寫作教程總結(jié)

1、Unit1theCorrectWordFocusDenotationandConnotationDenotationreferstotheliteralandprimarymeaningofaword-thedefinitionyoufindinadictionary.Connotationreferstotheimpliedorsuggestedmeaningofaword.Wecanlistsomewordstocompareitsdifferentmeaningofdenotationconnotation.WordDenotationConnotationSentence(connot

2、ation)andgoldAkindofExpensive,moneyGoldnowisverymaterialsourcewealthexpensive.moonThenaturalbodyBeautylonely,Manyyearspastshestillthatmovesaroundcoldness,purity,keepacharitylikethetheearthonce28tranquilitymoon.days.iceWaterfrozensoColdness,Theiceinhisvoicewasthatithasindifferenceonlytohidethepain.be

3、comesolid.cruelty,death,etcbloodRedliquidRelationship,Bloodisthickthanflowingthroughdeath,water.thebodiesofdescent,race,humanoranimaltemperamentwinterAseasonColdness,Pleasewalkoutyoutired,upsetwinteroflife,justsmiletoyourlife.Attitude:whenwewriteinEnglish,wehavetobecarefulwithsomeemotionallyloaded.w

4、ordsthatcanrevealthewritersattitude.Wecandividethewordsattitudeintothreeparts:1commendatorypositive2neutral3derogatorypejorativeCommendatoryNeutralPejorativequaintstrangebizarrepersiststubbornpigheadedcomplimentpraiseflatteringSeniorcitizenOldpersonfossilBachelorgirlSinglegirlspinsterCollocation:fix

5、edcombinationofwordsThereareseveralsuccess)+AD(thinktypesofcollocation:+N(followthefashion)2.A+N(abrilliantalike)+N(theanswertoaquestion)5.V+PREP(thinkofanidea)FalseFriendsAdvise(v)vs.advice(n)angel（天使）vs.angle（角度）capital（國都，資本）vs.capitol（國會大廈）Complement（增補(bǔ)）pliment（夸贊）credible（可信的，的確的）vs.credulous（輕

6、信的，易被騙的）getknowledge(t)vs.learnknowledge(f)GrammarSubject-Verbagreement1whenthesubjectiscompoundWorkandplayareequallyimportant.Hamandeggsismyfavoritebreakfast.由and或bothand連結(jié)的并列構(gòu)造作主語時，假如意義為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果作主語的并列構(gòu)造不是指兩個或兩個以上的人或物，而是表示單數(shù)，則動詞用單數(shù)；與each等限制詞時，隨后動詞用單數(shù)。(2)由neithernornotonlybutalso連結(jié)的并列構(gòu)造作主語，隨后動詞

7、形式常按照就and近原則。(3)主語后用alongwith,togetherwith指引等詞組，動詞形式依據(jù)主語形式而定。2Whenthesubjectexpressesquantity有manya等限制詞，后來動詞形式為單數(shù)(2)apair,heapof后動詞多接單數(shù)形式3whenthesubjectisarelativepronoun,awhat-clause,orinthethere-bestructure以nominalclause作主語，隨后動詞往常用單數(shù)(2)relativeclause中謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式往常以關(guān)系代詞先行項的形式而定(3)therebe謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于所

8、后的Unit2TheAppropriateWordFocusStyle:inEnglish,wordscanbe,roughly,formal,general,colloquial,andslangintermsofstyle.FormalandgeneralFormalwordsarenotascommonasgeneralwords,whichformthebasisofthevocabularyandareusedforeverydaycommunication.formalgeneralfracturebreaklucidclearterminateendcorpulentfatfac

9、ilitateMakeeasyverifyproveconcuragreeNotice:acommonbeliefamongstudentsisthatformalityisavirtue,butthebestpolicyistousegeneralwordsinmostcasesandformalwordsinspecific,formalcontexts.ColloquialandslangWell,now,youknow,Idliketosay,oh,maygod,Ithink.whichcanbeusedincolloquial,andcontractionandabbreviatio

10、nalsocanbeused.Butinsomeformalconstitutionwedbetternotuseit.Notice:thecolloquialstyletakesalessprominentrole,therefore,formostwritingtasks,itmaynotbeideal.Toomuchslangcanmakeapassagelooseandunserious;somemayevensoundodd.StyleandaudienceTheformalstyleischaracterizedbyextensivevocabulary,frequentuseof

11、formalandabstractwords,absenceofslangandalmostnocontractionorclippedwords.Theinformalstyleischaracterizedbyvocabulariesrangingfromformaltocolloquialbutmostlygeneral,andoccasionalandclippedwords.Differentstyleareusedtoaddressdifferentaudiencesandondifferentoccasions.Chinglish:itreferstotheunidiomatic

12、useofEnglishbyChinesespeakerAvoidliteraltranslationchinglishdiomaticBigfilmblockbusterEarlylovePuppyloveConvenientnoodlesInstantnoodlesFistproductKnockoutproductOnesexgoodsDisposablegoodsGrasptheconnotation請幫我們(宣傳)一下這個新產(chǎn)品。Pleasehelpustopropagatethisnewproduct.Propagateshouldbereplacedbypromote他遇事老是先

13、想著自己，真是太個人主義了Heisself-concernedandindividualistic。IndividualisticshouldbereplacedbyselfishnessGrammarPronouns1Subjectivevs.objectiveSubjective:IsheyouheitwhowhomtheyObjective:meheryouhiswhomwhosethemits2Singularvs.plural3Pointofviewisusedtodescribetheperspectiveinwriting.Unit3theBetterWordFocusConci

14、seness(Brevityisthesoulofwit.)Tip:1eliminateorexpressionrewritethatrepeatthesamepoint2cutoutunnecessaryintensifiers3avoidoverusingthenounformsofverbs4changephraseintosinglewords5changeunnecessary“that,whoandwhich”clauseintophrases.Notice:redundancyisnotalwayseasytospot.thebestwayistoproofreadyourwri

15、tingcarefullyandtrytofindwords,phrasesorevensentencethatarenotessential.Preciseness：TheconcretenessofexpressionGeneralwordsconveyinexactintangibleandoftenabstractconceptswhereasspecificwordsprovideprecise,sensoryorconcretedetails.Forexample:itwasfinelastweekend,sowewenttothecountrysideandhadagoodtim

16、e.Wesawmanythingsandpeoplethere.Andwehadawonderfultime.Improved:Itwasawonderfulandrelaxedweekend,wedriveourprivateandspaciouscartothecountryside,therewewereaenjoyableandrelaxtime.Wesawsomanypeoplewhoweariedplainandsimpleclothesandtherearesomuchinterestingtingslikeassemblyandfolkdance.Werewelcomedbyp

17、assionatevillagerandhaddeliciousdinnerwiththem.Thatwasreallyamemorableandwonderfultime.EffectivenessSentenceBaseUnit4FocusThesentencebase,whichislikethetrunkofatree,consistsofatleastonesubjectandoneverb.Subject:tochooseagoodsubjectisthefirstcrucialstepinsentencewriting,telluswhoorwhatisresponsiblefo

18、ranaction,feelings,andstateorprocess.Positionofthesubject:Thesubjectisusually,throughnotalways,putatthebeginningofasentence.Thesubjectofadeclarativesentence-asentencethatmakesastatementusuallyprecedestheverb.butinonesituation,itfollowstheverb,(Inthecenterofthepaintingstandsaladyinwhite.)Voice:thevoi

19、ceofaverbdependsontherelationbetweentheverbanditssubject.whenthesubjectacts,theverbisintheactivevoice;whenthesubjectisactedupon,theverbisinthepassivevoice.1ChoosingtheactivevoiceTheactivevoicestressestheactivityofthesubjectandhelpstomakeasentencedirect,concise,andvigorous.2ChoosingthepassivevoiceTho

20、ughtheactivevoiceismorecommonlyusedinwriting,thepassivevoicemaybemoresuitableforthefollowing:1whentheagentisfollowedbyalongmodifier,weusethepassivevoicetoavoidsuspensionoftheverb2thepassivealsousedtokeepthefocusoftwosentencesGrammarTense1Thesimplepresent:a表示此刻的狀態(tài)，b表常?；蛄?xí)慣性動作，c表主語具備的性格和功能d廣泛真諦和自然規(guī)律e表示

21、未來和過去時間2Sequenceoftenses:simplepresent,simplepast,presentprogressive,pastprogressive,presentperfective,pastperfective,presentperfectiveprogressive,pastperfectiveprogressiveMood:theindicativemood,theimperativemood,thesubjunctivemoodThesubjunctivemood:Ingrammar,thesubjunctivemood(abbreviatedsjvorsbjv)

22、isaverbmoodtypicallyusedinsubordinateclausestoexpressvariousstatesofunrealitysuchaswish,emotion,possibility,judgment,opinion,necessity,oractionthathasnotyetoccurred.Itissometimesreferredtoastheconjunctivemood,asitoftenfollowsaconjunctionUnit5ExpandedSentenceBaseFocusAttributes:wordsorphrasesusedtona

23、rrowdownordescribenounsarecalledattributes.WhatcanbeusedasattributeADeterminers:referstowordsthatareusedtodefinethereferentialmeaningofanounoranominalphrase.Itincludedarticles,possessiveanddemonstrativepronouns,andcardinalandordinalnumerals.Badjectivesarethemostcommonattributes.Forexample:hairyanima

24、ls,aredroseCnouns:mostofthemindicatethefeatureofthenounmodified.Forexample:Herboyfriendisafashiondesigner.D-ingforms:todescribethefunction,feature,ortoindicatethepresentstateofthenoun.Wealllikehersmilingface.EedformsHeonlydrinksimportedwine.Finfinitives:nowitmustbeplacedafterthenoun.Doyouhaveafriend

25、totalkto.Gprepositionalphrases:itisplacedafterthenounitmodifiers.Icantstandthatsillyadfordogfood,canyouRelativeClausesWhyuserelativeclause:tomakethenounseithermoreexactormorevivid;wecandirectreadersattentiontothemainclauseMysonlikedthetoycarverymuchwhichIboughtforhisbirthday.Thetoycarwaslikedbymyson

26、verymuchwhichIboughtformyson.WritingcorrectrelativeclausesRULE1wheretheantecedentreferstoathingRULE2wheretheantecedentreferstoapersonRULE3wheretheantecedentisusedaspossessiveintheclauseForexampleA+whose+clauseRULE4wheretheantecedentreferstoatimeForexampleA+when+clauseRULE5wheretheantecedentreferstoa

27、placeForexampleA+where(inat+which)+clauseRULE6wheretheantecedentreferstoacauseForexampleA+why+clauseRULE7wheretheantecedentreferstoamannerForexampleA+inwhich+clauseRULE8wheretheantecedentreferstothemainclauseasawholeFoeexampleprecedingsentence+which+clauseRule9wheretherelativeclausehasnorelativeword

28、Iftherelativeisusedasobject,itcanbeomitted.Rule10wheretherelativebeginswithaprepositionForexampleantecedent+prep+which+clauseRule11wheretheantecedentandtherelativeclauseareseparatedbyacommaForexample:anon-restrictiveclause(Theboy,whohaveplayedtruanttowatchthefootballmatch,willhavetocopythetext.)Gram

29、marIncompleteSentenceAPhrasefragment:inexperiencedwritersmaywriteaphraseasifitwereasentencebecausetheyborrowthephrasedirectlyfromthespokenlanguage.Illmeetyouinthelibrary.Atfourintheafternoon.(Illmeetyouinthelibraryatfourintheafternoon.)BfragmentwithoutasubjectShestoodbythewindow.Andlookedatthestreet

30、below.(Shestoodbythewindowandlookedatthestreetbelow.)Cfragmentwithoutaauxiliaryverb:fragmentsoftencontainverb-likeparticlesorinfinitiveswhichcausethewritertothinkaverbhasbeeninclude.Dfragmentofdependentclauses:whenadependentclausearefairllong,awritermightmispuctuateitasasentence.WordOrderDeterminers

31、:名詞前的限制詞次序為前位-中位-后位，同時一個名詞中心詞前不可以同時用兩其中位限制詞或兩個前位限制詞。Adjectives形容詞修飾名詞的次序為：限制詞-數(shù)詞-描述詞-（大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色）出處-資料性質(zhì)類型-名詞。Unit6ExpandedSentenceBaseFocusParticipleGettingtoknowparticiple:therearetwokindsofparticiple,oneendingwithing,andtheotherendingwithedwhichformstousedependsontherelationshipbetweentheverb

32、andthenoundescribed.1Thetremblingoldmanstoodbythebrokenwindow.2Frightenedbyastrangenoisedownstairshewentdownslowly,holdinghisguninhishandComplexparticiplephrasepresentparticipleindifferentmodesandaspectsBParticiplewithconjunctionTime:weusewhilewhentoemphasizethattheparticipleactionandthepredicateact

33、iontakeplaceatthesameplace.Wealsousewordslikebefore,aftertoshowthesequenceofthetwoactionWhilechasingthecat,thedoghurtitsfeet.Concession:weusewordslikethough,although,evenif,etc.toshowconcession.Shedoesntplantogototheparty,eventhoughinvited.Condition:weuseifwhenorunlessbeforeaparticipletoindicatethat

34、thisisjustacondition,insteadofafact.Whenhearted,thismaterialwillgiveoffaverybadsmell.GettingtoknowparticiplesfunctionAcreatingconcisesentenceBproducingmoredetailedsentence1Theoldmanheldthereceiverinhishand,shockedatwhathewastold,notutteringasingleword.2Shockedatwhathewastold,notutteringasingleword,t

35、heoldmanheldthereceiverinhishand.(Better)CestablishingclearerlogicIllhavetostayinbedforacoupleofdays,hurtinaaccident.Hurtinaaccident,Illhavetostayinbedforacoupleofdays.AbsolutesGettingtoknowabsolutesUsingabsolutewithpurposeaddingdescriptivedetailstomakesentencemuchmorevivid.Themanagersatquietlyinhis

36、office,hiseyeclosed.Themanagersatquietlyinhisoffice,acigaretteburninginhishand.(better)indicatingcause-effectrelationshipsHeglaredathisboss,smiledisappeared.Thegirlwasenjoyingherfavoritesong,laughedloudly.GrammarComma-splitsentence:useacomatoconnecttwoseparateideas,ortwoindependentsentenceWecanuseso

37、meconjunctiontocombinethesentence.FusedsentenceWeshouldknowthebasestructureofsentence,likeSVC,SV,SVO,SVOC.Unit7JoiningSentenceTogetherFOCUSCoordination:isacommonsyntacticpatternformedbygroupingtogethertwoormorecategoriesofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,but,or.CoordinatestructuresAbasi

38、ccoordinateformulaCoordination=itemA+andbut+itemB(aredandyellowcurtain)Bcoordinationadifferentgrammaticallevels1hardbutrewarding(wordlevel)2afive-thousand-Yuansalaryandatwo-monthpaidholiday(phraselevel)3whoisoldenoughtoprovideknowledgeablelessonsaboutlifeandwhoisyoungenoughtotreatstudentsasfriends.(

39、clauselevel)4Leadersworkwithmind,andlaborersworkwithhand.(sentencelevel)Ccoordinationwithdifferenttypesofcoordinators1.Singlecoordinators:and,but,or2.Pairedcoordinators:bothand,eitheror,neithernor3.SerialcoordinationCoordinationinseries=itemA+itemB+itemC,+Coordinator+lastitemDusingconjunctiveadverbs

40、(sentenceconnectors)1indicatecontrast:however,instead,ontheotherhand,nevertheless,otherwise,incontrast2indicatecauseandeffect:therefore,thus,hence,consequently,asaresult,forthisreason3inndicateasimilarideafollows:besides,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,similarly4indicateemphasisandillustration:indee

41、d,infact,inparticular,forexample,forinstance5indicatetime:then,meanwhile,atthesametime,afterward,laterCoordinationatthesentencelevelcoordinatorrelationshipandThetwoitemsaresimilarbutThetwoitemsaredifferentorTwoitemsarealternativenorNeitherofthetwoitemstakeplacesoCausetheeffectyetWhatthesentencelessc

42、losethanwithbutFunctionofcoordinatesentences:toclaritytherelationshipbetweenclausesandassignsequalweighttotheideasAdvancedusagesofcoordinatesentenceAnominalclauseArepetitionorabsenceofcoordinatorsBsemicolons:aitquittancethepaceofthesentence;bslowlythesentencedown,sothereaderwillpundateovertheideas.C

43、interruptedcoordination:thephraseinsertedaddsmoreinformationtotheoriginalsentence.BMakingthesentencepasternsmorevaried.JoiningSentenceTogetherUnit8FocusSubordinationTheclausethatcanbeusedindependentlyiscalledindependentclause;theclausethatcannotbeusedaloneiscalleddependentclause,andthewordusedtoconn

44、ectthemandindicatedrelationshipiscalledsubordinator.Subordinationvs.coordinationSimilarity:theybothcombinetwoclauseintoonesentenceDifference:Thetwoclausesincoordinatesentencecanbeusedindecently,becausetheirmeaningsarecomplete;whileinsubordinateonlyonesentenceiscompletemeaningsandcanbeusedindigently.

45、Coordination:Tonyisverygiftedinmusic,buthechosetomajorinaccounting.Subordination:AlthoughTonyisverygiftedinmusic,hechosetomajorinaccounting.Typesofsubordination:anominalclauseisadependentclausefunctioningasanoun.Whyyourfathercomeshereisamysterytome.Brelativeclauses:IlikethedogthatwhichischasingacatC

46、adverbialclausesFunctionsofsubordinationAmoreinformationBemphasis:tosumup,subordinationcanaddmoreinformationtoasentence,andmoreimportantly,itcangivespecialemphasistopartofthesentence.EffectiveuseofsubordinationApositionofthesubordinateclauseBsimplifiedsubordinationUnit9SentenceVarietyWaystoachievese

47、ntencevariety1Byvaryingthelengthshortsentence:emphatic,suitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas.Blongsentence:capableofexpressingcomplexideaswithprecision;suitablefortheexplanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.2Byvaryingthepattern:bysentencepatterns,wemeansente

48、nceofdifferentfunctionsandstructuresAvoidstringsofbriefandsimplesentenceAvoidtoomanycompoundsentence.Sentencefunction:errogativeimperativeexclamatoryGrammaticalstructure;simple,compound,complex,compound-complex3ByvaryingtheemphasisThefirststrategyforemphasisNaturalemphasispositioninEnglishsentence1T

49、heendofasentenceisthemostemphasisposition;thebeginningthesecond;themiddlethelast.2Whenweshifttheorder,wecreateacertainemphaticeffect,otherelementssuchasattributesandadverbialsareusuallyplacedclosetowhattheymodify.Thesecondstrategy;byusingemphaticpatterns,likewhatis,itistherebewhothat,doverb,passivevoicethat,4ByvaryingthebeginnerAsubject:besidesnounsandpronouns,numerals,infinitives,ingparticipleandclausecanalsobeusedassubject.byusingdifferentkindsofsubjectstob