化學專業(yè)詞匯

1、一般化學術(shù)語中英文比較表酸acid堿base/alkali(referstosolublebases)原子atomadj.atomic鹽salt原子核nucleus酸式鹽acidsalt質(zhì)子proton離子方程式ionicequation中子neutron結(jié)晶水waterofcrystallisation電子electron(abbr.e)水合的hydrated離子ion?a?n無水的anhydrous陽離子cation滴定titration陰離子anion指示劑indicator分子molecularm?lekj?l?氧化數(shù)oxidationnumber單質(zhì)element氧化復原反響redo

2、xreaction化合物compound氧化反響oxidationreaction純凈物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance復原反響reductionreaction混淆物mixture歧化反響disproportionationreaction相對原子質(zhì)量relativeatomicmass(abbr.Ar)歸中反響相對分子質(zhì)量comproportionation(symproportionation)relativemolecularmass(abbr.Mr)reaction化學式量relativeformulamass氧化劑oxidisingagent物質(zhì)的量a

3、mountofsubstance復原劑reducingagent阿伏加德羅常數(shù)電子層(殼)(electron)shellAvogadroconstant(abbr.NA)電離能ionisationenergy(abbr.I.E.)摩爾mole第一，第二，第三等電離能摩爾質(zhì)量molarmassfirst,second,third,etc.ionisationenergy(abbr.實驗式/最簡式/經(jīng)驗式empiricalformula1st,2nd,3rd,etc.I.E.)氣體摩爾體積molarvolume電子親和能阿伏加德羅定律AvogadrosLawelectronaffinityener

4、gy(abbr.A.E.)溶液solution障蔽效應electronicshielding(screening)溶解dissolve原子軌道atomicorbital濃度concentration電子云electroncloud質(zhì)量/體積分數(shù)mass/volumeconcentration電子亞層sub-shell濃縮concentrate能層layer稀釋dilute能級energylevel蒸餾distillation電子排布electronconfiguration萃取extraction電子云重疊shelloverlap化學反響方程式chemicalequation洪特規(guī)則Hunds

5、rule反響物reactant泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple生成物product基態(tài)groundstate固體solid激發(fā)態(tài)excitedstate液體liquid躍遷transition氣體gaseous手性chiralitykai?-溶液aqueous化學鍵chemicalbond配平balance鍵長bondlength化學計量學stoichiometry鍵級bondorder鍵角bondangle鍵能bondenthalpies離子鍵ionicbond供體donor受體acceptor靜電吸引electrostaticattraction巨型離子構(gòu)造giant

6、ionicstructure共價鍵covalentk?ve?l?ntbond巨型共價構(gòu)造giantcovalentstructure共用電子對sharedpair/bondingpair孤對電子lonepair/non-bondingpair鍵-bond鍵-bond鍵-bond極性共價鍵polarbond非極性共價鍵non-polarbond配位鍵dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinatebond電負性electronegativity極性polarity偶極子dipole分子間作使勁intermolecularforces氫鍵hydrogenbond范

7、德華力vanderWaalsforce色散力dispersionforce引誘力inductionforce取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce金屬鍵metallicbond離域delocalisationdi:,l?uk?laizei?n延展性malleability,m?l?b?l?ti可鍛性ductilityd?kt?l?t?導電性electricalconductivity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable周期periodgroup原子序數(shù)protonnumber同位素isotope?a?s?t?p核素nuclidenju?

8、kla?d同量異位素isobara?s?(?)b?金屬metal非金屬nonmetal堿金屬alkalimetal堿土金屬alkalineearthmetal鹵素halogen罕有氣體noblegas元素周期律periodictrends開朗active穩(wěn)固noble分解反響decompositionreaction化合反響combination(synthesis)reaction代替反響displacementreaction復分解反響saltmetathesism?t?sisreaction/doublereplacement(displacement)reaction積淀precipi

9、tationpr?,s?p?te?(?)n官能團functionalgroup碳氫化合物/烴hydrocarbon飽和烴saturatedhydrocarbon不飽和烴unsaturatedhydrocarbon脂肪烴aliphatic,?l?f?t?khydrocarbon脂環(huán)烴alicyclicsa?kl?k;hrdrocarbon同系物homologoush?m?l?g?sseries異構(gòu)現(xiàn)象isomerismais?m?riz?m同分異構(gòu)體isomerideais?m?raid同素異形體allotropy/allotropism分子式molecularformula通式generalf

10、ormula構(gòu)造式displayedformula構(gòu)造簡式structuralformula鍵線式skeletalformula均裂homolyticfission異裂heterolyticfission親核試劑nucleophilenjukli?fail親電子試劑electrophile加成反響additionreaction加水加成hydrationreaction加成聚合反響additionpolymerisation聚合物polymer單體monomer鏈節(jié)repeatunit縮合聚合反響condensationreaction縮聚物condensationpolymer代替反響sub

11、stitutionreaction脫水dehydration水解hydrolysis鹵代反響halogenationreaction酯化反響esterificationreaction親核代替nucleophilicsubstitution消去反響eliminationreaction裂化反響cracking(reaction)石油分餾fractionaldistillation焚燒combustion發(fā)酵fermentation氟氯烴chlorofluorocarbons產(chǎn)率percentageyield原子利用率atomeconomy紅外光譜學infraredspectroscopy質(zhì)譜剖

12、析massspectroscopy光譜spectrum揮發(fā)性volatility冷凝回流reflux反響機理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy熱力學thermodynamic?:m?udai?-enthalpy(abbr.H)en?lpi焓變enthalpychange(abbr.H)標準焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.H?)標準反響焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.Hr?)焚燒熱heatofcombustion標準焚燒焓standardenthalpychangeofcombust

13、ion(abbr.Hc?)標準生成焓standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbr.Hf?)放熱反響exothermiceks?u?-reaction吸熱反響endothermicreaction熱化學方程thermochemical?:m?u?-equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比熱容specificheatcapacity鍵焓bondenthalpy均勻鍵焓averagebondenthalpy蓋斯定律Hesslaw有效碰撞理論collisiontheory反響速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反響

14、動力學reactionkinetics催化劑catalyst催化作用catalysis酶enzymeenzaim波爾茲曼散布律theBoltzmanndistribution化學均衡(chemical)equilibriumi:kwi?-可逆反響reversiblereaction動向均衡dynamicequilibrium均衡常數(shù)chemicalequilibriumconstant濃度冪concentrationpower均衡挪動shiftofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.G)阿累尼烏斯方程theArrhenius?ri:ni?sEq

15、uation自覺反響spontaneoussp?n?teini?sreaction熵entropy(abbr.S)溫室效應greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsorption綠色化學greenchemistry溶解度solubility離子反響ionicreaction電離ionisation電解質(zhì)electrolyte電離均衡ionisationequilibrium電離常數(shù)ionisationconstant離子積ion-productconstant氫離子濃度指數(shù)hydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfromFrenchpotentieldhydrogn

16、e)溶解均衡dissolutionequilibriumd?s?lu?(?)nekw?溶度積solubilityproduct原電池galvanic(voltaic)cellg?lv?n?k鹽橋saltbridge電極electrode正極/陽極anode負極/陰極cathode標準電極電勢standardelectrodepotential(abbr.E0)干電池drycell一次電池primarycell(battery)二次電池/蓄電池secondarycell/storagebattery充電charge放電discharge燃料電池fuelcell電解electrolysis電解池/

17、電解槽electrolyticcell電鍍galvanisation,?lv?naizei?n電偶腐化/電化腐化galvaniccorrosion分子空間構(gòu)型moleculargeometries雜化hybrid軌道orbital晶格lattice晶體crystal晶胞crystalstructure聚積作用sedimentation,sed?m?nte?n常有元素hydrogen(abbr.H)haidr?d?nhelium(abbr.He)hi:li?m鋰lithium(abbr.Li)limi?boron(abbr.B)b?:r?ncarbon(abbr.C)k:b?nnitrogen(

18、abbr.N)naitr?d?noxygen(abbr.O)?ksid?nfluorine(abbr.F)flu?ri:nneon(abbr.Ne)ni:?nsodium(abbr.Na)s?udi?mmagnesium(abbr.Mg)aluminum(abbr.Al),?l?mini?msilicon(abbr.Si)silik?nphosphorus(abbr.P)f?sf?r?ssulfur(abbr.S)s?lf?chlorine(abbr.Cl)kl?:ri:nargon(abbr.Ar):?npotassium(abbr.K)p?t?si?mcalcium(abbr.Ca)?k?

19、lsi?mtitanium(abbr.Ti)taiteini?mchromium(abbr.Cr)kr?umj?mmanganese(abbr.Mn)?m?ni:ziron(abbr.Fe)a?ncobalt(abbr.Co)k?ub?:ltnickel(abbr.Ni)nik?lcopper(abbr.Cu)k?p?zinc(abbr.Zn)zi?karsenic(abbr.As):s?nikbromine(abbr.Br)br?umi:nsilver(abbr.Ag)silv?tin(abbr.Sn)tiniodine(abbr.I)xenon(abbr.Xe)zen?nbarium(ab

20、br.Ba)be?ri?mtungsten(abbr.W)t?st?nplatinum(abbr.Pt)pl?tin?mgold(abbr.Au)?uldmercury(abbr.Hg)m?:kjurilead(abbr.Pb)led常有單質(zhì)氫氣、氮氣、氧氣、氟氣、氯氣、液溴、固態(tài)碘的名稱同元素名稱金剛石diamonddai?m?nd石墨graphitegr?fait臭氧ozone?uz?un紅磷redphosphorus白磷whitephosphorus常有根離子(commonradicals)氫化的hydridehaidraid硼酸boric(acid)adj.borateb?re?t碳化

21、的carbideka:baid碳酸carbonick?b?n?k(acid)adj.carbonate碳酸氫根bicarbonate/hydrogencarbonate氮化的nitridenaitraid疊氮化的azide?zaid硝酸nitric(acid)adj.nitrate亞硝酸nitrousna?tr?s(acid)adj.nitrite氧化的oxide?ksaid二氧化的dioxidedai-三氧化的trioxidetra?ksa?d過氧根peroxy(radical)adj.peroxidep?ksaid超氧化的superoxidesjup?ksaid氫氧根hydroxylhai

22、dr?ksil(radical)adj.hydroxide水合氫離子hydronium氟化的fluoride偏鋁酸meta-aluminicmet?ljuminik(acid)adj.meta-aluminate?lju?m?ne?t四羥基合鋁酸hydroxyl-aluminichaidr?ksil-(acid)硅酸silicicsilisik(acid)adj.silicate磷酸phosphoric(acid)adj.phosphate磷酸二氫根dihydrogenphosphate磷酸氫根hydrogenphosphate硫化的sulfide硫氫根bisulphide/sulphanid

23、e/hydrogensulphide硫酸sulphuric(acid)adj.sulphate硫酸氫根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亞硫酸sulphurous(acid)adj.sulphite亞硫酸氫根bisulphite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosulphateai?u-焦硫酸根persulphatep?:-氯化的chloridekl?raid氫氯酸/鹽酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸perchloric(acid)adj.perchlorate氯酸chloric(acid)adj.chlorate亞氯酸chlorous(aci

24、d)adj.chlorite次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)adj.hypochlorite溴化的bromide氫溴酸、高溴酸、溴酸、亞溴酸、次溴酸名稱拜見氯碘化的iodideai?daid氫碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亞碘酸、次碘酸名稱拜見氯鹵化的halide銨根ammonium?m?uni?m高錳酸根permanganate錳酸根manganate氰根cyanidesainaid硫氰根thiocyanateai?u?sai?neit鉻酸根chromate重鉻酸根dichromate常有無機化合物(commoninorganiccompounds)氫化鈉sodiumhydrideammon

25、ia/azane?-?硅烷silane?si-磷化氫phosphine硫化氫hydrogensulphide氮化鎂magnesiumnitride四氧化三鐵iron(II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氫hydrogenchloride氯化亞鐵iron(II)chloride/ferrouschloride氯化鐵iron(III)chloride/ferricchloride氯化亞錫tin(II)chloride/stannouschloride四羥基合鋁酸鈉sodiumaluminate磷酸二氫鈉monosodiumphosphate磷酸氫二鈉disodium

26、phosphate氯化銨ammoniumchloride硫氫化鈉/硫氫酸鈉sodiumhydrosulphide系統(tǒng)命名法(chemicalnomenclature)mono-di-tri-tetra-penta-hexa-hepta-octa-nona-deca-烷烴alkane(preffixalkyl-,suffix-ane)meth-eth-prop-but-pent-hex-hept-oct-non-dec-十一undec-十二dodec-十三tridec-十四tetradec-十五pentadec-十六hexadec-十七heptadec-十八octadec-十九nonadec-二

27、十eicos-三十triacont-四十tetracont-五十prntacont-正構(gòu)型normal-(n-)異構(gòu)型iso-(i-)新構(gòu)型neo-(n-)poly-烷基alkyl甲基methyl(abbr.Me)乙基ethyl(abbr.Et)丙基propyl(abbr.Pr)環(huán)烷烴cycloalkane(preffix-cyclo,suffix-ane)烯烴alkene(preffixalkenyl-,suffix-ene)二烯烴allene(suffix-adiene)環(huán)烯烴cycloalkene(preffixcyclo-,suffix-ene)炔烴alkyne(preffixalky

28、nyl-,suffix-yne)順式異構(gòu)preffixcis-(Z-)反式異構(gòu)preffixtrans-(E-)苯基phenyl(abbr.Ph)(preffixphenyl-,suffix-benzene)芐基benzyl(abbr.Bn)(preffixbenzyl-,suffix-toluene)alcohol(preffixhydroxy-,suffix-ol)帶鹵素的化合物halogens(preffixfluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,etc.)ketone(preffixoxo-,suffix-one)aldehyde(preffixoxo-,suffix-alorn

29、otincludedincarbonchainpreffixformyl-,suffix-carbaldehyde)羧酸carboxylicka:b?ksilik(acid)adj.carboxylate(suffix-oicacid)羧基carboxyl(preffixcarboxyl-,suffix-oicacidormultiplegroupssuffix-di,tri,tetracarbonylacid)乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr.Ac)ether(suffix-aneand-oxy)ester(preffixR-oxycarbonyl-,suffix-oicaci

30、d/-oate)胺和酰胺amine(preffixamino-,suffix-amineoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)andamide(preffixcarbamoyl-andamido-,suffixamideand-carboxamideoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)氨基amino酰胺基amido磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho-,suffix-sulphonicacid)nitrile(preffixcyan

31、o-,suffix-nitrile)phenol/carbolicacid常有有機化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚酞phenolphthalein(abbr.Hln/phph)fin?lfeili:n石蕊litmus溴酚藍bromophenoblue百里酚藍thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龍膽紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform異戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcenemairsi:n聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯poly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龍poly(te

32、trafluoroethene)/teflon(abbr.PTF)晴綸orlon二甲醚methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate甲酸/蟻酸methanoicacid/formicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicacid/aceticacid乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj.oxalate丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid軟脂酸/棕櫚hexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid硬脂酸

33、鈉sodiumstearate檸檬酸citricacid檸檬酸鈉sodiumcitrate乳酸lacticacid乳酸鈉sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj.gluconate氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose半乳糖galactose檸檬酸citricacid核糖ribose檸檬酸鈉sodiumcitrate脫氧核糖desoxyribose乳酸lacticacid核糖核酸rebonucleicacid(abbr.RNA)乳酸鈉sodiumlactate脫氧核糖核酸葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj.gluconatedeoxyribonucleicacid(abbr.DNA)氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖gl