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1、21/21HYPERLINK /Lesson 5 Agronomic Management Practices Affecting Tobacco QualityNew Words & ExpressionsBuyout n. a situation in which a person or group gains control of a company by buying all of its shares 全部買下、買斷 Post-buyout 買斷后MH maleic hydrazide 順丁烯二酸酰肼，馬來(lái)酰肼Alkaloids n. any of numerous organic

2、bases (as morphine) containing nitrogen and usually oxygen that occur especially in seed plants 生物堿Top v. to remove or cut the top of 給打頂Sucker n. a shoot from the lower part of the stem of a plant 腋芽Stalk n. a long narrow part of a plant supporting one or more leaves,flowers or fruits 柄、梗Nicotine n

3、. a poisonous alkaloid （C10H14N2） that is the chief active material of tobacco and is used as an insecticide 尼古丁Cure v. to preserve by drying it 曬、烘烤Mature a. fully grown and developed 成熟的Hornworm n. a kind of insects 天蛾幼蟲Mo(u)ld n. a superficial growth produced especially on damp or decaying organi

4、c matter or on living organisms 霉菌Blue mo(u)ld 青霉病Lay-by n. the final operation in the growing of a field crop 最后的田間作業(yè)Variegated v. marked in different colored spots,lines,areas etc 雜色的、斑駁的Sidedress v. to apply nutrients on one side of the plant roots 側(cè)施肥Nondescript a. belonging to no particular cla

5、ss or kind 無(wú)歸類的; not easily described 難以形容的Suckercide n. chemical product that prevents sucker from growing 腋芽抑制劑Contacts n. chemicals that kill insects by contacting them directly觸殺劑Systemics n. a pesticide that as used is harmless to the plant, but when absorbed into its sap makes the entire organ

6、ism toxic to pests 內(nèi)吸劑Versus prep. Against; in contrast to 對(duì)、和相比Priming n. picking up 采收，采摘Burley n. a thin-bodied air-cured tobacco grown mainly in Kentucky白肋煙TextIn 2005, tobacco will be produced and marketed without price support for the first time since 1939. Price schedules will reflect an emph

7、asis on quality, with deep discounts for unripe and immature grades. In the post-buyout environment, profitability will be directly related to the marketing of quality tobacco produced at the lowest cost. A number of management practices affect tobacco quality. Some of the most important are as foll

8、ows: 在2005年，煙草將自1939年以來(lái)第一次在沒(méi)有價(jià)格支持下生產(chǎn)和銷售。價(jià)格表將反映對(duì)煙葉質(zhì)量的重視，未熟等級(jí)將大幅降價(jià)。在后煙草配額買斷的環(huán)境下，利潤(rùn)將直接與以最低成本生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)質(zhì)煙草的銷售相關(guān)。 專門多農(nóng)藝措施阻礙煙草的質(zhì)量，最重要的一些措施有： Nitrogen rate and time of application Topping and sucker control with minimal MH residues Harvest rate and ripeness Leaf separation by stalk position氮肥的施用量和施用時(shí)刻 打頂和最少馬來(lái)酰肼殘

9、留的腋芽操縱 采收速率和成熟度 葉片分部位采收Nitrogen Rate and Time of ApplicationNitrogen is the most important nutrient affecting tobacco yield and quality. As nitrogen rate increases, the following occur: Yield increases to a point then decreases. Leaf size increases, but leaf thickness decreases. Total alkaloids, inc

10、luding nicotine, increase and sugars decrease in the cured leaf. Maturity and ripening are delayed. Cured leaf darkens. Sucker growth increases and sucker control decreases. Leaf drop and leaf break increase. Blue mold is more severe. Hornworm and aphid populations increase.氮肥的施用量和施用時(shí)刻 氮素是阻礙煙草產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量的

11、最重要的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素。隨著氮用量的增加，將會(huì)出現(xiàn)以下情況： 產(chǎn)量增加到一定值，然后下降。 葉面積增大，但葉厚度減小。在調(diào)制后葉片中，總生物堿、煙堿增加，糖減少。 成熟延遲。 調(diào)制后葉片變黑。 腋芽數(shù)增加，腋芽操縱效果降低。 殘傷增加。 霜霉病更加嚴(yán)峻。 天蛾幼蟲和蚜蟲的蟲口增加。Many growers spend considerable time choosing among sidedressers such as calcium nitrate, sodium nitrate, 30 percent UAN liquid, and 24S UAN liquid. However, the

12、data indicate that in the southeastern United States the rate and time of application are more important than the sidedresser. Unless leaching occurs, nitrogen should not be applied after lay-by. Late season application delays ripening and results in variegated-unripe grades. 許多種植者花費(fèi)了相當(dāng)多的時(shí)刻選擇側(cè)施肥料，比如

13、硝酸鈣、硝酸鈉、30的UAN(尿素硝銨)液體肥料和24S的UAN液體肥料。然而，數(shù)據(jù)表明：在美國(guó)東南部，氮肥的施用量和施用時(shí)刻比側(cè)施肥料更重要。除非發(fā)生淋洗，氮肥不應(yīng)在煙草側(cè)施肥后施用。后期施用延遲煙葉成熟，導(dǎo)致雜色-未熟等級(jí)的產(chǎn)生。Topping and Sucker ControlTopping tobacco in the button stage (soon after the flower begins to appear) rather than later increases yield and body if suckers are controlled. When tobac

14、co plants are not topped for three weeks after reaching the button stage, yields are reduced by 20 to 25 pounds per acre per day, or about 1 percent per acre per day when normal yields are in the 2,000- to 2,500-pounds-per-acre range. 打頂和腋芽操縱假如操縱腋芽，煙草在現(xiàn)蕾期打頂比現(xiàn)蕾期之后打頂能夠提高產(chǎn)量、增加身份。假如煙株在現(xiàn)蕾期后三周不打頂，則每天每英畝減少

15、產(chǎn)量2025磅，或者在正常產(chǎn)量在每英畝20002500磅的范圍內(nèi)時(shí)每天減少l的產(chǎn)量。Higher yields reduce per-pound production costs for acreage-related inputs such as chemicals, fertilizers, and some labor expenses. Topping early also improves chemical and physical qualities of the leaf by stimulating root development and alkaloid productio

16、n and by reducing buildup of insects.高產(chǎn)減少了與面積相關(guān)的生產(chǎn)成本，如農(nóng)藥、肥料和一些勞動(dòng)力支出。早打頂還通過(guò)刺激根系的發(fā)育、生物堿的生成以及減少害蟲的危害而提高煙葉的化學(xué)和物理品質(zhì)。Control of sucker growth is critical to maximizing yield because it allows the plant to concentrate resources on the production of leaves instead of suckers. Suckers can also interfere with

17、 mechanical harvesting and become a significant source of foreign matter in cured leaves. The key to successful sucker control is proper timing of suckercide application and use of proper rates of contacts and systemics.抑制腋芽生長(zhǎng)對(duì)最大限度地增產(chǎn)是專門關(guān)鍵的，因?yàn)樗怪仓臧奄Y源集中到葉片而非腋芽的生產(chǎn)。腋芽也會(huì)阻礙機(jī)械采收并成為調(diào)制后煙葉中雜質(zhì)的一個(gè)重要來(lái)源。成功操縱腋芽生長(zhǎng)

18、的關(guān)鍵是適時(shí)施用腋芽抑制劑以及適量施用接觸性和內(nèi)吸性抑制劑。Harvest Rate and RipenessWhen it comes to quality, there is no substitute for harvesting ripe tobacco. The ripening rate is determined by nitrogen uptake, rainfall, temperature, root health, and variety. Thus, ripening is greatly affected by weather conditions and varie

19、s considerably from one season to another. The 2002 versus 2003 and 2004 growing seasons were at opposite extremes. The 2002 season was one of the driest seasons on record, with 2003 and 2004 among the wettest.采收速率和成熟度從煙葉品質(zhì)方面考慮，沒(méi)有比采收成熟煙葉更重要的了。成熟速率是由氮汲取、降雨量、溫度、根系健康狀況和品種所決定的。因此，成熟受氣候條件阻礙專門大，季節(jié)之間差異專門大。

20、2002生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)與2003和2004生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)是兩個(gè)相反的極端。2002季節(jié)是歷史上最干旱的季節(jié)之一，2003和2004則是降雨量最大的兩個(gè)季節(jié)。In 2002, tobacco matured quickly in our tests and held for 10 to 20 days before quality declined due to excessive heat. In 2003 and 2004, tobacco ripened slowly, followed by a rapid decline in quality due to excessive rainfall.

21、As a result, there was only a 10 day window to harvest tobacco at the optimum value per acre.2002年，在我們的試驗(yàn)中，煙葉成熟專門快，但由 于過(guò)多的熱量煙葉在質(zhì)量下降之前保持了1020天。在20032004年，煙葉成熟專門慢，但由于過(guò)多的降雨，煙葉質(zhì)量專門快下降。結(jié)果為了獲得最佳畝產(chǎn)值只有1 0天的時(shí)刻采收煙葉。The variety data collected in the 2002 through 2004 holding ability tests are shown in Figures

22、8-1, 8-2, and 8-3. The study was designed to measure the ripening rate and holding ability by completing the final harvest at various stages of ripeness. The first and second primings were completed at normal times. However, the third (final) priming was made at the following times: 在2002-2004年耐熟能力試

23、驗(yàn)中收集的品種數(shù)據(jù)見圖8-l、8-2和83。這項(xiàng)研究是設(shè)計(jì)通過(guò)在不同成熟時(shí)期完成最后采收來(lái)測(cè)定成熟速率和耐熟能力。第一次和第二次采摘是在正常時(shí)刻完成。然而第三次采摘是按照在以下時(shí)刻完成進(jìn)行處理：treatment 1, 7 days earlier than ideal ripeness; treatment 2, 10 days later than treatment 1 (ripe tobacco); treatment 3, 20 days later than treatment 1; treatment 4, 30 days later than treatment 1; and

24、treatment 5, 40 days later than treatment 1. Thus, tobacco was harvested from slightly unripe (treatment 1) to 30 days past the earliest stage of ripeness (treatment 5). 處理1，比理想的成熟早7天；處理2，比處理1(成熟煙葉)晚10天；處理3，比處理1晚20天；處理4，比處理1晚30天；處理5，比處理1晚40天。如此，煙葉在輕微未熟(處理1)到比成熟的最早時(shí)期晚30天的時(shí)刻內(nèi)進(jìn)行采收(處理5)。Treatment 5 is p

25、robably unrealistic since there would seldom be a need to delay harvest by 30 days after the tobacco is ripe. But it is a good indicator of how well varieties will hold in the field. All varieties tested lost yield and value in treatment 5. However, there were significant differences among varieties

26、 in the magnitude of the loss.處理5可能是不切實(shí)際的，因?yàn)閷ｉT少需要在煙葉成熟后推遲30天采收。然而它能專門好地表明各個(gè)品種在大田里耐熟的程度。處理5所有參試品種的產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)值均有損失。然而，品種間在損失的量上差異顯著。From a quality perspective it is important to note that the price per pound almost always increased as harvest was delayed from 7 days early (unripe) to 10 or 20 days later. Fo

27、r the five varieties that were in the 2002 and 2003 tests, the range of increase was from $0.10 to $0.25 per pound in 2002; and from $0.09 to $0.33 in 2003. Even though weather conditions in 2002 and 2003 were quite different, the trends in quality were the same. Therefore, when it comes to quality,

28、 there is no substitute for harvesting ripe tobacco. 從質(zhì)量上看，有一點(diǎn)值得重視，即：隨著采摘從提早7天(未熟)推遲到成熟后10或20天，每磅的價(jià)格幾乎總是上漲。2002和2003年試驗(yàn)中的5個(gè)品種，每磅的增值范圍在2002年是010025美元、在2003年是009033美元。盡管2002年和2003年的天氣情況差不專門大，然而質(zhì)量的變化趨勢(shì)是一樣的。因此，從煙葉品質(zhì)方面考慮，沒(méi)有比采收成熟煙葉更重要的了。 Leaf Separation by Stalk PositionThe American blend cigarette is com

29、posed of several types of tobacco including flue-cured, burley, and Oriental tobacco. Cigarettes are not only a blend of different types of tobacco, but are also a blend of stalk positions within the different types of tobacco. Each stalk position contributes different characteristics to the cigaret

30、te, and proper blending of tobacco types and stalk positions within types is key to producing quality cigarettes and ensuring uniformity of the final product. 葉片分部位采收美國(guó)的混合型卷煙是由幾種類型的煙草組成的，包括烤煙、白肋煙和香料煙。卷煙不僅僅是幾種類型煙草的混合，而且是幾種類型煙草的不同部位煙葉的混合。每一個(gè)部位的煙草對(duì)卷煙特征的貢獻(xiàn)是不同的，正確地混合不同類型煙草及其不同部位煙葉是生產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)卷煙和確保最終產(chǎn)品一致性的關(guān)鍵。The

31、refore, separation of tobacco into distinct stalk positions during harvest is extremely important to producing a quality, high-demand product regardless of the buying company (See Figure 1). Cigarette manufacturers and leaf dealers have different preferences for the styles of tobacco they desire to

32、meet customer needs. For example, some cigarette manufacturers would like to see greater production of tip grades for use in blending while others would like to buy less lower-stalk tobacco. 因此，在收獲期間將煙葉按不同部位進(jìn)行劃分對(duì)生產(chǎn)高質(zhì)量、高需求的產(chǎn)品是極其重要的。卷煙制造商和煙葉經(jīng)銷商在希望滿足顧客需要的煙草風(fēng)格上有不同的偏好。例如，一些卷煙制造商可能喜愛在卷煙中用較多的頂部煙葉，而另一些則可能喜愛

33、買少量的下部葉。 A tip grade describes certain styles of tobacco from the uppermost stalk positions (see Figure 1). Tip grades have specific characteristics that set them apart from the leaf and smoking leaf stalk grades. In recent years, many growers have combined smoking leaf, leaf, and tips into one harv

34、est, which decreases the chance of that tobacco receiving a tip grade and also decreases the blending capabilities of the company.頂葉等級(jí)有煙株最上部煙葉的風(fēng)格，具有能使之與上二棚葉和上部過(guò)熟葉的等級(jí)區(qū)分開的特不特征。近幾年，許多種植者把上部過(guò)熟葉、上二棚葉和頂葉混在一起一次采收，如此就減少了產(chǎn)生頂葉等級(jí)的機(jī)會(huì)，也降低了煙草公司在煙葉配方方面能力的發(fā)揮。Therefore, the production of tip grades likely begins wit

35、h better separation of upper-stalk tobacco, i.e., separation of the top four to six leaves into one grade. However, separation of the uppermost leaves during harvest may not be enough to produce cured tobacco with the desired chemical and physical characteristics attributed to a tip grade.因此，生產(chǎn)頂葉等級(jí)可

36、能是從上部葉的較好的分次采收開始的，即把最上部的4-6片葉分在一個(gè)等級(jí)。然而僅靠將最上部葉片分開采收，還不足以生產(chǎn)出具有頂葉等級(jí)的理想的化學(xué)和物理特性的煙葉。Research was conducted from 2002 through 2004 to evaluate the effects of variety, nitrogen rate, topping height, and separation of the upper-stalk tobacco at harvest on production of tip grades. The study included K 326,

37、NC 71, and Speight 168 varieties and compared recommended nitrogen rates to the recommended rate plus 20 pounds of N and high-topping to normal-topping heights. 為了評(píng)估品種、氮用量、打頂高度和上部葉分次采收對(duì)生產(chǎn)頂葉等級(jí)的阻礙，從2002-2004年進(jìn)行了研究。研究包括K326、NC71和speight 168品種，對(duì)推舉氮用量和在推舉氮用量基礎(chǔ)上加20磅N以及高打頂和正常高度打頂進(jìn)行了比較。In addition, the uppe

38、rmost 10 to 12 leaves were harvested together or divided equally into two harvests. Based on tobacco company evaluations of upper-stalk tobacco from these trials, ripeness and separation of the uppermost leaves had the greatest effect on tip grade production. 此外，還對(duì)最上部10-12片葉一起采收和均分進(jìn)行兩次采收進(jìn)行了比較。依照煙草公司對(duì)來(lái)自從這些試驗(yàn)的上部煙葉的評(píng)估，成熟度和最上部葉的分次采收對(duì)頂葉等級(jí)的牛產(chǎn)阻礙最大。When the top five to s