英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義

1、 PAGE PAGE 9英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義內(nèi)容概要1、時(shí)態(tài)2、語(yǔ)態(tài)3、語(yǔ)氣4、倒裝5、從句6、強(qiáng)調(diào)7、主謂全都8、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞9、形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)段國(guó)強(qiáng)已回憶，不再重復(fù)10、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞具體內(nèi)容動(dòng)詞的三大語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象：時(shí)態(tài)tense1、語(yǔ)態(tài)voice2、語(yǔ)氣mood3一、時(shí)態(tài)一般時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在do、一般過(guò)去did、一般將來(lái)will do進(jìn)展時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)展(beding)、過(guò)去進(jìn)展(was doing)、將來(lái)進(jìn)展will be doinghave donhad donewill have 二、語(yǔ)態(tài)S V O被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：OV三、語(yǔ)氣情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞：may must can shall will10虛擬語(yǔ)氣：時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)位

2、現(xiàn)在-過(guò)去 過(guò)去-過(guò)去的過(guò)去四、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞8三種形式：不定式to 、動(dòng)名詞vin、分詞ving, ve1、tov不定式作主語(yǔ)：tovvo第一局部-四-一-1作賓語(yǔ)：svtov第一局部-四-一-2作定語(yǔ)：sto v v o to vThe fellow to be my head is a White.作狀語(yǔ)：svotov第一局部-四-一-3后兩種形式，需要區(qū)分是做賓語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)還是作謂語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)2、ving動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)：vingN vo第一局部-四-二-1svvingN第一局部-四-二-23、ving/ved分詞作定語(yǔ)：sving/adj.voving/adj.第一局部-四-三-1作狀語(yǔ)：svovi

3、ng/adv.第一局部-四-三-24、獨(dú)立主格與非獨(dú)立主格主語(yǔ)：相對(duì)于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)說(shuō)的，是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的施動(dòng)者主格：相對(duì)于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)說(shuō)的，是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的施動(dòng)者。不同于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的非獨(dú)立主格：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)共用一個(gè)施動(dòng)者The weather being fine today, we decided toBeing fine today, we decided to5、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的翻譯MovementRules-移動(dòng)規(guī)章作主語(yǔ) 無(wú)需作特別處理 To love you is too difficult.作賓語(yǔ) 無(wú)需作特別處理名詞后作定語(yǔ)to v 表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作ving表示正在進(jìn)展的動(dòng)作ved表示過(guò)

4、去或被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作例：theclothes to be washed將要被洗的衣服being washed正在被洗的衣服washed已經(jīng)洗過(guò)的衣服作狀語(yǔ)九大狀語(yǔ)類型：目的、時(shí)間、條件、緣由、程度、方式、結(jié)果、讓步、伴隨Tov, s v o. to v作目的狀語(yǔ)，譯作“為了v，s v o”Ving,s v o. 必需將狀語(yǔ)的標(biāo)志譯出來(lái)加詞法時(shí)間：正值，一邊一邊緣由：由于，所以結(jié)果：結(jié)果是，以致于例：Believing the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edgeof the earth.提示：英文中，口

5、語(yǔ)中緣由狀語(yǔ)常用從句，如because 構(gòu)造，但書(shū)面語(yǔ)中常用分詞構(gòu)造。英語(yǔ)表達(dá)緣由狀語(yǔ)就有這兩種選擇，但漢語(yǔ)只有一種選擇。英語(yǔ)：后修飾；漢語(yǔ)：前修飾例外：結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)不作前移五、主謂全都71、就近原那么Neithernor,or,eitheror,not onlybut also,there be例：Neitherhe nor I am good at swimming.There is a desk, a table and two chairs in the room.2、bothand用復(fù)數(shù)例：Bothher students and her husband are proud of her

6、.3、morethan one/many a 用可數(shù)單數(shù)例：Morethan one student has asked the same question.Many a student is fond of music. with/as well as/besides/except +N2)N1確定例：Alibrary with 5000 books is offered to his school.5、百分?jǐn)?shù)/分?jǐn)?shù)/half of/mostof/the rest of/the reminder of + N依據(jù)N 確定6、and 看狀況確定例 1：A writer and speaker

7、is coming tomorrow. speakerarecoming tomorrow.3：Bread and butter is nutritious.7、集合名詞police,people, cattle用復(fù)數(shù)equipment,furniture,machinery用單數(shù)family,crew,crowd,public強(qiáng)調(diào)集體用復(fù)數(shù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)成員用單數(shù)8、anumber of + N 表示很多，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)The number of + N表示數(shù)量，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)其次局部 從句的語(yǔ)法5一、從句的識(shí)別1、位置打算性質(zhì)找動(dòng)詞，擺平動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系動(dòng)詞前面主語(yǔ)從句動(dòng)詞后面賓語(yǔ)從句名詞后面定語(yǔ)從句或同位

8、語(yǔ)從句主句之外狀語(yǔ)從句以上四種形式，例句參見(jiàn)其次局部。2、從句的構(gòu)成mark+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞V引導(dǎo)詞的位置：一律都在從句最前面引導(dǎo)詞省略：A、賓語(yǔ)從句：sv (that) s v oB、定語(yǔ)從句：名詞后，名詞是后邊從句中謂語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的引導(dǎo)詞不能省略C、ifif可以省略虛擬語(yǔ)氣4引導(dǎo)詞替代A、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)例：As soon as he came in, we scattered.Immediately, the moment, the minuteIf s v o, s v o ProvidedAs s v o, s v oThe way二、從句的理解與翻譯1、主語(yǔ)從句：不變2、賓語(yǔ)

9、從句：不變3、名詞后從句：A、同位語(yǔ)：移動(dòng)位置往前走，單獨(dú)翻譯；原地不動(dòng)，翻譯成：即簡(jiǎn)潔：譯成“s v o 4、狀語(yǔ)從句前修飾與后修飾的關(guān)系第三局部 特別句型與翻譯1、倒裝4疑問(wèn)句：有標(biāo)記be,stand,lie,sit,existtherebe句型的來(lái)歷強(qiáng)調(diào)：if省略的條件狀語(yǔ)從句的倒裝引起倒裝的條件A、so 提到句首例 1 狀語(yǔ)3以上三種倒裝在翻譯時(shí)都要復(fù)原為原挨次。D、asas引導(dǎo)的從句，當(dāng)表語(yǔ)提前時(shí)表達(dá)讓步轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí)，從句倒裝42、強(qiáng)調(diào)6強(qiáng)調(diào)構(gòu)造與形式主語(yǔ)的區(qū)分：強(qiáng)調(diào)構(gòu)造：It isthat子成分不變形式主語(yǔ)：It isthat去掉后句子不完整 翻譯時(shí)都復(fù)原翻1-3 4-5 為形式主語(yǔ)

10、3、比較英譯漢的重頭戲，閱讀中的重難點(diǎn) 根本構(gòu)造：Aasas B例1A than B例 5 1分清楚 A 和 B .。2A局部的否認(rèn)： not as as B可變成no so asB not morethan BA 不如B。例3no：AnomorethanBA B 。B 。，A 。A no lesthan BA B。A。4not 是局部否認(rèn)，no 是全部否認(rèn)A 3B局部的問(wèn)題8C、倒裝7、否轉(zhuǎn)否認(rèn)轉(zhuǎn)移7 9 morethe more ?！钡囊馑?04、分裂1翻譯時(shí)都要復(fù)原5、并列1)NandN，并列構(gòu)造N，N翻譯時(shí)，前者直接翻譯，后者譯作“。還是。 2N1and N2 of N3 s v o后

11、置定語(yǔ)修飾誰(shuí)？ 3并列構(gòu)造導(dǎo)致的省略例54四種狀況 A and B確定notonlybut also 一樣意思Aor B否認(rèn)疑問(wèn)A rather than Bnot A but B否認(rèn)A 確定B6、否認(rèn)1完全/局部否認(rèn)1：All the horses can not run fast. 2：I can not promote both of you. 3：Everyone of the teachers is not excellent. 上述三句話是完全否認(rèn)還是局部否認(rèn)？假設(shè)不是，那該怎么改呢？2、否認(rèn)轉(zhuǎn)移1OPINIOanticipatebesupposed tobelievcalcula

12、t figure(infml，AmE), imagine, reckon (infml，esp, in AmE)， suppose， think，assume例1：Idon“tbelieveI“vemetyoub! efore.(“IbelieveIhaven“tmetyoubefore.“)例2：Shedidn“timaginethatwewouldsay(“Sheimaginedwewouldn“tsayanything.“)例3：Hedidn“texpecttowin.(“Heexpectednottowin.“)2 感覺(jué)(PERCEPTION)appear， seem， feelasi

13、f， lookasif ，soundasif后三個(gè)動(dòng)詞也作infmles，inAm其中用like 來(lái)代替as例1：Itdoesn“tseemthatwecan getourmoneyback.“Itseemsthatwecan“tgetourmoneyback.“例2：Thebabydoesn“tappeartobe(“Thebabyappearsnotto!beawake.“)例3：Itdoesn“tlooklikeit“sgoingto(“Itlookslikeitisn“tgoingtorain.“)不愿定非得轉(zhuǎn)，要依據(jù)上下文的意思理解1：The object did not move

14、because he pushed on it.2：He did not marry the lady for she was of noble origin. the child from the railway to earn his fame.3、雙重否認(rèn) the world so wise that he does not make mistake. 即使一個(gè)人再聰明，也會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。2：There is no rule but has exceptions. that has no exceptions.任何規(guī)章都有例外。3：It is anything/nothing but a joke. 單否/雙否It is anybody/nobody else but Tom himself.I have been to anywhere/nowhere but Hongkong.4、特別否認(rèn)1：Bikini is the