ProcedureofEnclosedSpaceEntryandRescue-圍蔽處所進入和救助程序資料

1、圍蔽處所進入和救助程序Procedure of Enclosed Space Entry and Rescue船名 :M.V:2015-1-1本程序的目的旨在防止船上人員由于進入缺氧、富氧、含有易燃和 /或有毒氣體的封閉處所而造成人員傷亡或警惕潛在危險。1 引言任何封閉處所內(nèi)的氣體都可能是缺氧的或富氧的和/或含有易燃和/或有毒氣體或蒸氣。這種不安全空氣也可能會出現(xiàn)在先前認(rèn)為是安全的處所之中。毗鄰已知的危險處所， 也有可能出現(xiàn)不安全空氣。2定義2.1封閉處所是指有下列特點之一的處所：.1開口，僅限于出入口；.2通風(fēng)不足；以及.3非設(shè)計為連續(xù)有人工作的處所。還包括但不限于：貨艙、雙層底、燃油艙、壓

2、載艙、貨泵室、貨物壓縮機室、隔 離空艙、錨鏈艙、空艙、箱形龍骨、保護層間處所、鍋爐、發(fā)動機曲拐箱、發(fā)動機掃氣箱、污水柜和相鄰處所。2.2相鄰處所是指通常情況下，不用于放臵貨物的未通風(fēng)艙室，但可能和封閉處所有相同的空氣環(huán)境特征，例如但不限于貨艙通道。2.3適任人員是指具備足夠理論知識和實踐經(jīng)驗、能夠?qū)μ幩鶅?nèi)當(dāng)前或隨后出現(xiàn)危險空氣的可能性做出合理評估的人員。2.4責(zé)任人員是指被授權(quán)允許進入封閉處所并對船上制訂和需要遵守的、以確?？梢园踩M入此處所的程序有充分了解的人員。2.5 協(xié)調(diào)員是指在安全管理系統(tǒng)內(nèi)經(jīng)過適當(dāng)培訓(xùn)，在進入封閉處所時進行守護，同進入處所的人員保持聯(lián)系并在發(fā)生事故時啟動緊急程序的人員

3、。3進入封閉處所的安全管理3.1公司應(yīng)全面實施安全策略以防止在進入封閉處所時發(fā)生意外。3.2根據(jù)國際安全管理（ ISM ）規(guī)則第7 款的要求，公司應(yīng)確保有關(guān)人員和船舶安全的關(guān)鍵操作中包含有進入封閉處所的程序。3.3 公司應(yīng)詳細說明程序性的實施計劃，提供在此類處所內(nèi)使用空氣檢測儀器的培訓(xùn)，以及船員在船上進行定期演習(xí)的計劃。3.3.1適任人員和責(zé)任人員應(yīng)按照主管當(dāng)局認(rèn)可的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，接受在封閉處所內(nèi)的危險識別、危險評估、危險測量、危險控制和消除的培訓(xùn)。3.3.2根據(jù)實際情況，船員需接受在封閉處所內(nèi)的安全培訓(xùn)，包括熟悉進入封閉處所的危險識別、危險評估和危險控制有關(guān)的船上程序。3.4由公司對船舶安全管理體系

4、進行的內(nèi)部審核和由主管當(dāng)局進行的外部審核，應(yīng)核查在實踐中是否遵守已制訂的程序，并且這些程序是否符合3.1 中的安 全策略。4風(fēng)險評估4.1公司應(yīng)確保進行風(fēng)險評估以識別船上所有的封閉處所。風(fēng)險評估應(yīng)定期進行，以確保評估的持續(xù)有效性。4.2為確保安全，適任人員應(yīng)經(jīng)常對將要進入的空間中的任何潛在危險做出初步評估，應(yīng)考慮到之前運載的貨物、處所的通風(fēng)、處所的涂層和其它相關(guān)的因素。適任人員的初步評估中需判定出現(xiàn)缺氧、富氧、易燃或有毒空氣環(huán)境出現(xiàn)的可能性。適任人員需謹(jǐn)記對于相鄰連接處所的通風(fēng)措施不同于封閉處所的通風(fēng)措施。4.3應(yīng)在初步評估的基礎(chǔ)之上決定檢測處所內(nèi)空氣以及進入此處所的程序。這 取決于初步評估是

5、否表明:.1對進入封閉處所人員的健康和生命有微小的危險；或.2沒有直接的健康和生命危險，但在處所內(nèi)工作期間可能會產(chǎn)生風(fēng)險；或.3已確認(rèn)對健康或生命構(gòu)成危險。4.4當(dāng)初步評估顯示會對健康或生命構(gòu)成微小的危險或在處所工作過程中可能會產(chǎn)生危險時，應(yīng)適當(dāng)采取第 5、 6、 7 和 8 部分中所述的防范措施。4.5如果初步評估發(fā)現(xiàn)需要進入的處所會對生命或健康構(gòu)成危險，則需遵守第9 部分中所列的附加防范措施。4.6在評估過程中，除非能夠確實證明是可以安全進入的，否則應(yīng)假定即將進入的處所存在危險。5進入許可5.1未經(jīng)船長或指定責(zé)任人員批準(zhǔn)，以及未采取針對特定船舶設(shè)定的相應(yīng)安全措施時，任何人不得打開或者進入封

6、閉處所。5.2進入封閉處所前應(yīng)作計劃，建議采用進入許可制度，其中可包括使用檢查表。進入封閉處所的許可證需要由船長或指定責(zé)任人員簽發(fā)，而且擬進入封閉處所的人員應(yīng)該在進入前獲得。附件中提供了一份進入封閉處所許可證的樣本。6.一般預(yù)防措施6.1無需進入時，通向封閉處所的門和艙口應(yīng)始終鎖閉防止進入。6.2當(dāng)打開封閉處所的門或艙口蓋來提供自然通風(fēng)時，可能會錯誤地暗示人員以為里面的空氣環(huán)境是安全的，因此可以在入口處安排協(xié)調(diào)員或者使用機械式障礙物，如用繩子或鐵鏈攔在入口處并懸掛警告標(biāo)識，以防止意外進入。6.3船長或者責(zé)任人員在確定可安全進入封閉處所時，應(yīng)確保：.1通過評估確定了潛在的危險，盡可能進行了隔離或

7、消除；.2該處所已經(jīng)通過自然方式或機械方式徹底通風(fēng)，排出了所有有毒或易燃氣體，并確保在整個處所內(nèi)有足夠的氧氣含量；.3使用經(jīng)過正確校準(zhǔn)的儀器進行檢測后，處所內(nèi)的氧氣水平經(jīng)測試顯示正常，處所內(nèi)部的易燃或有毒蒸氣的水平都達到了可以接受的程度；.4處所設(shè)有安全保護，可以進入，并有良好的照明；.5對在進入封閉處所期間各方所使用的通訊系統(tǒng)，已進行了商定和測試；.6有人員進入封閉處所時，應(yīng)該在入口處安排一名協(xié)調(diào)員；.7處所入口處的救援和急救設(shè)備已安排到位，同時也應(yīng)商定好救援計劃；.8進入人員需正確著裝并帶好裝備，以便于進入并完成后續(xù)任務(wù)；以及.9取得經(jīng)簽發(fā)的進入許可證。第 .6和 .7 中的防范措施可能不

8、適用于本節(jié)所描述的所有情況。獲得授權(quán)進入的人員應(yīng)確認(rèn)是否有必要在處所的入口處安排協(xié)調(diào)員以及配備救援設(shè)備。6.4只有接受過培訓(xùn)的人員才能被指派進入封閉處所，或者承擔(dān)協(xié)調(diào)員或救援小組成員的職能。 應(yīng)對擔(dān)任救援和急救職責(zé)的船員進行救援和急救程序方面的定期訓(xùn)練。訓(xùn)練至少應(yīng)包括：.1識別進入封閉處所后可能會面臨的危險；.2進入過程中，由于暴露在危險狀態(tài)中，能識別對健康造成不利影響的跡象；.3對進入封閉處所人員所需防護裝備的了解。6.5 在使用前，應(yīng)對所有與進入封閉處所相關(guān)的設(shè)備進行檢查，并確保其處于良好工作狀態(tài)。7空氣檢測7.1對封閉處所內(nèi)空氣的檢測需使用經(jīng)準(zhǔn)確校準(zhǔn)的設(shè)備，并由經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)的人員進行操作。應(yīng)

9、嚴(yán)格遵守生產(chǎn)廠家的使用說明。檢測應(yīng)在人員進入封閉處所前進行，并在其后定時檢測，直至所有工作完成。如合適，應(yīng)在處所的不同層面進行空氣檢測，以便得到處所內(nèi)有代表性的氣體樣本。在某些情況下，不進入處 所內(nèi)部會很難對整個處所的空氣進行全面檢測（如梯道的底部）。因此，在評估人員進入封閉處所的風(fēng)險時，要將此類情況考慮在內(nèi)?？梢钥紤]在封閉處所內(nèi)使用可以達到遠端的軟管或固定的取樣線，這些工具可以實現(xiàn)在不進入封閉處所的情況下，進行安全的檢測。7.2為了能夠進入，應(yīng)獲得以下所需數(shù)據(jù)的穩(wěn)定讀數(shù)：.1使用氧氣含量計測量氧氣體積百分比達到21%； 注意 ：國家要求將決定安全的空氣讀數(shù)范圍。.2如果初步評估確定處所內(nèi)可能

10、存在可燃氣體或蒸氣，經(jīng)適當(dāng)精度的可燃氣體測試儀測量，不超過可燃下限（LFL ）的1%；.3暴露在有毒蒸氣或有毒氣體中，讀數(shù)不超過職業(yè)暴露極限（OEL ） * 的 50%。如果不能達到上述條件，應(yīng)繼續(xù)對處所進行通風(fēng)，并且在適當(dāng)間隔后對處所再次進行檢測。7.3 在進行任何的氣體檢測時，應(yīng)停止對封閉處所的通風(fēng)，并在此環(huán)境狀態(tài)穩(wěn)定后進行，以便于獲得準(zhǔn)確的讀數(shù)。7.4 如果初步評估認(rèn)定處所內(nèi)存在有毒氣體和蒸氣，需使用固定式或便攜式的氣體或蒸氣測試設(shè)備進行適當(dāng)?shù)臋z測。根據(jù)第7.2 段的要求，通過設(shè)備得到的讀數(shù)，應(yīng)低于公認(rèn)的國家或國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中給出的有毒蒸氣或氣體的職業(yè)暴露極限。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是，對易燃性或氧含量的

11、檢測，不能作為有毒性測量的檢測方法，反之亦然。7.5需要強調(diào)的是，處所內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)、貨物、貨物殘余和儲罐涂料也可能會造成缺氧區(qū)域的出現(xiàn)，應(yīng)對此始終保持警惕，即使是經(jīng)過檢測可以進入的封閉處所。這種情況尤其可能會發(fā)生在通風(fēng)進出口都被結(jié)構(gòu)件或貨物堵塞的處所內(nèi)。8進入封閉處所后的預(yù)防措施8.1處所內(nèi)有人員進入時，應(yīng)經(jīng)常對空氣進行檢測，并在狀況發(fā)生惡化時提示處所內(nèi)的人員離開。8.2應(yīng)當(dāng)為進入封閉處所的人員提供經(jīng)校準(zhǔn)的、試驗合格的多種氣體測試儀，用以在需要的情況下來監(jiān)控氧氣、一氧化碳和其它氣體的含量。8.3在人員進入處所后以及在人員臨時休息期間，應(yīng)持續(xù)對處所進行通風(fēng)。休息過后再次進入時，應(yīng)再次對空氣進行檢測

12、。如果通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生故障，處所內(nèi)的所有人員必須立即離開。8.4在處所內(nèi)進行管道和閥門作業(yè)時，要特別引起注意。如果工作過程中情況發(fā)生變化，應(yīng)增加空氣檢測頻率?？赡艹霈F(xiàn)的情況變化包括氣溫升高、使用氧燃料火炬、移動設(shè)施、在封閉處所內(nèi)可能會產(chǎn)生蒸氣的工作、工作間歇，或者在工作進行期間船舶進行壓載或平倉操作。8.5一旦出現(xiàn)緊急情況，在救援到達并對現(xiàn)場情況進行評估、確?？梢园踩M入處所來實施救援之前，任何在場船員不得進入此處所。只有訓(xùn)練有素和裝備完善的人員可以在封閉處所內(nèi)從事救援工作。9進入已知或懷疑空氣不安全的處所的附加注意事項9.1人員擬進入的未經(jīng)檢測的處所均被視為非安全場所。如果懷疑封閉處所的空氣或已

13、確認(rèn)為不安全，則僅在沒有可行的替代方案的情況下才能安排人員進入。進入的目的只為實施進一步的檢測、必要操作、保證生命安全或船舶安全。進入處所的人員數(shù)量應(yīng)為執(zhí)行相應(yīng)工作所需要的最低數(shù)量。9.2只有接受過設(shè)備使用培訓(xùn)的人員，在配備了適宜的呼吸器的情況下，例如空氣管線式或自給式，才允許進入此處所。不應(yīng)使用空氣凈化呼吸機，因為這種設(shè)備需要利用處所內(nèi)部的空氣，不能提供獨立的清潔空氣。9.3應(yīng)當(dāng)為進入封閉處所的人員提供經(jīng)校準(zhǔn)的、試驗合格的多種氣體測試儀，用以在需要的情況下來監(jiān)控氧氣、一氧化碳和其它氣體的含量。9.4應(yīng)穿戴救助護具，除非不可行，也應(yīng)使用救生繩。9.5應(yīng)穿戴適宜的防護服，特別是當(dāng)進入處所內(nèi)部的人

14、員的皮膚或眼睛存在接觸有毒物質(zhì)或化學(xué)品的風(fēng)險時。9.6上述 8.5 段中給出的有關(guān)緊急情況下的救援操作建議和本章節(jié)內(nèi)容緊密相關(guān)。10 與特定類型船舶或貨物有關(guān)的危險10.1 包裝形式的危險貨物10.1.1 任何載有危險貨物處所內(nèi)部的空氣都有可能會對進入人員的健康和生命造成危害。這些危險包括取代氧氣而存在的易燃、有毒或者腐蝕氣體或者蒸氣、包裝上的殘留物和泄漏物質(zhì)。同樣的危險可能存在于和貨艙相連接的區(qū)域。國際海運危險貨物 (IMDG) 規(guī)則，船舶載運危險貨物應(yīng)急程序（ EMS ）和材 料安全數(shù)據(jù)單 (MSDS)* 中包含有特殊物質(zhì)危險性的資料。如果有證據(jù)證明或懷疑發(fā)生了危險物質(zhì)泄漏， 應(yīng)遵循第 9

15、 節(jié)中所列的防范措施。10.1.2 處理泄漏物質(zhì)或搬運殘缺或包裝損壞的人員，必須接受適當(dāng)培訓(xùn)并且裝備適宜的呼吸器和防護服。10.2 散裝液體貨物 油輪業(yè)已經(jīng)以專門的國際性安全指南的形式，為從事散裝運輸?shù)氖汀?化學(xué)品和液化氣體運輸?shù)慕?jīng)營人和船員提供了廣泛的建議。指南中詳述了對進入封閉處所的建議，應(yīng)作為制訂進入計劃的依據(jù)。10.3 散裝固體貨物在運輸散裝固體貨物的船舶上，貨艙和與其相鄰的區(qū)域都有可能產(chǎn)生危險空氣。承運人聲明的危險可包括易燃性、有毒性、耗氧導(dǎo)致氧氣衰竭或者自熱。如需要進一步信息，可以參閱國際海運固體散裝貨物（ IMSBC ）規(guī)則。10.4 使用氮氣作為惰性氣體氮氣是一種無色無味的氣

16、體，當(dāng)作為惰性氣體用于清潔水罐、空隙或在貨艙使用時，會在封閉處所和甲板排氣口造成缺氧狀態(tài)。需注意，深吸入濃度為100% 的氮氣是可以致命的。10.5 耗氧貨物和材料此類貨物的一個突出危險就是貨物的耗氧特性造成氧氣衰竭。例如，自熱、金屬和礦石的氧化，或者植物油、魚油、動物脂肪、谷物和其它有機物質(zhì)的變質(zhì)，或其殘留物的腐爛。以下列出的是已知可以造成耗氧的物質(zhì)，當(dāng)然這里所列并非全部。其他源于蔬菜或動物中的物質(zhì)、易燃或自燃性物質(zhì)以及高金屬成分物質(zhì)也可能造成氧氣消耗，這些物質(zhì)包括但不局限于：.1谷物，谷物制品以及谷物加工過程中產(chǎn)生的殘留物（例如糠、粉碎的谷粉，碎麥芽或者粗粉）、啤酒花、麥芽殼和廢麥芽；.2

17、油籽及其產(chǎn)品和油籽的殘留物（例如榨籽殘渣、種子餅、油渣餅和粗粉）；.3干椰子肉；.4木材，包括包裝形式的木材、圓木、原木、紙漿、撐材（坑木和其它撐材）、木屑、刨片、木芯和鋸屑；.5黃麻、大麻、亞麻、劍麻、木棉、棉花和其他植物纖維（如茅草 / 西班牙草、干草、稻草、畢莎草）、空袋子、廢棉、動物纖維、動植物纖維、羊毛廢料和舊布片；.6魚、魚粉和魚渣；.7魚肥料；.8硫礦和精礦；.9木炭、煤炭、褐煤和煤制品；.10直接還原鐵；.11干冰；.12金屬廢料和碎片、鐵屑、鋼屑和其他車、鉆、刨、銼和切產(chǎn)生的碎屑；以及.13廢金屬。10.6 熏蒸當(dāng)船舶進行熏蒸消毒時，應(yīng)遵循關(guān)于船上安全使用殺蟲劑的建議案(MS

18、C.1/Circ.1358) 中包含的具體細節(jié)規(guī)范。與熏蒸處所相連接的艙室也應(yīng)被當(dāng)作熏蒸消毒處所對待。11. 圍蔽處所進入和救助演習(xí)按照 SOLAS公約第章第19 條的修正案（處所進入和（遇險人員）救助演習(xí)。MSC.350(92) ）第3.3 款要求船上每2 個月舉行一次圍蔽每次圍蔽處所進入和救助演習(xí)均應(yīng)包括：.1 檢查并使用進入所需的個人保護設(shè)備；.2 檢查并使用通信設(shè)備和程序；.3 檢查并使用測量圍蔽處所內(nèi)空氣的儀器；.4 檢查并使用救助設(shè)備和程序；和.5 急救和復(fù)蘇技術(shù)的指導(dǎo)。12結(jié)論不遵守簡單的程序可能會導(dǎo)致人員在進入封閉處所時發(fā)生意外。遵守風(fēng)險和采取必要的防范措施的可靠基礎(chǔ)。上述原則

19、和程序是評估在此類處所附件 封閉處所進入許可證樣本本許可證用于進入封閉處所，應(yīng)由船長或責(zé)任人員以及擬進入此處所的所有人員共同填寫完成，如適任人員和協(xié)調(diào)員。概述封閉處所的位臵/ 名稱：進入理由：許可證有效期：從:時日到:時日(見注 1)第 1 部分 進入前準(zhǔn)備 ( 由船長或指定的責(zé)任人員檢查 )是否是否通過機械手段對處所進行了徹底通風(fēng)?處所是否已被隔離，將所有相關(guān)的管路或閥和電源或電力設(shè)備切斷或關(guān)閉?處所是否進行了必要的清理?處所是否進行了檢測并確認(rèn)可以安全進入?( 見注 2)進入前空氣檢測的讀數(shù):- 氧氣 .%容積 (21%)*檢測人：- 碳氫化合物.% LFL (小于 1%)- 有毒氣體.

20、ppm (小于特定氣體50%OEL) ( 見注 3)時間 :當(dāng)處所內(nèi)有人以及工作間歇后時，是否已經(jīng)安排連續(xù)的空氣檢測?在處所內(nèi)有人以及工作間歇時，是否對處所進行了持續(xù)風(fēng)?通道和照明是否足夠?注意：國家要求將決定安全的空氣讀數(shù)范圍。是否處所入口處是否安排了即時可用的救援和急救設(shè)備？是否已經(jīng)將進入計劃通知值班船員（駕駛室、機艙、貨控室） ?各方之間的通訊系統(tǒng)是否已經(jīng)檢測并統(tǒng)一了應(yīng)急信號 ?是否制訂了應(yīng)急程序和撤離程序，并使所有涉及到進入處所的人員了解該程序 ?是否所有的設(shè)備都處于良好工作狀態(tài)并在進入前進行了檢測?人員是否正確穿著防護服和攜帶安全裝備?第 2 部分 進入前檢查 ( 由進入處所的每一個

21、人進行檢查 ) 是 否我已從船長或指定的責(zé)任人員處獲得進入封閉處所的指令或此許可證的第 1 部分已經(jīng)由船長或指定責(zé)任人員完成我已同意和明白通訊程序我已同意每隔 .分鐘報告一次我已同意和明白應(yīng)急程序和撤離程序我明白一旦處所內(nèi)的通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生故障或空氣檢測顯示與安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有差異時，必須馬上撤離第 3部分 呼吸器和其它設(shè)備( 由船長或指定責(zé)任人員以及擬進入封閉處所的人員共同檢查)?擬進入封閉處所的人員熟悉呼吸器的使用是否呼吸器已經(jīng)進行如下檢測 :- 壓力表和容量.- 低壓聲音報警 .- 面罩 正壓力下不泄露.已經(jīng)檢測了通訊方式和統(tǒng)一了應(yīng)急信號為所有擬進入封閉處所的人員提供了救助用具和救生繩（如可行）完成

22、第 1、 2 和 3 部分后簽字 :船長或指定責(zé)任人員日期 .時間協(xié)調(diào)員日期 .時間擬進入封閉處所的人員日期 .時間第4部分 進入人員( 由負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督進入的人員完成)姓名 .進入時間 .出來時間 .第 5部分 工作完成( 由負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督進入的人員完成)? 工作完成日期時間? 鎖閉進入的處所日期時間已經(jīng)正式通知值班的高級船員日期 時間當(dāng)完成第 4 節(jié)和第 5 節(jié)后簽字 :負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督進入的人員.日期時間如果處所中的通風(fēng)停止或檢查表中注明的任何條件發(fā)生變化，則該許可證無效注 :許可證中應(yīng)寫明最長有效期。為了獲得處所內(nèi)有代表性的空氣樣本， 應(yīng)盡可能在處所的不同層面通過 盡可能多的開口抽取樣本。進行空氣檢測前十

23、分鐘應(yīng)停止通風(fēng)。根據(jù)以前處所內(nèi)物質(zhì)的性質(zhì)來檢測特定有害氣體，例如苯和硫化氫。The objective of these procedure is aimed at preventing casualties to ships personnel entering enclosed spaces where there may be an oxygen-deficient, oxygen-enriched, flammable and/or toxic atmosphere, and vigilanting potential harzadous.1INTRODUCTIONThe atmosp

24、here in any enclosed space may be oxygen-deficient or oxygen-enriched and/or contain flammable and/or toxic gases or vapours. Such unsafe atmospheres could also subsequently occur in a space previously found to be safe. Unsafe atmospheres may also be present in spaces adjacent to those spaces where

25、a hazard is known to be present.2DEFINITIONS2.1Enclosed space means a space which has any of the following characteristics:.1 limited openings for entry and exit;.2 inadequate ventilation; and.3 is not designed for continuous worker occupancy,and includes, but is not limited to, cargo spaces, double

26、bottoms, fueltanks, ballasttanks, cargopump-rooms, cargocompressor rooms, cofferdams,chainlockers,voidspaces, duct keels, inter-barrierspaces, boilers, engine crankcases, engine scavenge airreceivers, sewage tanks, and adjacent connected spaces.2.2 Adjacent connected space means a normally unventila

27、ted space which is not used for cargo but which may share the same atmospheric characteristics with the enclosed space such as, but not limited to, a cargo space accessway.2.3 Competent person means a person with sufficient theoretical knowledge and practical experience to make an informed assessmen

28、t of the likelihood of a dangerous atmosphere being present or subsequently arising in the space.2.4 Responsible person means a person authorized to permit entry into an enclosed space and having sufficient knowledge of the procedures to be established and complied with on board, in order to ensure

29、that the space is safe for entry.2.5 Attendant means a person who is suitably trained within the safety management system, maintains a watch over those entering the enclosed space, maintains communications with those inside the space and initiates the emergency procedures in the event of an incident

30、 occurring.3SAFETY MANAGEMENT FOR ENTRY INTO ENCLOSED SPACES3.1 The safety strategy to be adopted in order to prevent accidents on entry to enclosed spaces should be approached in a comprehensive manner by the company.3.2 The company should ensure that the procedures for entering enclosed spaces are

31、 included among the key shipboard operations concerning the safety of the personnel and the ship, in accordance with paragraph 7 of the International Safety Management (ISM) Code.3.3 The company should elaborate a procedural implementation scheme which provides for training in the use of atmospheric

32、 testing equipment in such spaces and a schedule of regular onboard drills for crews.3.3.1 Competent and responsible persons should be trained in enclosed space hazard recognition, evaluation, measurement, control and elimination, using standards acceptable to the Administration.3.3.2 Crew members s

33、hould be trained, as appropriate, in enclosed space safety, including familiarization with onboard procedures for recognizing, evaluating and controlling hazards associated with entry into enclosed spaces.3.4 Internal audits by the company and external audits by the Administration of the ships safet

34、ymanagementsystem should verify that the established procedures are complied with in practice and are consistent with the safety strategy referred to in paragraph 3.1.4ASSESSMENT OF RISK4.1 The company should ensure that a risk assessment is conducted to identify all enclosed spaces on board the shi

35、p. This risk assessment should be periodically revisited to ensure its continued validity.4.2 In order to ensure safety, a competent person should always make a preliminary assessment of any potential hazards in the space to be entered, taking into account previous cargo carried, ventilation of the

36、space, coating of the space and other relevant factors. The competent persons preliminary assessment should determine thepotential for the presence of an oxygen-deficient, oxygen-enriched, flammable or toxic atmosphere. The competent person should bear in mind that the ventilation procedures for an

37、adjacent connected space may be different from the procedures for the ventilation of the enclosed space itself.4.3 The procedures to be followed for testing the atmosphere in the space and for entry should be decided on the basis of the preliminary assessment. These will depend on whether the prelim

38、inary assessment shows that:.1 there is minimal risk to the health or life of personnel entering the space; or.2 there is no immediate risk to health or life but a risk could arise during the course of work in the space; or.3 a risk to health or life is identified.4.4 Where the preliminary assessmen

39、t indicates minimal risk to health or life or potential for a risk to arise during the course of work in the space, the precautions described in sections 5, 6, 7 and 8 should be followed, as appropriate.4.5 Where the preliminary assessment identifies a risk to life or health, if entry is to be made,

40、 the additional precautions specified in section 9 should also be followed.4.6 Throughout the assessment process, there should be an assumption that the space to be entered is considered to be hazardous until positively proved to be safe for entry.5AUTHORIZATION OF ENTRY5.1 No person should open or

41、enter an enclosed space unless authorized by the master or the nominated responsible person and unless the appropriate safety procedures laid down for the particular ship have been followed.5.2 Entry into enclosed spaces should be planned and the use of an entry permit system, which may include the

42、use of a checklist, is recommended. An Enclosed Space Entry Permit should be issued by the master or the nominated responsible person, and completed by the personnel who enter the space prior to entry. An example of the Enclosed Space Entry Permit is provided in the appendix.6GENERAL PRECAUTIONS6.1

43、Entry doors or hatches leading to enclosed spaces should at all times be secured against entry, when entry is not required.6.2 A door or hatch cover which is opened to provide natural ventilation of an enclosed space may, wrongly, be taken to be an indication of a safe atmosphere and therefore, an a

44、ttendant may be stationed at the entrance or the use of a mechanical barrier, such as a rope or chain positioned across the opening with an attached warning sign, could prevent such accidental entry.6.3 The master or the responsible person should determine that it is safe to enter an enclosed space

45、by ensuring that:.1potential hazards have been identified in the assessment and as far as possible isolated or made safe;.2the space has been thoroughly ventilated by natural or mechanical means to remove any toxic or flammable gases and to ensure an adequate level of oxygen throughout the space;.3t

46、he atmosphere of the space has been tested as appropriate with properly calibrated instruments to ascertain acceptable levels of oxygen and acceptable levels of flammable or toxic vapours;.4the space has been secured for entry and properly illuminated;.5a suitable system of communication between all

47、 parties for use during entry has been agreed and tested;.6an attendant has been instructed to remain at the entrance to the space whilst it is occupied;.7rescue and resuscitation equipment has been positioned ready for use at the entrance to the space and rescue arrangements have been agreed;.8pers

48、onnel are properly clothed and equipped for the entry and subsequent tasks; and.9a permit has been issued, authorizing entry.The precautions in subparagraphs .6 and .7 may not apply to every situation described in this section. The person authorizing entry should determine whether an attendant and t

49、he positioning of rescue equipment at the entrance to the space are necessary.6.4 Only trained personnel should be assigned the duties of entering, functioning as attendants or functioning as members of rescue teams. Ships crews with rescue and first aid duties should be drilled periodically in resc

50、ue and first aid procedures. Training should include as a minimum:.1 identification of the hazards likely to be faced during entry into enclosed spaces;.2 recognition of the signs of adverse health effects caused by exposure to hazards during entry; and.3 knowledge of personal protective equipment r

51、equired for entry.6.5 All equipment used in connection with entry should be in good working condition and inspected prior to use.7TESTING THE ATMOSPHERE7.1Appropriate testing of the atmosphere of a space should be carried out with properly calibrated equipmentby persons trained in the use of the equ

52、ipment. The manufacturers instructions should be strictly followed. Testing of the space should be carried out before any person enters the space and at regular intervals thereafter until all work is completed. Where appropriate, the testing of the space should be carried out at as many different le

53、vels as is necessary to obtain a representative sample of the atmosphere in the space. In some cases it may be difficult to test the atmosphere throughout the enclosed space without entering the space (e.g. the bottom landing of a stairway) and this should be taken into account when assessing the ri

54、sk to personnel entering the space. The use of flexible hoses or fixed sampling lines, which reach remote areas within the enclosed space, may allow for safe testing without having to enter the space.7.2For entry purposes, steady readings of all of the following should be obtained:.121% oxygen by vo

55、lume by oxygen content meter;Note:National requirements may determine the safe atmosphere range.2not more than 1% of lower flammable limit (LFL) on a suitably sensitive combustible gas indicator, where the preliminary assessment has determined that there is potential for flammable gases or vapours;

56、and.3not more than 50% of the occupational exposure limit (OEL)* of any toxic vapours and gases.If these conditions cannot be met, additional ventilation should be applied to the space and re-testing should be conducted after a suitable interval.7.3 Any gas testing should be carried out with ventila

57、tion to the enclosed space stopped, and after conditions have stabilized, in order to obtain accurate readings.7.4 Where the preliminary assessment has determined that there is potential for the presence of toxic gases and vapours, appropriate testing should be carried out, using fixed or portable g

58、as or vapour detection equipment. The readings obtained by this equipment should be below the occupational exposure limits for the toxic gases or vapours given in accepted national or international standards, in accordance with paragraph 7.2. It should be noted that testing for flammability or oxyge

59、n content does not provide a suitable means of measuring for toxicity, nor vice versa.7.5 It should be emphasized that the internal structure of the space, cargo, cargo residues and tank coatings may also present situations where oxygen-deficient areas may exist, and should always be suspected, even

60、 when an enclosed space has been satisfactorily tested as being suitable for entry. This is particularly the case for spaces where the path of the supply and outlet ventilation is obstructed by structural members or cargo.8PRECAUTIONS DURING ENTRY8.1 The atmosphere should be tested frequently whilst