鈣鈦礦太陽能電池在水解制取氫氣上的應(yīng)用課件

1、Perovskite Solar Cells for the Generationof Fuels from SunlightWang W.P.2016-10-20Logo General IntroductionOutline1 Photovoltaic-Driven Water Splitting2 CO2 Reduction3 Discussion and Perspective41. General Introduction1.1 Energy Demand, Global Warming, and the Need for StorageEnergy supplyAir pollut

2、ionClimate changeunbalanced distributionWorld total energy consumption: 15 TW(2015)-30 TW(2050)Clean and renewable energy sources: Solar energyStorage?Lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors : ExpensiveChemicals fuels : CarbohydrateSeries/ DCDC power converterCO2 reduction: five conventional cells

3、1.2 Advantages of Perovskite as Light Harvesters for SolarFuel GenerationOnly devices generating sufficient Voc for driving the complete reaction can achieve nonzero efciencies.Advantages of perovskite light harvesters: Intrinsic high Voc and bandgap tunability2 Perovskite Photovoltaic (PV) 2.1 One

4、Cell-Driven Water SplittingOnly large bandgap oxides show efficiencies with one cellEffciencies are very lowHypothetical single-PV photoelectrolysis deviceAs the open-circuit voltage of a single perovskite solar cell can be larger than 1.23 V, it is conceivable that, for a system using efficient ele

5、ctrocatalysts to minimize the overpotential, one cell could drive overall water splittingCH3NH3PbI3 (1.5 eV) , CH3NH3PbBr3(2.3 eV)2.1 One Cell-Driven Water SplittingBased on efcient Earth-abundant electrocatalysts reported in the literature, which can reach 20 mAcm2 current density at a voltage lowe

6、r than 1.5 V for overall water splittingSolar to hydrogen conversion efciency 10%?2.2 Two in Series Connected Perovskite CellONE CELLExtremely low overpotentialFuctuation in real sunlightTWO CELLsThis is the rst time that efciency over 10 % has been achieved with low-cost light harvesters and Earth-

7、abundant electrocatalysts.STH: 12.3 %Theoretical STH : 17.8% (1.5eV)2.3 Two Absorber TandemsCombining the photoanode and photovoltaic with a platinum cathode for hydrogen evolution, standalone one-sun water splitting photocurrents of nearly 2 mAcm2 were achieved, corresponding to a STH efficiency of

8、 nearly 2.4 %Photoanode: Fe2O3most widely studiedsuitable bandgapstabilitynatural abundance2.3 Two Absorber TandemsEfficiencies reach 4.3 % and up to 3.0 % in a wireless “artificial leaf” configurationPhotoanode: BiVO4high quantum efficiencylarge Voc2.4 Ideal Two Absorber SystemThe ideal dual-absorb

9、er system can be realized by pairing 1.61.8 eV and 1.0 eV bandgap absorbers in a stacked top and bottom configurationtop: 1.0 Vbottom: 0.6 VPerovskite cells should be more suitable as top absorbers paired above smaller bandgap absorbersDeveloping semitransparent perovskite solar cellsUse transparent

10、 conductive metal oxides, Ag nanowires or carbon nanotube (CNT) networks to make semitransparent perovskite solar cells3 CO2 ReductionH2High energyCleanStore ?Transport?CO2Converting solar energy into liquid fuel or other useful commodities Closing the anthropogenic carbon cycleAbundant carbon sourc

11、ehydrogenationHydrocarbonFormal electrochemical potentials for several CO2 reduction pathwaysChem. Rev. 115, 1288812935 (2015)3.1 Perovskite PV-Driven CO Generation from CO2CO is the product that stores the largest amount of energy per moleculeChem. Rev. 115, 1288812935 (2015)Au is one of the best c

12、atalysts to make CO from electrochemical CO2 reduction with high Faradic efficiency at low overpotential.Oxygen evolution anode uses iridium oxide (IrO2): high activity, stability against dissolution.Maximize the Faradic efficiencyAdjusted the area of the Au electrode6.5 % solar-to-CO conversion eff

13、iciency4.2 Stability Issue and SolutionThe stability of the solar fuel devices described here are limited by the stability of the perovskite solar cellsHTM-free : long-term light soaking & heat stress at 85 C Structure engineering : adding additives Using inorganic Cs-based perovskite as additive-FAPbI3-CsPbI3-，-FAPbI3cubic-CsPbI34.3 PerspectiveDespite remarkable efciencies were achieved, there is still a long way to go toward real application.Membrane is necessary to separate the productsASolar uctuation may change the potential at the cata