考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

1、（一）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的此刻完成式的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞此刻完成式要緊有兩個(gè)功能：表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情 形和表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。在這兩個(gè)方面must/mustn t,;can/cann t;need/needn t;may/mayn t;might/mightn t;should/shouldn t;ougtht等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞十完成式表示的意思是有必然區(qū)別的.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情形。must have+過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情形的確信推測(cè)， 譯為“（昨天）必然”。如：My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met

2、 asked sympathetically: Are youfeeling all right? A must be B had been C must have been D had to be（答案為Ccan t / couldn t have+過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情 形的否定推測(cè)，譯為“（昨天）必然沒”。如：Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.A couldn t have received B ought to have receivedC has received D shouldn t have

3、 received（答案為Amay / might have + 過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的情形做 不確信、可能性很小的推測(cè)，或事實(shí)上全然沒發(fā)生，譯為“或 許”。如：At Florida Po wer s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。needn t have + 過去分詞，表示做了沒必要做的事， 相當(dāng)于didn t need to do ,譯為其實(shí)沒必要。如：You

4、needn t have come over yourself.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.A needn t dress up Bdid not need have dressed upC did not need dress up D needn t have dressed up（沒有必要穿的那么正式，表現(xiàn)是說話者的建議，實(shí)際結(jié)果是不是真的穿的很正式?jīng)]有確信，答案為 D）should have + 過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但事實(shí)上未 做，譯為“本應(yīng)該 should not + have過去分詞表示本

5、不該該做某事但事實(shí)上做了，譯為“本不該該”。如：I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.我本來(lái)應(yīng)該事前認(rèn)真地把每件情形計(jì)劃的專門好，但事實(shí) 上作者仍是沒有計(jì)劃好，以至工作沒有完成。ought to have +過去分詞，表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了，但事實(shí)上未發(fā)生，譯為“該”,與should的完成式含義類 似。如：T he porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fir

6、e in the stock, which went up in smoke .could have +過去分詞，表示過去本來(lái)能夠做但卻未做， 譯為“完全能夠。這點(diǎn)與ought/should/ have + 過去分詞用法相似。如：What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.may/ might have +過去分詞，表示過去能夠做但實(shí)際未做，譯為“（那樣）或許會(huì)”。如：It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and pho

7、tos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞?？嫉木湫停?may/might (just) as well ”不妨，最好“，與 had betterSince the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.既然航班已經(jīng)取消了，你不妨乘火車吧。相當(dāng)于you hadbetter go by train 。, cannot / can J t - too 越越好，怎么也只是分。注意那

8、個(gè)句型的變體 cannotover.如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.駕車時(shí)候，越警惕越好。The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized . usedn t 或 did t use to 為 used to (do) 的否 土#TEh1。. should除“應(yīng)該” 一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要把 握其竟然的意思。如： I didn t expect that he shou

9、ld have behaved like that.我無(wú)法想象他竟然如此做。.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)關(guān)系的主動(dòng)表達(dá)法. want, require, worth(形容詞)后面接 doing 也能夠表示被動(dòng)意義。Your hair wants cuttingThe book is worth readingThe floor requires washing. need既能夠用need to be done也能夠利用 needdoing ,兩種形式都表達(dá)被動(dòng)的意義The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.The watch needed

10、 repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.(二)形容詞、副詞及比較級(jí)最高級(jí)一.形容詞的修飾與位置一樣來(lái)講，從構(gòu)詞法角度來(lái)看，后綴“ ly”往往是副詞，但有的以“ ly 結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞，這點(diǎn)要注意；形容詞一樣能夠在句子中做定語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)等成份，但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語(yǔ)和只能做前置定語(yǔ)；這些形容詞在修飾時(shí)候有必然的特殊性要引發(fā)大伙兒的注意，下面做了一下歸納：1以-ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞：costly 昂貴的lonely 孤獨(dú)的deadly死一樣的lively 活潑的friendly 友好的silly 傻氣的kindly 熱心腸的li

11、kely 可能的leisurely 悠閑的ugly 長(zhǎng)得丑的brotherly 兄弟般的monthly 每一個(gè)月的earthly 紅塵的2只作以“ a”開頭的很多形容詞只能做表語(yǔ)：afraid 可怕的alike 相象的awake醒著的alone 單獨(dú)的，惟一的alive 活著的ashamed羞愧的asleep睡著的aware意識(shí)到的、發(fā)覺到的well健康的content 中意的unable 無(wú)能的3只作前置定語(yǔ)的形容詞earthen泥土做的，大地的 daily 每日的latter 后面的golden 金子般的weekly 每周的inner里面的silken絲一樣的monthly 每一個(gè)月的ou

12、ter 外面的wooden木制的yearly 每年的 elder年長(zhǎng)的woolen 毛織的 former 前任的 mere 僅，只只是only 惟一的sheer 純粹的very 恰好的little 小的live 活的4.以下動(dòng)詞既是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又是系動(dòng)詞，注意用做系動(dòng)詞時(shí)， 要求形容詞做表語(yǔ)：remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look 。如： All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even th

13、e truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.二.形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí).考比較級(jí)時(shí)，考生應(yīng)把握：1）形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的形式是不是和比較連詞對(duì)應(yīng)顯現(xiàn)，即是不是符合原級(jí)比較及比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.Aas good as Bas good Cgood Dgood as在那個(gè)地址 as good as比較連詞與 be

14、tter than比較連詞同時(shí)顯現(xiàn)時(shí)候，不能省略任何一個(gè)介詞。答案為 AOn the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2）比較的成份是不是屬于同類事物或同類概念，既是說比較要 具有可比性。如：The number of registered participants in this year smarathon was half .A of last year s Bthose of last year sCof t

15、hose of last year D that of last year s（前后相較的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊(cè)參加的人數(shù)the numberof”故代替它的應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞“ that ”，而不能選擇B, those是指代participants ,不是同類對(duì)照，答案為 D。Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray s. 3）比較級(jí)與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置原級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達(dá)倍數(shù)的詞，表示為“為-.假設(shè)干倍”，當(dāng)與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一路時(shí)候等，他

16、們的位置是，倍數(shù) 詞+asas，或倍數(shù)詞+more- than，但again 一樣放在原級(jí) 詞以后，即 “as+原級(jí)+again+as ”.如：Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.A seven more times B seven times moreC over seven times D seven times（答案為B）“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the pain

17、ting? ” No, I would gladly have paid for it.”A twice so much B twice as muchC as much twice D so much twice（答案為B）My uncle is as old again as I am4）以下詞和短語(yǔ)不用比較級(jí)形式卻表示比較概念：inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, diff

18、erent from, rather than.如：Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.A superior B advantageous C super D beneficial（答案為APrior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. （1986年考研題）5）”比較級(jí)+ and +比較級(jí)或 more and more/less and less +原級(jí)和ever, steadily, daily等副詞十比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“愈來(lái)愈”的意思，與這種結(jié)

19、構(gòu)搭配的經(jīng)常使用動(dòng)詞有 grow, get ,become 等。前面兩種情形更多地出此刻進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) 中，注意的是這三種情形引導(dǎo)的比較級(jí)后面都不需要用than.如：Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worseThe road got ever worse until there was no road at all =the road got worse and worse.6）比較級(jí)前面能夠用 even,

20、still, yet ,all the （more）等修飾語(yǔ)用以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，表示“加倍”的意思。如Today it is even colder than yesterdayI have yet more exciting news for you7）有關(guān)比較級(jí)的特殊句型：A）: not so much as與其說不如說The chief reason for the population growth isn t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a resultof improvements in medical c

21、are. and B as Cbut D or人口增加的要緊緣故與其說是因?yàn)檎Q生率的提高，還不如說是因?yàn)獒t(yī)療的進(jìn)步帶來(lái)的死亡率下降的結(jié)果。答案為 Bno/not any more - than 二者一樣者B不The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they areboth controlled by the brain.A not so Bnot much Cmuch more D no more（心臟和胃二者都不具有智力，他們都受大腦操縱。答案為D）There is no reason they should limit how much

22、 vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.A much more than B no more thanC no less than D any more than（答案為DC）no/not any lessthan二者一樣，都注意大體上與no/not any more - than 意思相反She is noD）just as so 正如,也（用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)）Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.A as it is B the same is C

23、 so is D and so is（答案為C2.最高級(jí)形式應(yīng)注意的問題：1）最高級(jí)比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among 。in, （all） over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如： in China, all over the world.of, among 用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如： among the teachers, of the four dresses.注意：among相當(dāng)于 one of ，不說 among all。這一點(diǎn)考 生應(yīng)與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)區(qū)別開來(lái)如：all visible lights, red light has the longest and vi

24、oletthe shortest wavelength.A Among B Of CFor DTo 答案為B2）比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí)，比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用：any other + 單數(shù)名詞the other + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞the othersanyone/anything else上述詞是用業(yè)將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，切不可遺漏，尤其是other ,不然會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不 能說：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)的不同。3） most能夠用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞，意思相當(dāng)于 very ,用法 區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù)，但不能用定冠詞 the，如：a

25、most interesting book, most expensive restaurants , 要注意與 “the + 形容詞最高級(jí)+of +名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級(jí)的區(qū)別，如：He spoke in the warmest of voicesThey have been most kind to meBasketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of languageChinese is a most difficult language三.不用比較級(jí)和最高

26、級(jí)的形容詞：1）表示顏色的有：white, black2） 表示形態(tài)的有： round, square, oval, circular, triangular（ 三角形）,level3）表示性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)的有：atomic, economic, scientific,sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full,empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy4）表示狀態(tài)作表語(yǔ)的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed,alone, aware, alike5）表示時(shí)刻、空間

27、和方位的有： daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final6）表示極限、主次、品級(jí)的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior,super, favorite7）含有絕對(duì)概念的有： absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excell

28、ent, thorough, complete.四.平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級(jí)平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情形下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)或暗含比較意 味的連詞引導(dǎo)的。如：The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多數(shù)情形下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有必然的比較含義的，有的是遞進(jìn)對(duì)照 not only - but （also） ;prefer to ;rather

29、 than 有 的是同類對(duì)照： and ;but ； or； both and ；either or ； neither nor .平行結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)試時(shí)候注意以下幾點(diǎn)：.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相較較的內(nèi)容在語(yǔ)法形式上是不是相同。 如： It is better to die one s feet than .Aliving on one s knees Blive on one s kneesCon o ne s knees Dto live on one s knees（答案為D）Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increas

30、ing the output to decreasing it.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語(yǔ)也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)。rather than, let alone雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法形式相同的成份。如：Weare taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style. Arather than Bother than Cbetter than Dless than 答案為A For the new country to survive, for its people

31、to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.A to name a few Blet alone Cnot to speak Dlet ssay（答案為B）2）若是平行的兩個(gè)成份在形式上是介詞短語(yǔ)，而且介詞相同， 一樣說來(lái)第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如：At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials

32、.（三）代詞及其指代一致一 .代詞的指代that的指代作用that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞（如是復(fù)數(shù)，用 those）, 后面通常跟有修飾語(yǔ)，如出此刻比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of o如Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls foroccasional“digestive pauses “ by both.那個(gè)地址 that 指代前面的the role 。No bread eaten by men is so sweet a

33、s that earned by his own labor.one的指代作用one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為 ones。the one 指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.A that Bhe Cone Dthis 答案為Cdo的替代作用。do代替動(dòng)詞，注意數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)變。如：For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the p

34、ublic believe that it does.二.代詞指代一致問題代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是不是一致，或 所照顧的名詞詞組在某些方面維持一致。Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect. 那個(gè)地址he指代前面的person。It was during the 1920 s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and

35、 Fitzgerald reached its highest point.那個(gè)地址its指代前面的兩人的friendship 。Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.那個(gè)地址me必需用賓格形式。代詞指代一致必需注意以下幾個(gè)原那么和規(guī)律：1 .臨近和靠近原那么由 either or, neither - nor, not only - but （also） 連接 先行詞時(shí)候，若是兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)和性上維持一致，就用其相 應(yīng)的一直的人稱代詞；若是兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致，人 稱代詞一樣與臨近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上維持

36、一致。Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destinationIf either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink 2 .當(dāng) no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的限定詞時(shí)候,或anything,nothing, something everything等不

37、定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)候，其相應(yīng)的代詞一樣依照語(yǔ)法一致原那么，采取單數(shù)形式。如：Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it , can he?Everything is ready, isn t it?.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式，后跟each作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，若是each位于動(dòng)詞之前，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；若是each位于動(dòng)詞以后，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如：They each have two coatswe are each responsible for his own family.由and

38、連接兩個(gè)先行詞，代詞用復(fù)數(shù)如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident（三）主謂一致問題主謂一致是指主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題， 考生要緊解決的是對(duì)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇 適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語(yǔ)。解決主謂一致要緊遵循三個(gè)原那么： 語(yǔ)法一致原那么 意義一致原那么 就近一致原那么很多情形下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個(gè)原那么來(lái)處置主謂一致，在不 同情形下可能應(yīng)用三個(gè)原那么中的不同原那么，具體應(yīng)用哪一 種原那么應(yīng)該視具體情形而定?？偨Y(jié)如下：一.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情形.動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、名詞性從句做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用

39、單數(shù)。 如：Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.（1987年考研題）To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.表示時(shí)刻、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等氣宇的 名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。Two weeks was too longFi

40、ve times five makes twenty five.一樣用and連接的兩個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)， 可是下面用and連接的主語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)概念，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)：law and order 法制 soap and water 香皂水a(chǎn) cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反復(fù)嘗試，不 斷試探horse and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月bread and butter奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮如：If l

41、aw and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.A. is B. are C. was d. were 答案：Ao.表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)候謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意義上是單數(shù)，依照意義一致原那么動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)The chaos was stopped by the policeThe news is a great encouragement to usA

42、series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.用and連接的成份表示一個(gè)單一概念時(shí)候，動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)用單 數(shù)形式Bread and butter is our daily foodTime and tide waits for no man二.謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)情形. 由and, both - and,連接的并列主語(yǔ)，和 both ,a few, many ,several等修飾語(yǔ)后面謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通經(jīng)常使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Few people know he and I were classmates when we

43、 were at college.集體名詞 police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth 后經(jīng)常使用復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞The Chinese people are brave and hardworkingThe cattle are grazing in the sunshine.當(dāng)表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式The Japanese were once very aggressive.某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人，做主語(yǔ)時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)The rich are not always selfish.不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，其前

44、有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)Three million tons of coal were exported that year三.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)，也能夠用復(fù)數(shù)的情形.就近一致原那么這種情形下，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞利用單數(shù)仍是復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近該動(dòng)詞 的主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)，存在這種情形的要緊由以下幾種可能：由連詞 either or ；neither nor ；whether or ;not only - but (also) ;or 等連接的并列主語(yǔ) Neither money nor fame has influence on meNot only you but also he is wro

45、ng2)在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與后面的第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the envelopingfog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman.Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.Although a great number of houses in that area are stillin need of repair, there has been improvement in

46、 the facili. 主語(yǔ)帶有(together/along ) with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with,combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成份，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)不受附加成份的阻礙仍然與主語(yǔ)維持 一致Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compa

47、re current practice in the United States with those of other nations.The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. (1981年考研題).關(guān)系代詞做主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。 如：Despite much research, there are still certain elements in

48、the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.(1996年考研題)There are many valuable services which the public arewilling to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.(1990年考研題).一些表示數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)與名詞連歷時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù)，名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，反之就用單數(shù)。這 些短語(yǔ)包括：a lot of /lots of; plenty of/

49、heaps of; halfof; two-third (three- fourth )of; eighty(ten, twenty ) percent; part of; rest of ; none of等等Two-thirds of people present are womenLots of damage was caused by the fire.集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)表示的意思和 數(shù)，當(dāng)表示整體時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)，當(dāng)強(qiáng)集結(jié)體中的個(gè) 體時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)。這些集體名詞如：army, audience, band ,government ,group ,f

50、lock, police,public ,staff ,team ,troop. Crowd, firm, family等等The family is the basic unit of our societyThe family were watching the TVThe audience was enormousThe audience were greatly moved at the words.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)：第一組：a great many + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)a number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)the majority of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)

51、數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)第二組；the number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)each/every + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)neither/either of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)one and a half +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)第三組；more than one + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)many a +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)第四組；the greater part ofa large proportion of50% ofone third ofplenty of the rest of謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)與of后面的名詞一致第五組；(n)either (n)or .not onl

52、y .but also not .but 謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)與主語(yǔ)的第二部份(即(n)or/ but also/ but 引導(dǎo)的后臉部份)一致.注意比較：More students than one have been referred toMore than one student is going to buy this book(四)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝是指句子成份不是按主語(yǔ)在前、謂語(yǔ)在后的正常語(yǔ)序排列， 而是將謂語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)的一部份移到主語(yǔ)之前。倒裝是一種修辭手 腕，目的是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。倒裝分為部份倒裝和全數(shù)倒裝，考試多 為部份倒裝?？忌鷳?yīng)把握什么情形下需要倒裝，并對(duì)倒裝后的句 子能夠認(rèn)出來(lái)，幸免做題時(shí)候的盲目

53、和迷茫。一.用全數(shù)倒裝的情形全數(shù)倒裝一樣是存在以以下副詞開頭的句子中，全數(shù)倒裝的方 式是把句子的主謂語(yǔ)序倒置過來(lái)，把謂語(yǔ)移到主語(yǔ)前面：1）出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞：out, down, in ,up, away,on。如：Downjumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.Up went the plane2）出于適應(yīng)用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then. 如：Now is your turn. There goes the bell.Her

54、e is a ticket for youThere existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work注意：here , there用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)主語(yǔ)一樣為名詞，若是是 人稱代詞那么不需要倒裝“where is the cup ? ” H Here it is !” Here you are.There he comes.3）有時(shí)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，為了使句子平穩(wěn)，幸免頭重腳輕，主謂要全 數(shù)倒裝。這種情形多出此刻主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：Less important than ever is developing a m

55、eaningful philosophy of life.In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.二.采納部份倒裝情形部份倒裝一樣是把句子謂語(yǔ)的一部份（主若是助動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞） 放到句子主語(yǔ)前，組成部份倒裝，而全數(shù)倒裝那么把句子的謂 語(yǔ)（包括實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）都放在主語(yǔ)前.以下否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語(yǔ)

56、時(shí)，假設(shè)置于句首，句子的主謂要部份倒裝：never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less 。如：Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists f

57、ocus on. Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state. （1985年考研題）注：1）若是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是單個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，倒裝時(shí)需依照人稱和時(shí) 態(tài)加助動(dòng)詞do。如：Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.（1983年考研題）2）考生要廣義明白得“句首”的概念，注意從句的句首和并列 分句的句首均為句首。如：Suddenly, Gallup s

58、 name was on everyone s lips; not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.以only修飾狀語(yǔ)（副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)從句）開頭的句 子，句子的主謂要部份倒裝：only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because 。如：Only when you hav