20172018學(xué)年高中英語Unit1AlandofdiversitySection

1、Unit1AlandofdiversitySectionGrammar-名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句）語法圖解研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ExactlywhenthefirstpeoplearrivedinwhatwenowknowasCalifornia,noonereallyknows.However,itislikelythatNativeAmericanswerelivinginCaliforniaatleastfifteenthousandyearsago.ScientistsbelievethatthesesettlerscrossedtheBeringStraitintheArctict

2、oAmericabymeansofalandbridgewhichexistedinprehistorictimes.Thatiswhytodayover40%ofCaliforniansspeakSpanishasafirstorsecondlanguage.Itisbelievedthatbeforelongthemixofnationalitieswillbesogreatthattherewillbenodistinctmajorracialorculturalgroups,butsimplyamixtureofmanyracesandcultures.我的發(fā)現(xiàn)(1)以上各句皆為主從復(fù)

3、合句，句頂用了相當(dāng)于名詞作用的從句(即名詞性從句)在句中充任成分。名詞性從句在句中可作介詞的賓語(句)，動(dòng)詞的賓語(句)。名詞性從句在句中可作主語，且可用it作形式主語，真實(shí)的主語從句置于句末(句、)。(4)名詞性從句在句中可作表語(句)。一、主從句、從句和表從句的定及特色(一)主從句主從句是指在句中作主的從句，地點(diǎn)與述句的主同樣。Whetherthesportsmeetwillbeheldisnotcertainnow.運(yùn)會(huì)能否將行在不可以確立。Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor.本售如何取決于作者自己。Whereweshallhavethemeetin

4、gmakesnodifference.我在哪兒開會(huì)都無所。名點(diǎn)津若主部分構(gòu)，能夠使用形式主it，把真實(shí)的主從句放于后邊。Thatshewilldowellinherexamiscertain.Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.她在考取會(huì)做得好，是確立無疑的。(二)從句1作及物的Everyoneknowsthattheearthismadeupofmatter.每個(gè)人都知道地球是由物組成的。2作介的如：besidesthat.“除以外”；butthat.“若不是”；exceptthat.“除了”；inthat.“在于；因”。Isthereanything

5、wronginwhatIsaid?我所的有之？Thesetwoareasaresimilarinthattheybothhavehighrainfallinsummer.兩個(gè)地域相像，因在夏季降水都好多。3形容后形容后隨從句的用法只限于少量形容，如sure(確信)，certain(一定)，afraid(擔(dān)憂)，confident(有掌握的)等。Imnotcertainwhetherthetrainwillarriveontime.我不確信火能否將會(huì)按抵達(dá)。4注意事(1)從句的否認(rèn)移：think,believe,suppose,imagine等后的從句中的否認(rèn)要移到主句中，即主句的用否認(rèn)式，而從

6、句的用一定式。2Idontthinkweneedtowastemuchtimeonit.我想我們不用在這上邊浪費(fèi)太多時(shí)間。(形式上否認(rèn)主句，實(shí)質(zhì)上仍能否認(rèn)從句)賓語從句中不可以省略that的狀況。動(dòng)詞后有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的賓語從句時(shí)，緊跟動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句能夠省去that，其余的賓語從句前的that一般不可以省去。Ibelieve(that)youhavedoneyourbestandthatthingswillimprove.我相信你已經(jīng)盡全力了，事情會(huì)好起來的。(第二個(gè)that不可以省)(3)“doubt賓語從句”的應(yīng)用。一定句頂用whether或if，否認(rèn)句和疑問句頂用that。Idoubt

7、whetherhecanpasstheexam.我思疑他能否能夠經(jīng)過此次考試。Idontdoubtthathecanpasstheexam.我不思疑他能經(jīng)過此次考試。Doyoudoubtthathecanpasstheexam?你思疑他能經(jīng)過此次考試嗎？(三)表語從句1表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語，出此刻連系動(dòng)詞以后，一般構(gòu)造為“主語連系動(dòng)詞表語從句”。Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishtheworkintime.問題是我們能否能實(shí)時(shí)達(dá)成這項(xiàng)工作。2可接表語從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be,look,remain,seem,sound等。Youlookasifyousleptbad

8、ly.看你那樣子憂如沒睡好覺。Thefactremainsthatwearestillnotadvancedenough.事實(shí)依舊是我們?nèi)允遣粔蛳冗M(jìn)。名師點(diǎn)津(1)表語從句其實(shí)是對主語進(jìn)行增補(bǔ)說明，從句表達(dá)的是主語的內(nèi)容。Thefactisthathedidntnoticethecaruntiltoolate.事實(shí)是他注意到汽車時(shí)已經(jīng)太晚了。(2)主句的主語是名詞idea,advice,suggestion,order,request,requirement等時(shí)，表語從句應(yīng)用虛構(gòu)語氣，即謂語動(dòng)詞用“should動(dòng)詞原形”。Mysuggestionisthatweshouldhaveadiscu

9、ssionaboutthismatterinsteadofsettingitaside.我的建議是我們應(yīng)當(dāng)議論一下這個(gè)問題，而不是把它放在一邊。即時(shí)操練1選詞填空3(2016北京高考改編)Themostpleasantthingoftherainyseasonisthatonecanbeentirelyfreefromdust.(that/what)(2015北京高考改編)Howweunderstandthingshasalottodowithwhatwefeel.(where/how)(2014山東高考改編)Itisdifficultforustoimaginewhatlifewaslike

10、forslavesintheancientworld.(what/which)(2013安徽高考改編)Fromspace,theearthlooksblue.Thisisbecauseaboutseventy-onepercentofitssurfaceiscoveredbywater.(why/because)(2013陜西高考改編)Itremainstobeseenwhetherthenewlyformedcommitteespolicycanbeputintopractice.(if/whether)Thathehadmetakindlibrarianinthecitylibraryga

11、veusnosurprise.(that/what)二、連結(jié)詞(一)that,whether和if1連結(jié)詞thatthat指引從句時(shí)，自己無心義，在從句中不充任成分。可是that在指引主語從句、表語從句時(shí)，一般不可以省略；在指引賓語從句時(shí)，常被省略；可是以下兩種狀況除外：多個(gè)并列從句出現(xiàn)時(shí)，第一個(gè)that能夠省略，其余的不可以省略。(2)含有形式主語it時(shí)，放于后邊的賓語從句不可以省略that。Thathesuddenlyfellillmadeussurprised.他忽然患病讓我們震撼。Shesaid(that)shewouldreturnthatbooknextweek.她說她將于下周送還

12、那本書。Shesaid(that)shewouldcomehereandthatIshouldwaitforhertillMonday.她說她將會(huì)來這兒并讓我等到禮拜一。Theymadeitcleartothepublicthattheydidanimportantandnecessaryjob.他們向民眾表示：他們所做的工作重要且必不行少。Thefactisthatwearebehindothergroups.事實(shí)是我們落伍于其余小組。2連結(jié)詞whether和if連結(jié)詞whether/if在從句中意為“能否”，不充任成分，一般不可以省略。主語從句位于句首時(shí)只好用whether；當(dāng)用it作形式

13、主語時(shí)，whether與if都能夠。表語從句中常用whether。賓語從句中連結(jié)詞whether和if經(jīng)常能夠交換。4Whetherhepassedtheexamwasnotcertain.Itwasnotcertainwhether/ifhepassedtheexam.不確立他能否通了考。Thequestioniswhetherweshouldaskthemforhelp.是我能否向他求幫助。Iwonderwhether/ifhellagreewithme.我想知道他能否會(huì)贊同我。名點(diǎn)津從句頂用whether不用if的三種狀況：(1)與ornot用WedontknowwhetherTomwi

14、llturnupatthemeetingornot.我不知道姆能否會(huì)參加會(huì)。位于介以后Everythingdependsonwhetheryouareforit.每件事情都取決于你能否成它。位于不定式從前Idontknowwhethertobelievehim.我不知道能否相信他。(二)接代what,which,who,whom和whose接代what,which,who,whom和whose在從句中的意分“所”“哪一個(gè)”“”“”“的”；在從句中起代的作用，可作主、表、或定。Thatswhatwehavesaid.(作)那就是我所的。Doyouknowwhichoftheboyswaslate

15、?(作主)你知道哪個(gè)男孩到了？Whowillcometogivethetalkisknowntousall.(作主)我都知道未來作告。Theproblemiswhomtheheadmasterwillsendtodealwithit.(作)是校將要派來理件事情。DoyouknowwhoseT-shirtitis？(作定)你知道是的T恤衫？名點(diǎn)津接代what,which的區(qū)：which引主從句需要限制一個(gè)有限的、小的范，而what指在一個(gè)廣的范行家或許根本沒有范。Whichoftheboysbrokethewindowisalreadyknown.5已經(jīng)知道是哪個(gè)男孩打破了窗戶。Idontkno

16、wwhatbooksthechildrencanread.我不知道孩子們能讀什么書。(三)連結(jié)副詞when,where,why和howwhen意為“何時(shí)”，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語；where意為“哪里”，在從句中作地址狀語；how意為“如何”，在從句中作方式狀語；why意為“為何”，在從句中作原由狀語。Whenwellsetoffforhomehasntbeendecidedyet.我們何時(shí)起程回家還沒有被決定。ThatwaswhereIspentmyholiday.那就是我度假的地方。Nobodyknewhowshegottheprize.沒有人知道她是如何獲獎(jiǎng)的。Thisiswhyweputo

17、ffthemeeting.這就是我們推延會(huì)議的原由。(四)復(fù)合連結(jié)詞whatever,whichever,whoever和whomever連結(jié)代詞whatever,whichever,whoever和whomever在從句中的意義分別為“不論什么”“不論哪一個(gè)”“不論誰”“不論誰”；在從句中起代詞的作用，可作主語、賓語或定語。WhateverIhaveisatyourservice.我全部的全部都供你使用。Illtakewhicheverpictureyoudontwant.我隨意拿一幅你不要的畫好了。Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.不論誰違犯了法律都應(yīng)

18、當(dāng)遇到處罰。Whomeveryouinvitewillbewelcome.你邀請的任何人都將受歡迎。名師點(diǎn)津(1)whatever,whichever,who(m)ever既可指引名詞性從句，又可指引退步狀語從句；nomatterwhat,nomatterwhich,nomatterwho(m)只指引退步狀語從句。Whichever/Nomatterwhichdictionaryyouwanttobuy,Illpayforit.不論你想買哪本字典，我都愿意付款。(2)wherever(nomatterwhere);whenever(nomatterwhen);however(nomatterh

19、ow)一般指引退步狀語從句。However/Nomatterhowtoughtheproblemmaybe,Illworkitoutbymyself.6無可能有多，我將自己解決。即演2全句子What_he_had_saidsurprisedeveryonepresent.他所的在每個(gè)人驚訝。Itseemedthat_he_had_donated_all_his_money_tothoseinneed.他仿佛已將全部的都捐了那些需要幫助的人。Idontknowwhere_I_can_place_my_luggage.我不知道我的行李能夠放在哪里。Wediscussedwhether_we_sho

20、uld_use_the_moneytobuyanewhouse.我不用筆套新房屋。(2016北京高考改)Yoursupportisimportanttoourwork.Whatever_you_can_do_helps.你的支持我的工作很重要。你能做的任何事都會(huì)有所幫助。三、it作形式主或形式的名性從句(一)主從句中以it作形式主的四種常用句型1It不及物的適合形式從句Itseemsthat.仿佛是Ithappenedthat.剛巧Itfollowsthat.由此可Ithasturnedoutthat.果ItseemedthathehadbeentoBeijingbefore.仿佛他從前往北京

21、。2Itbe及物的去分從句Itissaidthat.據(jù)Itisreportedthat.據(jù)道Itisbelievedthat.人Itishopedthat.大家希望Ithasbeenprovedthat.已明Itissaidthathehasreadthenovel.據(jù)他本小。3Itbe名()從句Itisafactthat.事是Itisgoodnewsthat.是好信息。Itisaquestionthat.是個(gè)。7Itiscommonknowledgethat.是常。Itisafactthatsmokingisadangertohealth.抽煙危害健康，是事。4Itbe形容從句Itisnec

22、essarythat.有必需Itisclearthat.很清楚Itis(un)likelythat.很(不太)可能Itisimportantthat.重要的是Itisnecessarythatpeopleshouldlearntofacethereality.人學(xué)見面是有必需的。(二)從句中以it作形式的兩種常用句型1復(fù)合(足)的句子，that引的從句常移到句子后邊，而用it作形式。Wethinkitpossiblethatyoucanfinishtheworktoday.我你今日能達(dá)成工作。2表示喜、憎等心理活的后上先跟一個(gè)形式it，再接從句。如：hate,enjoy,dislike,lov

23、e,dontmind,feellike,appreciate,relyon,counton,seeto,take(),owe等。Itakeitthatyouwillagreewithus.我你會(huì)成我的。巧學(xué)助巧名性從句名性從句其實(shí)不，述氣要當(dāng)先。特注意引，引主、表和。主從句嫌太，it在句首屬正常。從句也不短，it取代其實(shí)不亂。表從句不可以，當(dāng)當(dāng)在中。即演3全句子Itseemsthat_they_will_win_the_game.看起來他會(huì)得比。Itissuggestedthat_the_meeting_(should)_be_put_off.有人建會(huì)緩期召開。Ihate_it_whenthe

24、ytalkwiththeirmouthsfulloffood.我他嘴食品。8Ithink_it_necessary_thatwetakeplentyofboiledwatereveryday.我以為每日多喝開水是有必需的。.用適合的連結(jié)詞填空1Whatsurprisesmemostisthatheistoovain.2Wherecarswillbeparkedinthefutureisaquestion.3Whenwewillhaveapicnicdependsontheweather.4Whichpartofthecountryhewilltraveltoneedsdiscussing.5I

25、thasnotbeendecidedwhowillattendthemeeting.6Itisreportedthatanewfilmwillbeputoninthecinema.7ThatMikedidntturnupatthemeetingyesterdaymadethechairmanofthemeetingunhappy.8WhetherthePresidentwillattendthepartyornotiskeptasecret.9Itisnecessarythatheshouldlearnaboutthewholematter.10Whythelittleboydiedinaba

26、by-sittercenterinYuxiofYunnanProvinceremainsamysterynow.單句寫作1What_role_he_will_playinthefilmhasntbeenknown.在這部電影中他將飾演什么角色還不知道。2Heisagoodstudentexcept_that_he_is_a_little_careless.他是個(gè)勤學(xué)生，就是有點(diǎn)馬虎。3Shealwaysthinksofhow_she_can_do_a_better_job.她老是在想如何把工作做得更好。4Whoever_fails_in_the_examshallnotbeallowedtog

27、ohome.不論誰在考試中失敗都不贊同回家。5Wethink_it_important_thateverycitizenshouldhavegoodmanners.我們以為每個(gè)市民有禮貌是重要的。6It_is_said_thattheprofessorhasalreadysucceededincarryingoutthisexperiment.聽說這位教授已經(jīng)成功地達(dá)成了這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。7Thereasonforhisabsencewasthat_he_was_ill.他缺席的原由是他患病了。8Its_a_pity_thatyoumissedthefilm.你錯(cuò)過了那部電影真是遺憾。99Idont_think_I_can_rememberthe100wordswithintwohours.我想我不可以在兩小時(shí)內(nèi)記著這100個(gè)單詞。10Iamnotinterestedinwhether_they_bel