ACCA F4 知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)材料

1、Chapter11. 民法(civil law)和刑法（criminal law）的劃分Civil law: an form of private law， used by individuals to assert rights against other individualsCriminal law: an aspect of public law to regulate crimes and to punish offendersIssueCivilCriminalWho brings the actionClaimant/plaintiff原告Prosecutor/cps/state

2、Burden of proofClaimant/plaintiff原告Prosecutor/cps/stateStandard of proofBalance of probabilitiesBeyond reasonable doubtDecisionsLiable/not (judge)Guilty or notAimsCompensatoryPunitive/to punishRemedies 糾正damagesImprisonment/fines1. Case law: made by judge/ statute law成文法: primary legislation(made by

3、 the Parliament)/secondary legislation( in exercise of law-making powers delegated by Parliament). 注：Necessity for delegated legislation/secondary legislation :more convenient ;can hand over the task of specifying the law in detail to experts2. 在case law中:common law普通法created by judges through the a

4、pplication of the principle of judicial precedent. common law drew on customs/equity law衡平法:to resolve disputes where damages are not a suitable remedy and to introduce fairness into the legal system. 2. 不同法院管轄事件的類型只受理民事案件County court只受理刑事案件Crown court民刑通吃Magistrates court , high court, court of app

5、eal, supreme court只受理一審County court, magistrates court 只受理上訴Court of appeal , supreme court一審上訴通吃High court , crown courtChapter2Chapter21. Doctrine of Precedence(遵循先例制度的一般規(guī)則): some decisions made by a court are binding and similar subsequent legal cases should be decided on the basis of the law est

6、ablished in earlier cases.2. 可以創(chuàng)立判例法規(guī)則: Supreme Court/Court of Appeal/High Court;不可以創(chuàng)立:Crown, Magistrates, County Courts cannot create precedent.3. Elements of judicial decision(影響法庭判決的因素):ration decidendi判決理由the reason for the decision/Obiter dicta附帶說明statement made by the way, not binding, but mer

7、ely of persuasive authority 4. 法官又可以因?yàn)槟切├碛删芙^先例(disregarding judicial precedent): Overrule取代the procedure whereby a court higher in the legal hierarchy sets aside a legal ruling established in a previous case/Reverse推翻a procedure whereby a court higher in the hierarchy reverses the decision of a lowe

8、r court in the same case/Distinguishing法官的自由裁決a precedent is avoided by a judge demonstrating that the material facts of two cases are not the same5. Rules of Statutory Interpretation(法的解釋): the literal approach :the literal rulemeans that words in the Act should be given their literal and grammatic

9、al meaning rather than what the judge thinks they mean./the golden rule :this rule is applied in circumstances where the application of the literal rule is likely to result in an obviously absurd result. the purposive approach :the judge should ,where necessary ,look beyond the words of statute to f

10、ind out the reason/purpose for its enactment, and that meaning should be interpreted in the light of the purposeMischief rule :purposive approach的具體表現(xiàn)形式/where a statute is designed to remedy a weakness in the law, the correct interpretation is the one which achieves it.6. 語言處理規(guī)則（法律沒有追溯力 a statute do

11、es not have retrospective effect）Chapter3 合同法（IMP）1. 合同的概念a legally binding agreement enforceable in law2. 從要約到承諾是否達(dá)成agreement invitations to treat要約邀請-offer要約-acceptance承諾-agreement3. Termination of an offer:express rejection/counter off反要約/lapse of time/revocation of an off/death/if the off is suj

12、ect to a condition,it will lapse on failure of that condition4. Privity of Contract合同相對性原則: the common law doctrine that only those are party to the contract-have rights or liabilities under the contract/ have the right to enforce the contract,contracts cannot give rights or obligations to othersCha

13、pter4 1. 分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Express and lmplied terms:某個(gè)條款是否經(jīng)過雙方當(dāng)事人協(xié)商同意（agreed by the parties）Condition，warranties and innominate terms 核心，從屬和無名條款 ：根據(jù)條款重要性2. 免責(zé)條款 （三觀 概念）Any clause that attempts to exempt , or limit, the liability of one party for breach of contract or negligence3 test: correctly incorporated into

14、 the contract形式正確/worded clearly to exclude the breach措辭清晰/reasonable per statute內(nèi)容合理Chapter51. type of breach Repudiatory breach根本性違約：refusal to perform拒絕履行/failure to perform an entire obligation不履行某項(xiàng)/incapacitation 無力履行/breach of condition 違反核心條款/breach of an innominate term違反無名條款 Anticipatory br

15、each預(yù)期違約：未到合同履行時(shí)間，當(dāng)事人提前說明無法履行；收到預(yù)期違約通知可立即追究違約責(zé)任，也可等到履行合同時(shí)間追究責(zé)任Lawful excuses for non-performance開脫責(zé)任：performance is impossible因不可預(yù)見的事情發(fā)生不可履行/嘗試履行被拒絕/ the other party make it impossible for him to performance/contract is discharged through frustration情勢變更/the party have been agreement permitted non-performance2. Remedies