講義地質學英語iron ore deposits

1、Iron Ore DepositsNoel C. WhiteAsia Now Resources Corporation, Toronto, CanadaChina University of Geosciences, Beijing, ChinaCODES, University of Tasmania, Hobart, AustraliaWhy does everyone want iron ore?為什么每個人都想要鐵礦石？In the past people said “Steel is finished, we want aluminium and magnesium.”在過去有人説

2、“鋼鐵的時代結束了，我們需要鋁和鎂合金。What changed?發(fā)生了什么改變？Rapid growth in demand for heavy construction steel is strong 大型建筑導致需求量的迅速增長鋼鐵足夠堅固Major increase in energy costs steel needs less energy在能源方面的花費大幅增加-冶煉鋼鐵需要較少的能源More demand for steel = More demand for iron ore需要更多的鋼鐵 = 需要更多的鐵礦石Big demand can only be satisfied

3、by big supply 大量的需求只能通過大量的供應來滿足Big consumers need消費大戶需要：Reliable supply 可靠的供給Consistent high quality 持續(xù)的高質量Predictable price 可預言的價格They cannot get those from 1000s of little mines 這種要求不能靠數(shù)以千計的小礦山來滿足Only BIG mines working BIG deposits can deliver 只有開采巨型礦床的大型礦山才能滿足Iron Ore Production and Demand鐵礦石的生產量

4、和需求量CountryProductionMillion tonnesChina520Brazil300Australia270India150Russia105Ukraine73USA54South Africa40Canada33Sweden24Venezuela20Iran20Kazakhstan15Mauritania11Others43World Total1690Year 2006: Source USGS2005: China imported 275 million tonnes of iron ore(52.5% of its needs)2005：中國進口275百萬噸的鐵礦

5、石（占需要量的52.5%）2010: China will import 540 million tonnes(62.9% of its needs)2010：中國將進口540百萬噸（占需求量的62.9%)Dalstra and Flis, 2008 The Worlds Big Iron Ore Deposits世界上的大型鐵礦床Major iron ore deposits occur as several distinct deposit types:主要的鐵礦床以下列幾種礦床類型出現(xiàn)：1. Banded iron formation (BIF) 條帶狀鐵建造（BIF）2. Channe

6、l iron ore河道型鐵礦3. Magnetite skarn 矽卡巖磁鐵礦4. Lateritic iron ore紅土型鐵礦plus many other smaller ones加上許多其他的小礦床I will talk about the first two我會首先討論前兩類What is Banded Iron Formation?什么是條帶狀鐵建造？BIF is a sedimentary rock consisting of alternating layers of iron minerals (oxides, silicates, sulfides and carbona

7、te), quartz and carbonate BIF是沉積巖，由互層的含鐵礦物（氧化物，硅酸鹽，硫化物和碳酸鹽），石英和碳酸鹽組成Common names for BIF include taconite (in North America), jaspilite (in Australia) and itabirite (in Brazil) BIF的通常名稱包括鐵燧巖（北美），碧玉鐵質巖（澳大利亞）和鐵英巖（巴西）BIF ages range from early Archean to Devonian, but it is most abundant in late Archean

8、 and early Proterozoic sequences BIF的年齡范圍從早太古代到泥盆紀，但是在從晚太古代到早元古代的層序中最多Age and Frequency of BIF BIF年齡和成礦頻率Beukes and Gutzmer, 2008Wilgena Hill Jaspilite Middleback Ranges South Australia 南澳Middleback 山脈Wilgena Hill 碧玉鐵質巖Brockman Iron Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia西澳Pilbara的Brockman鐵建造BIF Outcr

9、opNear NewmanWestern Australia西澳Newman附近的BIF露頭Archean BIF, Yalgoo Greenstone Belt, Western Australia 3.2 By old太古代BIF， Yalgoo綠巖帶，西澳，億年What is Banded Iron Formation?什么是條帶狀鐵建造？Its thickness ranges from of 1 m. to several hundred metres它的厚度變化范圍從米到數(shù)百米Its lateral extent varies from 25% (as magnetite) wit

10、h low P and S當鐵含量25（磁鐵礦）、低P和S時，才是鐵礦石Oxide facies BIF is dominated by magnetite so it can be mapped using magnetic surveys 氧化物相的BIF以磁鐵礦為主，所以可以用磁法測量來填圖The very big iron ore deposits occur in the BIF stratigraphy, but are not magnetic非常大的鐵礦床出現(xiàn)在BIF地層中，但不是磁性的The MAJOR BIF-hosted iron ore deposits BIF賦存的大

11、型鐵礦床Are local major accumulations of hematite and goethite是赤鐵礦和針鐵礦在小范圍內的大量聚積物They occur in the BIF stratigraphy 它們出現(xiàn)在BIF地層中They are structurally controlled受構造控制They result from hypogene and supergene processes overprinted onto the BIF由深成和淺生作用疊加在BIF上形成The causes for enrichment can be different in dif

12、ferent deposits, but the products are similar in all deposits富集的原因根據(jù)不同的礦床而不同，但是產物在所有礦床中都是類似的Fresh banded iron formationNorth West Deposit新鮮的條帶狀鐵建造North West 礦床Mt Tom Price Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price鐵礦Photos by Kerry OSullivan,September 1985, From Dat

13、a MetallogenicaBanded iron formationNorth West Deposit條帶狀鐵建造North West 礦床Mt Tom Price Iron Ore, Hamersley Province, Western Australia西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price鐵礦SE Prong: H1C hard conchoidal orePhoto by Kerry OSullivan, September 1985, From Data MetallogenicaMt Tom Price Iron Ore MineHamersley Provinc

14、e, Western Australia西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price鐵礦Panoramic view south over Tom Price operationsTom Price采場面向南方的全景照Photo by Peter Laznicka, July 2001From Data MetallogenicaMt Tom Price Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia 西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price鐵礦 Aerial view east along axis of South Ea

15、st Prong航片；沿South East Prong軸向東看Photo by Kerry OSullivanSeptember 1985From Data Metallogenica Kerry OSullivan拍攝于年月，來自Data MetallogenicaMt Tom Price Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price鐵礦 View north-east to Mt Nameless, Photo by Kerry OSullivan, September 1985,

16、 From Data Metallogenica向北東方向觀察，遠處是Mt Nameless，Kerry OSullivan拍攝于年十月，來自Data MetallogenicaMt Tom Price Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price鐵礦 View west from Synclines. North West Deposit, low rise middle distance centre with drilling rig. West Pit to right of s

17、cene. The end of Southern Ridge to left of scene.從Synclines向西看。North West礦是照片中間有鉆機臺的低緩高地。照片右側是West Pit, 左側是Southern Ridge的一端。Photo by Kerry OSullivan, September 1985, From Data MetallogenicaMount Newman Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia, 1998西澳Hamersley省Mount Newman鐵礦,1998 Mount N

18、ewman Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia西澳Hamersley省Mount Newman鐵礦 Geological map. Note the size and complexity of the orebody.地質圖，注意礦體的大小和復雜程度Mount Newman Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia西澳Hamersley省Mount Newman鐵礦 Geological cross-section. Note complexity of th

19、e orebody and relation to structures.地質剖面，注意礦體的復雜程度及其與構造的關系Genetic model for major BIF-hosted iron ores of the world世界上主要BIF賦存型鐵礦的成因模式 BIF horizons the thicker the betterBIF層越厚越好Synforms and structures in BIF BIF中的向形和構造Post-BIF unconformities and weathered surfaces BIF形成后的不整合面和風化表面Burial metamorphis

20、m produces premium ore埋藏變質生產出高質量的礦石Exploration What to look for勘探尋找什么樣的標志Generalised section at Mt Tom Price showing metamorphosed ore deposits (mplH) in the Brockman Iron Formation and non-metamorphosed deposits in the Brockman and Marra Mamba Iron FormationsMt Tom Price礦的簡化剖面。顯示在Brockman 含鐵建造中的變質礦

21、床，以及Brockman和Marra Mamba含鐵建造中的未變質礦床Channel Iron Ore Deposits河道型鐵礦床Occur in iron-rich districts with BIF and/or laterite 與BIF及紅土型鐵礦一起出現(xiàn)在富鐵區(qū)Can occur in same districts as enriched BIF-hosted deposits可以與富集后的BIF礦床出現(xiàn)在同一區(qū)域Originally filled mature valleys in low-relief paleotopography最初淤積在低高差古地形的成熟山谷中Now m

22、ay be in the bottoms of valleys, or may form mesas resulting from topographic inversion due to erosion 現(xiàn)在有可能在山谷的底部，或者出現(xiàn)在由于剝蝕導致的地形倒置形成的臺地上Can be major deposits with reserves of billions of tonnes 50% Fe, low P and S 此型礦床可能是大型，有數(shù)十億噸的鐵礦石，品位50% ，低P 和 SConsist dominantly of secondary hematite and limonit

23、e coating and replacing detrital fragments (including fossil wood) 主要由被覆和替代巖屑碎片（包括木化石）的次生赤鐵礦和褐鐵礦組成Channel Iron Ore Deposits河道型鐵礦床Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi鐵礦，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi鐵礦，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi鐵礦，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi鐵礦，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine

24、, 1993 Yandi鐵礦，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi鐵礦，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi鐵礦，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi鐵礦，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi鐵礦，1993The following papers come from this important new publication: Hagemann, S., Rosire, C.A., Gutzmer, J., and Beukes, N.J. (Editors

25、), 2008: Reviews in Economic Geology, Vol. 16, Society of Economic Geologists, LittletonBeukes, N.J., and Gutzmer, J., 2008, Origin and paleoenvironmental significance of major iron formations at the Archean-Paleoproterozoic boundary, p. 5-48. De Kock, M.O., Evans, D.A.D., Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J.

26、and Dorland, H.C., 2008, Origin and timing of banded iron formation-hosted high-grade hard hematite deposits a paleomagnetic approach, p. 49-72.Dalstra, H.J., Rosire, C.A., 2008, Structural controls on high-grade iron ores hosted by banded iron formation: a global perspective, p. 73-106.Lobato, L.M.

27、, Figueiredo e Silva, R.C., Hagemann, S, Thorne, W., and Zucchetti, M, 2008, Hypogene alteration associated with high-grade banded iron formation-related ore, p. 107-128.Ramanaidou, E., Wells, M., Belton, D., Verral, M., and Ryan, C., 2008, Mineralogical and microchemical methods for the characteris

28、ation of high-grade bended iron formation-derived iron ore, p. 129-156. Gutzmer, J., Chisonga, B.C., Beukes, N.J., Mukhopadhyay, J., 2008, The geochemistry of banded iron formation-hosted high-grade hematite-martite ores, p. 157-184.McLellan, J.G., and Oliver, N.H.S., 2008, Application of numerical

29、modeling to extension, heat and fluid flow in the genesis of giant banded iron formation-hosted hematite ore deposits, p. 185-196.Thorne, W., Hagemann, S., Webb, A., and Clout, J., 2008, Banded iron formation-related iron ore deposits of the Hamersley province, Western Australia, p. 197-222.Rosire,

30、C.A., Spier, C.A., Rios, F.J., and Suckau, V.E., 2008, The itabirites of the Quadrilatero Ferrifero and related high-grade iron ore deposits: an overview, p. 223-254.Figueiredo e Silva, R.C., Lobato, L.M., Rosire, C.A., Hagemann, S., Zucchetti, M., Baars, F.J., Morais, R., and Andrade, I., 2008, A hydrothermal origin for the jaspilite-hosted, giant Serra Norte iron ore deposits in the Carajs Mineral Province, Par State, Brazil, p. 255-290. Mukhopadhyay, J., Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J., and Bhattacharya, H.N., 2008, Geology and gen