一般也用不定式作賓語。(二)下列動(dòng)詞或詞組一般用動(dòng)名詞作賓語,請牢記下面的口訣:考慮建議盼原諒,承認(rèn)推遲沒得想。避免錯(cuò)過繼續(xù)練,否認(rèn)完成就欣賞

23、。禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn),不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡。consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/put off,fancy(想要,想做);avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appre-ciate;forbid,imagine,risk;cant help(禁不住),mind,allow/permit,escape。He got well-prepared for the job interview,for he couldnt risk losing the

24、 good opportunity.他為這次求職面試做了充分準(zhǔn)備,因?yàn)樗荒苊笆ミ@次好機(jī)會(huì)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。此外,be used/accustomed to,result in,devote to,go back to,stick to,object to,get down to,pay attention to,give up,feel like,insist on,be busy,have difficulty(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),spend time(in)等短語后也要用動(dòng)名詞作賓語。(三)下列動(dòng)詞既可以跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語,也可以跟不定式作

25、賓語,但意義上有區(qū)別,要特別注意。forgetrememberregrettrymean(四)在動(dòng)詞allow,permit,forbid,advise,consider后直接跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語;如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語,則用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語。allow/permit/forbid/advise/considerSmoking is forbidden here so we dont allow you to smoke.這里禁止吸煙,所以我們不允許你吸煙。We dont allow smoking in the hall.我們不允許在大廳內(nèi)吸煙。(五)動(dòng)詞need,require,want

26、 作“需要”、deserve作“應(yīng)受,應(yīng)得”講時(shí),其后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式(doing)或不定式的被動(dòng)形式(to be done)表被動(dòng)意義。be worth后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式(doing)表示被動(dòng)意義,而be worthy后則需用不定式的被動(dòng)形式。此外,need,require,want后可以接名詞或代詞作賓語,然后接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語。詞語可以跟的作賓語的非謂語動(dòng)詞含義例句need/require/wantto be done/doing(某物)需要被The car needs repairing.=The car needs to be re-paired.這輛車需要修理。be worth

27、doing(某事)值得去做The place is worth visit-ing. 這個(gè)地方值得參觀。be worthyto be done (某事)值得去做The place is worthy to be visited. 這個(gè)地方值得參觀。deservedoing/to be done(某事)值得去做These proposals deserve considering.=These proposals deserve to be considered.這些建議值得考慮。 (六)不定式作動(dòng)詞(詞組)tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,adv

28、ise,discuss,ask,decide,wonder,find out等的賓語時(shí),前面常帶how,what,whether,where,when,who,why等,但why后加不帶to的不定式。注意:此用法中的不定式的邏輯主語需與句子的主語或賓語保持一致,否則用賓語從句。He showed us how to do the work.(=He showed us how we should do the work.)他給我們演示怎么做這項(xiàng)工作。I dont know what to do.(=I dont know what I should do.)我不知道做些什么。We must d

29、ecide whether to stay or go.(=We must decide whether well stay or go.)我們必須決定是留還是走。Can you tell me why do it?你能告訴我為什么這么做嗎?題組訓(xùn)練用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空She refusesto stop(stop)talking while she works.I remember locking/having locked (lock)the door, but why is it open now?Would you mind filling(fill) out this form?

30、二、非謂語動(dòng)詞作補(bǔ)語(一)后接不定式作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞詞組advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,love,order,persuade,prefer,remind,require,teach,tell,want,warn,wish,wait for,call on,depend on等。You are not allowed to smoke here.你不能在這里吸煙。The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.醫(yī)生告誡他不要吃太多

31、的肉。注意:think,consider,believe,suppose,feel,find,imagine,prove,judge等后常用“to be.”作賓補(bǔ)/主補(bǔ)。People considered him to be a great leader.人們認(rèn)為他是一位偉大的領(lǐng)袖。They found the answer to be quite satisfactory.他們覺得那個(gè)回答非常令人滿意。Chinese food is considered to be the healthiest in the world.中餐被認(rèn)為是世界上最健康的。He imagines himself t

32、o be an able man.他自認(rèn)為是個(gè)能人。(二)非謂語動(dòng)詞作感官動(dòng)詞(詞組)、使役動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)1.感官動(dòng)詞(詞組)see,watch,observe,look at,notice,hear,listen to,feel等的賓語補(bǔ)語有四種形式,以see 為例:I heard her sing an English song just now.剛才我聽見她唱了一首英文歌。(主動(dòng),完成)I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天經(jīng)過那個(gè)小女孩的房間時(shí),我聽見她正在唱一首英文歌。(主動(dòng),正

33、在進(jìn)行)I heard an English song being sung by the little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天經(jīng)過那個(gè)小女孩的房間時(shí),我聽見她正在唱一首英文歌。(被動(dòng),正在進(jìn)行)Id like to see the plan carried out.我想看到這個(gè)計(jì)劃被執(zhí)行。(被動(dòng),沒有一定的時(shí)間性)2.使役動(dòng)詞make,let,have,get后接復(fù)合賓語的情況:(1)He made his workers work 12 hours a day.他讓他的工人們每天工作12個(gè)小時(shí)。He tried to make

34、 himself understood.他盡量把自己的意思表達(dá)清楚。(2)Dont let your child play with matches.別讓你的孩子玩火柴。Let the work be done immediately.工作要馬上去做。注意:have sth.done還表示“使遭受”之意。Tom had his leg broken while playing football.湯姆踢足球時(shí)弄傷了腿。Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.在史密斯先生外出度假期間,他家被盜了。have sb

35、.doing常用于否定句中,其中have有“允許、容忍”之意。I wont have you speaking to your dad like that.我不允許你和你父親那樣講話。have還可用于have something to do結(jié)構(gòu),該結(jié)構(gòu)中have作“有”講,不定式作定語。 I have something urgent to inform you. 我有緊急的事要通知你們。(4)He got me to post the letter for him.他讓我替他寄信。The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front aft

36、er a short rest. 休息了片刻之后,上尉讓士兵們朝前線行進(jìn)起來。Ill get my bike repaired tomorrow. 我明天要(請人)修一下我的自行車。3.一些動(dòng)詞(詞組)在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中用不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語,但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中要加上to,它們是“吾看三室兩廳一感覺”5看(look at,see,watch,notice,observe);3使(make,let,have);2聽(listen to,hear);1感覺(feel)。Someone was heard to come up the stairs.聽見有人上樓了。(三)動(dòng)詞leave,keep,fin

37、d,catch及介詞with后加非謂語動(dòng)詞作復(fù)合賓語的情況:Its wrong to leave the machine running.讓機(jī)器一直運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)著是不對(duì)的。(主動(dòng),正在進(jìn)行)The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didnt taste deli-cious.大部分的菜客人們動(dòng)都沒動(dòng),因?yàn)樗鼈儾豢煽凇?被動(dòng),完成)He left,leaving me to do all the rest work.他走了,留下我一個(gè)人去做剩余的所有工作。(主動(dòng),將來)We hurriedly ended our meeting

38、,leaving many problems to be settled.我們匆匆忙忙地結(jié)束了會(huì)議,留下了很多問題等待解決。(被動(dòng),將來)Keep the engine running.別讓發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)熄火。You should keep me informed of his whereabouts.你應(yīng)該讓我了解他的行蹤。We found him(to be)dishonest.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他不誠實(shí)。Often I found her quietly weeping alone.我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)她獨(dú)自默默流淚。I found him buried in a novel.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在埋頭讀一本小說。4.catc

39、h sb.doing sth.撞見某人正在做某事。I caught John reading my private letters.我撞見約翰在偷看我的私人信件。John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work finished,he gladly ac-cepted it.約翰收到了一份宴請函。工作都完成了,他欣然接受了邀請。With a lot of difficult problems to settle,the newly elected president is having a hard time.因?yàn)橛泻芏嚯y題要解決,

40、所以這位新任總統(tǒng)的日子不好過。(四)常用不定式作主語補(bǔ)語的句型Sb./Sth. be said/believed/known/supposed/reported/considered/found/thought+to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done+其他.He is said to have gone abroad.(=It is said that he has gone abroad.)據(jù)說他出國了。Heat is considered to be a form of energy.熱能被看作是一種能量形式。Youre suppos

41、ed to pay the bill by Friday.你應(yīng)該在星期五前結(jié)清這筆賬。題組訓(xùn)練用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried(carry)out the next year.Suddenly he heard someone knocking(knock) gently on the window. We should keep them informed(inform) of what is going on here. As we drew closer, I could see a whalebeing attacked(attack)by a pack of about six other killers.The professor came into the lecture with many studentsfollowing(fol-low)him. (一)非謂語動(dòng)詞(不定式、動(dòng)名詞)作主語1.不定式、動(dòng)名詞都可作主語,但動(dòng)名詞作主語多指抽象的、概念性的動(dòng)作,可以是多次的、經(jīng)常性的行為;不定式作主語多表示具體的動(dòng)作,尤其是某一次的動(dòng)作。2.下列句型中常用