電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè)英語(yǔ)

1、 HYPERLINK 南京工程學(xué)院期末考查報(bào)告書書成績(jī)電氣工程專業(yè)外外語(yǔ)B 院（系、部、中中心） 電力工程學(xué)學(xué)院 專 業(yè) 電氣工程及及其自動(dòng)化 班 級(jí) 電氣071 學(xué) 生 姓 名名 褚楚 學(xué) 號(hào) 2060770819 任 課 教 師師 朱建建忠 2010年 77月 南 京 考查要求：對(duì)已學(xué)的課程內(nèi)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)結(jié), 節(jié)選4篇課題作為為報(bào)告的主題題。通過文獻(xiàn)的搜索索（可借鑒Googlle、Yahoo和電子圖書書館的外文期期刊），查找找數(shù)篇與課程相相關(guān)的資料（一一定是經(jīng)過選選擇后的文獻(xiàn)獻(xiàn)，要最好的的）。通過已經(jīng)掌握的的專業(yè)詞匯和和課題背景對(duì)對(duì)已查找的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)進(jìn)行精心分析析，分析角度度可從詞匯、語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法和

2、課題背背景等。對(duì)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行通篇篇翻譯，翻譯譯最好可直譯譯，遇拗口的的語(yǔ)句可選擇擇意譯。翻譯后從文中選選出關(guān)鍵字?？偨Y(jié)翻譯成果，寫寫下中心思想想?？疾閳?bào)告總結(jié)（語(yǔ)語(yǔ)句需簡(jiǎn)潔）。Page1. The PProducction of Ellectriical EEnergyy(電能生產(chǎn))1.Engliish teestFrom reeferennce 1In largge steeam poower pplantss, the tthermaal eneergy sstoredd in ssteam is coonvertted innto woork byy meanns of turbiines.

3、 A turrbine consiists eessenttiallyy of aa shafft or rotorr fixeed in beariings aand enncloseed in a cyllindriical ccasingg. The rrotor is maade too turnn smooothly by meeans oof jetts of steamm fromm nozzzles aaroundd the peripphery of thhe turrbine cylinnder. Thesee steaam jetts strrike bbladess a

4、ttaached to thhe shaftt. Cenntral powerr stattions emplooy conndensiing tuurbinees in whichh the steamm passses innto a condeenser afterr leavving tthe tuurbinee. Condeensatiion iss effeected by thhe cirrculattion oof larrge quuantitties oof colld watter thhroughh the tubess of tthe coondensser, tth

5、us iincreaasing the eexpanssion rratio of thhe steeam annd thee conssequennt effficienncy annd worrk outtput oof thee turbbine. the tturbinnes arre connnecteed dirrectlyy to llarge electtricitty genneratoors.In turbbines the aactionn of tthe stteam iis kinnetic. Theree is pprogreessivee expaansionn

6、of tthe stteam ffrom tthe hiigh prressurre andd relaativelly smaall voolume at whhich iit entters tthe tuurbinee to tthe loow preessuree and relattivelyy veryy greaat vollume aat whiich itt leavves.Steam iis madde by heatiing waater iin a bboilerr. The uusual boileer hass a fuurnacee in wwhich fuel

7、is buurned and tthe heeat giiven ooff duuring combuustionn is cconduccted tthrouggh thee metaal wallls off the boileer to generrate ssteam at a presssure wwithinn the boileer vesssel .In nuuclearr plannts, steamm is ggeneraated wwith tthe aiid of a reaator iin whiich thhe conntrollled fiissionn of u

8、uraniuum or plutoonium suppllies tthe neecessaary heeat foor thee vapoorizattion oof watter. Thus the rreatorr repllaces the ssteam generrator of coonventtionall plannts.Keywordds：turbiine, steaamFrom reeferennce 2Up untiil noww we hhave bbeen mmainlyy conccernedd withh miniimizinng thee costt of oo

9、peratting aa poweer sysstem. An oveerridiing faactor in thhe opeeratioon of a powwer syystem is thhe dessire tto maiintainn systtem seecuritty. Syystem securrity iinvolvves prracticces deesigneed to keep the ssystemm operratingg whenn compponentts faiil. For eexamplle, a genneratiing unntil mmay haa

10、ve too be ttaken off-lline bbecausse of auxilliary equippment failuure. By maaintaiining propeer amoounts of sppinninng resserve, the rremainning uunits on thhe sysstem ccan maake upp the deficcit wiithoutt too low aa freqquencyy dropp or nneed tto sheed anyy loadd. Simillarly, a trransmiissionn lin

11、ee may be daamagedd by aa storrm andd takeen outt by aautomaatic rrelayiing. IIf in commiittingg and dispaatchinng genneratiion prroper regarrd forr trannsmisssion fflows is maaintaiined, the rremainning ttransmmissioon linnes caan takke thee incrreasedd loadding aand sttill rremainn withhin liimit.

12、 Becauuse thhe speecificc timees at whichh inittiatinng eveents tthat ccause compoonentss to ffail aare unnprediictablle thee systtem muust bee operrated at alll timmes inn suchh a waay thaat thee systtem wiill noot be left in daangeroous coonditiion shhould any ccredibble innitiatting eevent occurr

13、. Sincee poweer sysstem eequipmment iis dessignedd to bbe opeeratedd withhin ceertainn limiits, most piecees of equippment are pproteccted bby auttomatiic devvices that can ccause equippment to bee swittched out oof thee systtem iff thesse limmits aare viiolateed. Iff any eventt occuurs onn a syyste

14、m that leavees it operaating with limitts vioolatedd, thee evennt mayy be ffollowwed byy a seeries of fuurtherr actiions tthat sswitchh otheer equuipmennt outt of sservicce. This is ussuallyy refeerred to ass a syystem blackkout.Keywordds：powerr systtem, ssecuriityFrom reeferennce 3System monittorin

15、gg provvides the ooperattors oof thee poweer sysstem wwith ppertinnent uup-to-date inforrmatioon on the ccondittions on thhe powwer syystem .Geneerallyy speaaking it iss the most imporrtant functtion oof thee threee. From the ttime tthat uutilitties wwent bbeyondd systtems oof onee unitt suppplyingg

16、 a grroup oof loaads, effecctive operaation of thhe sysstem rrequirred thhat crriticaal quaantitiies bee meassured and tthe vaalues of thhe meaasuremments be trransmiitted to a centrral loocatioon. Such systeems off meassuremeent annd datta traansmisssion, calleed tellemetrry sysstems, have evolvved

17、 too scheemes tthat ccan moonitorr volttages, curreents, powerr flowws, and tthe sttatus of ciircuitt breaakers switcches iin eveery suubstattion iin a ppower systeem traansmisssion netwoork. In addditioon, otherr crittical inforrmatioon succh as frequuency, generrator unit outpuuts annd traansforrm

18、er ttap poositioons caan alsso be telemmetereed. With so muuch inforrmatioon tellemeteered ssimulttaneouusly, no huuman ooperattor coould hhope tto cheeck alll of it inn a reeasonaable ttime fframe. For tthis rreasonn, digittal coomputeers arre usuually instaalled in opperatiions ccontrool cennters

19、to gaather the ttelemeeteredd dataa, proceess thhem, and pplace them in a data base from whichh operratorss can displlay innformaation on laarge ddisplaay monnitorss. More imporrtantlly, the ccomputter caan cheeck inncominng infformattion aagainsst preestoreed limmits aand allarm tthe opperatoors in

20、n the eventt of aan oveerloadd or oout-off-limiit volltage. State eestimaation is offten uused iin succh sysstems to coombinee teleemeterred syystem data with systeem moddels tto prooduce the bbest eestimaate (in aa stattisticcal)off the curreent poower ssystemm condditionns or “statee”.Keywordds：te

21、lemmeter, estiimateFrom reeferennce 4The maiin objjectivve of produuctionn conttrol iin powwer syystem is too miniimize the ccost oof gennerateed powwer whhile mmaintaainingg its qualiity annd sattisfyiing thhe sysstem ssecuriity coonstraaints. Thiss impllies ddirecttly thhat loosses in booth thhe g

22、enneratiion annd thee trannsmisssion oof eleectriccal ennergy must be ass smalll as possiible. All pparticcipatiing geenerattors aare ruun at high efficcienciies, tthe miix of produuctionn resoourcess is eexploiited eeconommicallly andd the energgy is transsmitteed opttimallly. Prroducttion ccontroo

23、l inccludess geneeral bboth aactivee and reacttive ppower. Howeever, the mmain iintereest inn thiss typee of aappliccationn has so faar beeen foccused mainlly on the aactivee partt. Thiis is the ccase iin thiis secction also. Howeever, interrest ffor thhe reaactivee partt is rrapidlly groowing and w

24、will ssoon gget a greatt deall of aactionn. The acttivitiies inn the produuctionn conttrol ffield have tradiitionaally bbeen bbased on pllanninng. Thhis iss stilll thee casee. The aiim is then to brreak ddown tthe ovveralll objeectivee intoo detaailed planss, norrmallyy on aan houurly bbasis, thatt

25、can be caarriedd out by thhe opeeratorr in tthe coontroll centter. TThus, severral stteps aare taaken iin a hhierarrchicaal schheme tto suppport the ooperattors ambbitionn alwaays too havee prodductioon ressourcees avaailablle to meet the lload ddemandd and guidee him to opperatee the generratingg u

26、nitts so that the mmost eeconommic allternaativess are choseen. Thhe seccurityy aspeects mmust aalso bbe connsisteed ,e.g. thhe sellectioon of produuctionn unitts musst nott resuult inn linee overrloadss, tooo highh bus voltaage ettc. Iff the systeem sufffers the ssuddenn losss of ggeneraation, it m

27、must bbe preeventeed froom gettting into the aalert statee for exampple byy actiivatinng prooductiion reeservees. Keywordds：produuctionn conttrol, securrity2中文翻譯及分分析出自文獻(xiàn)1： 在大型火電電廠中，蒸汽汽中儲(chǔ)存的熱熱能通過汽輪輪機(jī)做功。汽汽輪機(jī)基本上上是由軸或者者固定在軸承承之間封閉在在圓柱形汽缸缸內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)自組組成。轉(zhuǎn)子由由汽輪機(jī)汽缸缸周圍的噴嘴嘴噴出的氣流流推動(dòng)而平穩(wěn)穩(wěn)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。這些些噴射蒸汽流流沖擊安裝在在軸上的葉輪輪。中心發(fā)電電廠應(yīng)

28、用凝汽汽式汽輪機(jī)，使使蒸汽離開汽汽輪機(jī)進(jìn)入凝凝汽器，由凝凝汽器管束內(nèi)內(nèi)的大量循環(huán)環(huán)冷卻水進(jìn)行行凝汽，這樣樣就增加了蒸蒸汽的膨脹率率和效益，也也增加了汽輪輪機(jī)的輸出。汽汽輪機(jī)直接連連接大型的發(fā)發(fā)電機(jī)組。 在汽輪機(jī)內(nèi)內(nèi)，蒸汽是運(yùn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的，它有有一個(gè)逐漸膨膨脹的過程：進(jìn)入汽輪機(jī)時(shí)，蒸蒸汽在高壓下下有相對(duì)較小小的體積，而而離開汽輪機(jī)機(jī)時(shí)，在低壓壓下有相對(duì)較較大的體積。 蒸汽由鍋爐爐內(nèi)的熱水生生成。一般鍋鍋爐有燃燒室室，燃料在燃燃燒室燃燒，燃燃燒過程中散散發(fā)的熱通過過鍋爐內(nèi)的金金屬壁傳導(dǎo)，在鍋爐內(nèi)產(chǎn)生一定壓力下的蒸汽。在核電廠，借助反應(yīng)堆內(nèi)鈾或钚的裂變提供的熱量來使水汽化產(chǎn)生蒸汽。這樣，反應(yīng)堆就取代了傳統(tǒng)

29、電廠的蒸汽發(fā)生器。關(guān)鍵字：汽輪機(jī)機(jī)，蒸汽出自文獻(xiàn)2：到目前為止，我我們一直主要要關(guān)心最大限限度德降低電電力系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)運(yùn)行成本，電電力系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行行中最重要的的就是維護(hù)系系統(tǒng)的安全。系系統(tǒng)安全之際際上涉及涉及及：當(dāng)系統(tǒng)中中部分設(shè)備發(fā)發(fā)生故障時(shí)，系系統(tǒng)還能正常常運(yùn)行。例如如，一套發(fā)電電機(jī)組因?yàn)楦礁綄僭O(shè)備發(fā)生生故障而不得得不停止工作作。通過維持持適量備用發(fā)發(fā)電能力，系系統(tǒng)內(nèi)仍在工工作的發(fā)電機(jī)機(jī)組可以彌補(bǔ)補(bǔ)發(fā)電量的不不足而不會(huì)使使頻率下降太太多，也不需需要拉閘斷電電。同樣，一一條輸電線可可能遭受暴風(fēng)風(fēng)雨而受損，自自動(dòng)中續(xù)保護(hù)護(hù)器則會(huì)使其其與電網(wǎng)斷開開，如在發(fā)電電調(diào)度時(shí)，保保持對(duì)輸電線線路的適度關(guān)關(guān)注，其余的

30、的輸電線路就就會(huì)承擔(dān)相應(yīng)應(yīng)的負(fù)荷，而而電力系統(tǒng)仍仍處于安全。因?yàn)槭闺娏ο到y(tǒng)統(tǒng)的設(shè)備發(fā)生生故障的始發(fā)發(fā)事件的特定定時(shí)間不可預(yù)預(yù)測(cè)，電力系系統(tǒng)必須一直直以下列方式式運(yùn)行：任何何可信始發(fā)事事件發(fā)生時(shí)，電電力系統(tǒng)都不不會(huì)處于危險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)。由于于電力系統(tǒng)的的設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)成成在一定的限限度內(nèi)工作，大大多數(shù)設(shè)備在在超出限度時(shí)時(shí)，自動(dòng)保護(hù)護(hù)裝置會(huì)使設(shè)設(shè)備與系統(tǒng)斷斷開而保護(hù)設(shè)設(shè)備。假設(shè)系系統(tǒng)內(nèi)任何事事件使系統(tǒng)超超限運(yùn)行，隨隨后會(huì)產(chǎn)生一一系列的反應(yīng)應(yīng)，使其他設(shè)設(shè)備停止工作作。如果這一一過程繼續(xù)，整整個(gè)電力系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)或系統(tǒng)大部部分可能完全全癱瘓。這通通常被稱為電電力系統(tǒng)斷電電。關(guān)鍵字：電力系系統(tǒng)，安全出自文獻(xiàn)3： 系統(tǒng)控制功

31、功能為電力系系統(tǒng)操作人員員提供與電力力系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的的最新狀態(tài)信信息。一般而而言，它是三三個(gè)功能中最最重要的功能能。從電力公公司超越一臺(tái)臺(tái)機(jī)組系統(tǒng)系系統(tǒng)供應(yīng)一組組負(fù)荷之時(shí)起起，電力系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)有效的運(yùn)行行要求測(cè)量最最重要的數(shù)據(jù)據(jù)，并把側(cè)到到的數(shù)據(jù)傳送送到控制中心心。這樣的測(cè)測(cè)量和數(shù)據(jù)傳傳送的遙測(cè)系系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)發(fā)展展成為可以監(jiān)監(jiān)控電壓、電電流、電能流流和電力系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)輸電網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)內(nèi)每一變電站站的線路斷路路器和開關(guān)狀狀態(tài)的裝置。此此外，其他重重要性信息，如如頻率、發(fā)電電機(jī)組輸出和和變壓器抽頭頭位置也可以以遙測(cè)。這么么多數(shù)據(jù)同時(shí)時(shí)遙測(cè)，操作作人員不可能能在合理的時(shí)時(shí)間內(nèi)全部核核實(shí)。因此，通通常在運(yùn)行控控制中心安裝裝數(shù)字

32、計(jì)算機(jī)機(jī)來收集、分分析遙測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)據(jù)并把數(shù)據(jù)存存入數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。操操作人員也可可以把信息從從數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)調(diào)出出并顯示在大大屏幕上。更更重要的是，計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)可以把把輸入數(shù)據(jù)與與之前存儲(chǔ)的的限制數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)進(jìn)行對(duì)比，并并在過載或超超限電壓時(shí)向向操作人員發(fā)發(fā)出警示。 這樣的系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)長(zhǎng)應(yīng)用狀態(tài)態(tài)把遙測(cè)系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)與系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)模型相結(jié)合合，作出現(xiàn)在在電力系統(tǒng)狀狀態(tài)最佳的評(píng)評(píng)估（統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)學(xué)意義上的）。關(guān)鍵字：遙測(cè)，評(píng)評(píng)估出自文獻(xiàn)4：電力系統(tǒng)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)控制的主要要目標(biāo)是：在在維持電能質(zhì)質(zhì)量和滿足系系統(tǒng)安全要求求的條件下，最最大限度地降降低生產(chǎn)電能能的成本。這這意味著生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)和輸送電能能的損耗必須須盡可能小。所所有參與的發(fā)發(fā)電機(jī)組將高高效運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，并

33、并以混合方式式經(jīng)濟(jì)地開發(fā)發(fā)利用生產(chǎn)資資源和優(yōu)化輸輸送電能。生生產(chǎn)控制一般般包括有功功功率和無功功功率。到目前前為止，對(duì)這這種應(yīng)用的主主要興趣仍主主要集中在有有效功率上，這這一節(jié)的內(nèi)容容也是如此。但但對(duì)無功功率率的興趣在快快速增長(zhǎng)，并并將極大地重重視。生產(chǎn)控制領(lǐng)域的的活動(dòng)傳統(tǒng)上上是根據(jù)計(jì)劃劃進(jìn)行的。現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在仍舊如此此，目的是把把整個(gè)計(jì)劃分分解成比較詳詳細(xì)的子計(jì)劃劃，一般以小小時(shí)為基本單單位?？刂浦兄行牡牟僮魅巳藛T可以執(zhí)行行這種子計(jì)劃劃。因此可以以在分級(jí)計(jì)劃劃內(nèi)采取若干干步驟來支持持操作人員的的愿望：總有有生產(chǎn)資源可可以利用來滿滿足負(fù)荷需要要并指導(dǎo)他們們以最經(jīng)濟(jì)方方式路過負(fù)荷荷、過電壓等等。假設(shè)系統(tǒng)

34、統(tǒng)突然失去一一些發(fā)電能力力，必須啟動(dòng)動(dòng)備用發(fā)電機(jī)機(jī)組以防止進(jìn)進(jìn)入警戒狀態(tài)態(tài)。關(guān)鍵字：生產(chǎn)控控制，安全3 長(zhǎng)難句分析析及專業(yè)詞匯匯a). conntinuiity n. 連續(xù)性b). beaaring n. 軸承c). kinnetic a. 運(yùn)動(dòng)的d). vapporizaation n. 蒸汽，汽化化e). pellton wwheel n. 沖擊式水輪輪機(jī)4 中心思想三相系統(tǒng)是目前前最常用的發(fā)發(fā)電和輸電系系統(tǒng)。目前發(fā)發(fā)電的主要方方式是火力發(fā)發(fā)電，水力發(fā)發(fā)電，核電等等，其中火力力發(fā)電應(yīng)用最最廣泛。電力力系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行時(shí)時(shí)，應(yīng)使任何何始發(fā)事件發(fā)發(fā)生時(shí)，電力力系統(tǒng)都不會(huì)會(huì)處于危險(xiǎn)狀狀態(tài)。系統(tǒng)的的控制功

35、能是是電力系統(tǒng)最最重要的功能能，運(yùn)行中常常將采集到的的系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)與與系統(tǒng)模型相相結(jié)合，以此此來評(píng)估系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)態(tài)。5 列出文獻(xiàn)1.王宏文等.自動(dòng)化專業(yè)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程.北京：機(jī)械械工業(yè)出版社社，19982.馮俊寶.電電力專業(yè)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ).北京：中國(guó)國(guó)電力出版社社，20093.馮俊寶等.電力專業(yè)英英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)指南.北京：中國(guó)國(guó)電力出版社社，20084.劉然等.電電力專業(yè)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)（第三版）.北京：中國(guó)國(guó)電力出版社社，2010Page2. Generaators and MMotorss(發(fā)電機(jī)和電動(dòng)動(dòng)機(jī))1.Engliish teestFrom reeferennce 1 The bbasic elec

36、ttricall prinnciplee undeerlyinng opeeratioon of dc geenerattors iis callled “generrator actioon”. If a llengthh of wwire iis movved thhorouggh a mmagnettic fiield iin succh a wway thhat thhe wirre cutts bettween the NNorth and SSouth poless prodducingg the magneetic ffield, an eelectrric vooltagee

37、willl be sset upp in tthe wiire. oof couurse, the vvoltagge sett up iin a ssinglee lenggth off wiree woulld be smalll. But iff a laarge nnumberr of wwires were conneected end tto endd and rotatted inn the magneetic ffield, the voltaage seet up in thhe serries oof thee wiree lenggths wwould be eqqual

38、 tto thee sun of vooltagees sett up iin thee indiividuaal lenngths wire. “Generrator actioon” is tthe efffect whereeby thhe volltage is seet up in a movinng connductoor. In dcc geneeratorrs, thhe connductoors arre wouund innto cooils aand moountedd in sslots on thhe armmaturee or rrotatiing ellement

39、t withhin thhe uniits houusing. The end oof eacch coiil of conduuctorss are brougght ouut to one eend off the armatture wwhere they are cconneccted tto inddividuual innsulatted baars inn a asssemblly of such bars, whicch is mountted arround the aarmatuure shhaft. This aassembbly iss callled thhe “co

40、mmuutatorr”, whiich iss requuired to prrovideed dirrect-ccurrennt outtput ffrom tthe geenerattor. TThe wiires tthat ccome oout off the generrator, one for tthe poositivve sidde of the ddc outtput aand onne forr the negattive sside, are cconneccted wwithinn the generrator to caarbon brushhes whhich r

41、ride oon thee commmutatoor. The brrushess pickk up tthe ellectriic currrent from the ccommuttator and ppass iit to the ccircuiit beiing feed by the ggeneraator. Keywordds：generrator, volttageFrom reeferennce 2An elecctric motorr can be reeserveed by reserrving the ddirecttion oof thee currrent iin e

42、itther iits arrmaturre or its ffield coilss. If both curreents aare reeserveed thee motoor conntinuees to turn in thhe samme dirrectioon, annd it folloows thhat thhe commmutattor mootors descrribed abovee willl workk fromm an AAC suppply. There are, howevver, ttwo sppeciall kindds of motorr thatt ca

43、n be ussed wiith ACC onlyy. The fiirst oof theese iss callled a synchhronouus mottor beecausee it ssynchrronizees itsself, that is, iit keeeps inn stepp withh the AC suupply. The mooving part, callled thhe rottor, iis a sstraigght baar maggnet mmounteed on a spiindle thoroough iits ceenter betweeen

44、thhe polles off an eelectrromagnnet. WWhen tthe ellectroomagneet is joineed to an ACC suppply itts maggnetissm resservess reguularlyy eachh timee the curreent chhangess direectionn, andd its poless becoome allternaately N andd S. TThe syynchroonous motorr is nnot seelf-sttartinng, buut if the rrotor

45、 is sppun roound bby hannd at the ccorrecct speeed, iits S pole is allways approoachinng thee uppeer polle of the eelectrromagnnet whhen thhis iss a N pole. And byy the same time electtromaggnet ccurrennt hass channged tthe uppper ppole tto a SS polee, thee rotoor hass turnned soo thatt the N polle

46、is approoachinng. The maagnetiic atttractiion beetweenn the oppossite ppoles of thhe rottor annd thee elecctromaagnet pullss the rotorr rounnd andd keepps it movinng. The cuurrentt, synnchronnous, speedd is wwhen tthe rootor rrevolvves onnce foor eacch commpletee cyclle of the AAC suppply, with a 50

47、 cyclee AC ssupplyy the synchhronouus mottors speeed iss 50 rrevoluutionss per seconnd, thhat iss 30000 revoolutioons peer minnute. This kkind oof mottor haas a pperfecctly cconstaant sppeed aas lonng as the ffrequeency oof thee AC ssupplyy stayys connstantt, andd becaause oof thiis it is ussed too

48、drivve eleectricc cloccks. Keywordds：electtric mmotor, rotoorFrom reeferennce 3 Synchhronouus macchiness can be cllassiffied aas cyllindriical-rrotor or saalientt-polee machhines. The cyylindrrical-rotorr consstructtion iis useed in high steamm-turbbine-ddrivenn geneeratorrs. The arrmaturre winnding

49、ss conssist oof lamminateed connductoors pllaced in thhe sattor sllots. They aare ussuallyy 3-phhase YY-connnectedd winddings, and voltaages oof aboove 133,800 voltss, linne to line, are commoon in sizess abovve sevveral thoussand kkilowaatts. The rootor ccarriees thee dc ffield windiings. Most oof

50、thee turbbine ggeneraators beingg buillt at preseent foor 60-cps sservicce aree 2-poole 3,600-rrpm maachinees. Becausse of the eeconommics oof higgh-speeed hiigh-teemperaature high-presssure ssteam turbiines, much studyy and some real pioneeeringg workk havee beenn devooted tto impprovemments in maa

51、teriaals annd dessign oof botth genneratoors annd turrbiness, andd the maximmum raatingss for whichh 3,6000-rpmm machhines have been builtt havee apprroximaately doublled duuring the ddecadee. The aadvanttage oof larrge unnits aare: ssomewhhat inncreassed effficieency, somewwhat llower capittal coos

52、t peer killowattt, andd the lowerr plannt opeeratinng cosst beccause of thhe greeater ease of opperatiing a generratingg stattion cconsissting of a relattivelyy few largee unitts as compaared wwith oone coonsistting oof manny smaaller unitss. Keywordds：Synchhronouus macchine, sizeeFrom reeferennce 4

53、 Becauuse off the high rotattionall streesses, the rotorrs of turbiine geenerattors mmust bbe dessignedd for as smmall aa diammeter as iss conssistennt witth othher reequireementss. At thee samee timee, limmitatiions aare immposedd on tthe axxial llengthh of tthe rootor bby vibbratioon connsiderrati

54、onns. Heence tthe deesign of thhe rottor iss indeeed a diffiicult probllem, aand thhe dessign oof thee wholle macchine is laargelyy deteermineed by it. SStressses arre higgh, opperatiing teemperaaturess are high, and spacee is ccrampeed. The inssulatiion iss subjjectedd to sseveree rotaationaal strr

55、essess, rellativeely hiigh teemperaaturess, andd seveere sttressees cauused bby theermal expannsion of thhe coiils. TThese factoors maake a low-vvoltagge rottor wiindingg desiirablee. Turbinne genneratoors ussuallyy are desiggned ffor exxcitattion aat volltage of 1225 to 375 vvolts. The fiield ccurr

56、ennt usuually is obbtaineed froom an excitter cooupledd to tthe shhaft oof thee geneeratorr. The aair gaaps off turbbine ggeneraators usuallly arre mucch lonnger tthan iin othher tyypes oof macchiness. A longg air gap rreducees thee reacctancee of tthe arrmaturre winngdingg and improoves vvoltagges

57、reegulattion aand sttabiliity. IIt is also necesssary for vventillationn. An obvvious advanntage of a long air ggap iss thatt it neccessittates a greeater fieldd mmf to prroducee a sppecifiied aiir-gapp fluxx. The ccoolinng prooblem in ellectriical aapparaatus iin genneral increeases in diifficuulty

58、 wwith iincreaasing size, becaause tthe suurfacee areaa fromm whicch thee heatt mustt be ccarrieed awaay inccreasees rouughly as thhe squuare oof thee dimeensionns, whhile tthe heeat deevelopped byy the lossees is roughhly prroporttionall to tthe voolume and tthereffore iincreaases aapproxximateely

59、ass the cube of thhe dimmensioons. BBecausse of theirr comppactneess, tthis pprobleem is a serrious one wwith llarge turbiine geenerattors.Keywordds：turbiine geenerattor, ddesignn中文翻譯及分析析 出自文獻(xiàn)11： 構(gòu)成直流發(fā)發(fā)電機(jī)運(yùn)行基基礎(chǔ)的基本電電氣原理被稱稱作“發(fā)電機(jī)行為”。如果一段段導(dǎo)線以切割割產(chǎn)生的磁場(chǎng)場(chǎng)的N極和S極的磁力線線方式通過這這個(gè)磁場(chǎng)，那那么這段導(dǎo)線線中就會(huì)產(chǎn)生生電壓。當(dāng)然然，在單獨(dú)的的一段導(dǎo)線中中產(chǎn)

60、生的電壓壓是很小的。但但是，如果大大量的導(dǎo)線首首尾相連并在在磁場(chǎng)中旋轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)，那么在這這一系列導(dǎo)線線中產(chǎn)生的電電壓將等于在在單個(gè)導(dǎo)線中中產(chǎn)生的電壓壓的和?！鞍l(fā)電機(jī)行為”可以解釋為為何電壓會(huì)在在移動(dòng)導(dǎo)線中中產(chǎn)生。 在直流發(fā)電電機(jī)中，導(dǎo)線線纏繞成線圈圈，并安在電電樞線槽內(nèi)或或電機(jī)殼內(nèi)的的旋轉(zhuǎn)部件上上。每個(gè)線圈圈導(dǎo)線的末端端連接到電樞樞一端的單獨(dú)獨(dú)絕緣的母線線上；這些母母線構(gòu)成的匯匯流排安裝在在電樞軸上。這這個(gè)裝置叫“換向極”，用來為發(fā)發(fā)電機(jī)提供直直流輸出。這這些從發(fā)電機(jī)機(jī)出來的導(dǎo)線線，一條用作作直流電輸出出的正極，另另一條用作負(fù)負(fù)極，它們?cè)谠诎l(fā)電機(jī)內(nèi)連連接到換向器器的電刷上。這這些電刷從換換向器獲取電