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1、The American Transcendentalists formed a club called.the Transcendental Clubwas regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. Washington IrvingAt nineteen published in his brothers newspaper, his Jonathan Oldstylesatires of New York life.In Washington Irvings work appeared the f

2、irst modern short stories andthe first great American juvenile literature. The Sketch BookThe first important American novelist was. James Fenimore CooperJames Fenimore Coopers novel was a rousing tale about espionageagainst the British during the Revolutionary War. The SpyThe best of James Fenimore

3、 Coopers sea romances was. The PilotTo a Waterfowl is perhaps the peak ofs work; it has been called by aneminent English critic “the most perfect brief poem in the language.” William Cullen Bryantwas the first American to gain the stature of a major poet in the world literature.Edgar Allan Poes poem

4、 is perhaps the best example of onomatopoeia inthe English language. The BellsEdgar Allan Poes poem was published in 1845 as the title poem of acollection. The RavenFrom Henry David Thoreaus Concord jail experience, came his famous essay.Civil DisobedienceBy the 1830s Washington Irving was judged th

5、e nation s greatest writer, a lofty position he later shared with James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant.In the early nineteenth century, the attitude of American writers was shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantic tradition of Europe.As a mor

6、al philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.The foundation of American national literature was laid by the early American romanticists.At mid-19th century, a cultural reawakening brought a flowering of New England.Romantic writers in the 19th century placed increasing value

7、 on the free expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters.With a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, James Fenimore Cooper made the America conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of America.No other Americ

8、an poet ever surpassed EdgarAllan Poes ability in the use of English as a medium of pure musical and rhythmic beauty.The Fall of the House of Usheis one of Edgar Allan Poes short storiesRalph Waldo Emerson was recognized as the leader of transcendentalist movement, but he never applied the term Tran

9、scendentalist to himself or to his beliefs and ideasIn 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson published his first book, Nature,which met with a mild reception.Ralph Waldo Emersons prose style was sometimes as highly individual as his poetry.The harsh rhythms and striking images of Ralph Waldo Emersons poetry app

10、eal to many modern readers as artful techniques.Henry Wadsworth Longfellows writings belong to the milder aspects of the Romantic Movement.American romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works.Ralph Waldo Emersons aesthetics br

11、ought about a revolution in American literature in general and in American poetry in particular.Henry David Thoreau was an active Transcendentalist. He was by no means an escapist or a recluse, but was intensely involved in the life of his day.The Scarlet Letteris set in the seventeenth century. It

12、is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past.2. Transcendentalism took their ideas from.the romantic literature in Europeneo-PlatonismGerman idealistic philosophythe revelations of oriental mysticismABCD8. Transcendentalists recognized as the highest power of

13、 the soul.”intuition10. Transcendentalism appealed to those who disdained the harsh God of the Puritan ancestors, and it appealed to those who scorned the pale deity of New EnglandTranscendentalismHumanismNaturalismUnitarianismDThe desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a pe

14、rmanent convention of American literature, evident in.James Fenimore Coopers Leatherstocking TalesHenry David Thoreaus WaldenMark Twains Huckleberry FinnNathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet LetterABCA preoccupation with the demonic and the mystery of evil marked the works of , and a host of lesser write

15、rs.Nathaniel HawthorneEdgar Allan PoeHerman MelvilleMark TwainABCIn the nineteenth century America, Romantics often shared certain general characteristics. Choose such characteristics from the following.moral enthusiasmfaith in the value of individualism and intuitive perceptionadoration for the nat

16、ural worldpresumption about the corrosive effect of human societyABCDChoose Washington Irving s works from the following.The Sketch BookBracebridge HallTales of a TravellerA History of New YorkABCDIn James Fenimore Coopers novels, close after Natty Bumppo in romantic appeal , come the two noble red

17、men. Choose them from the following.the Mohican Chief ChingachgookUncasTom JonesKubla KhanABIn 1817, the stately poem called Thanatopsisintroduced the best poet toappear in America up to that time.Edward TaylorPhilip FreneauWilliam Cullen BryantEdgar Allan PoeC To a Waterfowl Thanatopsis21. From the

18、 following, choose the poems written by Edgar Allan Poe.To HelenThe RavenAnnabel LeeThe BellsABCDEdgar Allan Poes first collection of short stories is.D. Tales of the Grotesque and ArabesqueFrom the following, choose the characteristics of Ralph Waldo Emersons poetry.being highly individualharsh rhy

19、thmslack of form and polishstriking imagesABCDWhich book is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?Representative MenEnglish TraitsNatureThe RhodoraDWhich essay is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?Of StudiesSelf-RelianceThe American ScholarThe Divinity School AddressA30. Nathaniel Hawthornes ability t

20、o create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions also appears strongly in his short stories. Choose his short stories from the following.Young Goodman BrownThe Great Stone FaceThe Ambitious GuestABCDEthan BrandThe Pearl32. Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne in

21、American literature.A. the largest brain with the largest heart34.was a romanticized account of Herman Melvilles stay among thePolynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville well known as the man wholived among cannibals.Typeelived among cannibals.Typee37. In the early nineteenth century Am

22、erican moral values were essentially Puritan.Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did.A. PuritanismThe universe is composed of Nature and the soul. Spirit is present everywhere. This is the voice of the book Naturewritten by Emerson, which pushed American

23、Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England Transcendentalism43. Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. Nature45.is an appalling fictional version of Nathaniel Hawthorne s belief that the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones an

24、d that evil will come out of evil though it may take many generations to happen.The Marble FaunThe House of Seven GablesThe Blithedale RomanceYoung Goodman BrownBOnce upon a midnight dreary, while i pondered, weak and weary,Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,While I nodded, near

25、ly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.Tis some visitor, I muttered, tapping at my chamber doorOnly this, and nothing more.Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floo

26、r.Eagerly I wished the morrow; vainly I had tried to borrowFrom my books surcease of sorrow-sorrow for the lost.Edgar Allan PoeThe RavenDescribe the mood of this poem. A sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem, the portrayal of a young man grievi

27、ng for his lost Leno-re, his grief turned to madness under the steady one-word repetition of the talking bird.Work 3: NutureAs the leading New England Transcendentalist, Emerson effected a most articulate synthesis of the Transcendentalist views. One major element of his philosophy if his firm belie

28、f in the transcendence of the Oversoul. His emphasis on the spirit runs through virtually all his writings. Philosophically considered, he states in Nature, which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism, the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul. He sees the world a

29、s phenomenal, and emphasizes the need for idealism, for idealism sees the world in God. It beholds the whole circle of persons and things, of actions and events, of country and religion, as one vast picture which God paints on the eternity for the contemplation of the soul. He regards nature as the

30、purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature. In this connection, Emerson s emotional experiences are exemplary in more ways than one. Alone in the woods one day, for instance, he experienced a moment of ecstasy w

31、hich he records thus in his Nature:Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of Go

32、d.Now this is a moment of conversion when one feels completely merged with the outside world, when one has completely sunk into nature and become one with it, and when the soul has gone beyond the physical limits of the body to share the omniscience of the Oversoul. In a word, the soul has completel

33、y transcended the limits of individuality and beome part of the Oversoul. Emerson sees spirit pervading everywhere, not only in the soul of man, but behind nature, throughout nature. The world proceeds, as he observes, from the same source as the body ofman. The Universal Being is in point of fact t

34、he Oversoul that he never stoppedtalking about for the rest of his life. Emerson s doctrine of the Oversoul is graphically illustrated in such famous statements; Each mind lives in the Grand mind, There in one mind common to all individual men, and Man is conscious of a universal soul within or behi

35、nd his individual life. In his opinion, man is made in the image of God and is just a little less than Him. This is as much as to say that the spiritual and immanent God is operative in the soul of man, and that man is divine. The divinity of man became, incidentally, a favorite subject in his lectu

36、res and essays.This naturally led to another, equally significant, Transcendentalist thesis, that the individual, not the crowd, is the most important of all. If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself, and brings out the divine in himself, he can hop to become better and even perfect. This is

37、what Emerson means by the infinitude of the privates man. He tried to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. Men should and could be self-reliant. Each man should feel the world as his, and the world exists for him alone. He should determine his o

38、wn existence. Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself. Know then that the world exists for you he says. Build therefore your own world. Trust thy self! and Make thyself! Trust your own discretion and the world is yours. Thus

39、, as Henry Nash Smith ventures to suggest, Emerson s message was eventually (to use a telegraphic abbreviation) self-reliance. Emerson s eye wason man as he could be or could become; he was in the main optimistic abouthuman perfectibility. The regeneration of the individual leads to the regeneration

40、 of society. Hence his famous remark, I ask for the individuals, not the nation. Emerson s self-reliance was an expression, on a very high level, of the buoyant spirit of his time, the hope that man can become the best person he could hope to be. Emerson s Transcendentalism, with its emphasis on the democratic individualism, may have provided an ideal explanation for the conduct and activities of an expanding capitalist society. His essays such