2022年化學(xué)工程與工藝專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)課文翻譯

1、Unit 1 Chemical Industry化學(xué)工業(yè)Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:When did the modern chemical industry start?Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?What are the contribution which the chemical ind

2、ustry has made to meet and satisfy our needs?Is the chemical industry capital- or labor-intensive? Why?1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. I

3、t may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorga

4、nic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkins discovery if the first synthetic dyestuffmauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and

5、 by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthr

6、ough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitri

7、c acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).化學(xué)工業(yè)的來(lái)源盡管化學(xué)品的使用可以追溯到古代文明時(shí)代，我們所謂的現(xiàn)代化學(xué)工業(yè)的發(fā)展卻是非常近代（才開(kāi)始的）?？梢杂X(jué)得它來(lái)源于工業(yè)革命其間，大概在18，并發(fā)展成為為其他工業(yè)部門(mén)提供化學(xué)原料的產(chǎn)業(yè)。例如制肥皂所用的堿，棉布生產(chǎn)所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造業(yè)所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我們會(huì)

8、注意到所有這些都是無(wú)機(jī)物。有機(jī)化學(xué)工業(yè)的開(kāi)始是在十九世紀(jì)六十年代以William Henry Perkin 發(fā)現(xiàn)第一種合成染料苯胺紫并加以開(kāi)發(fā)運(yùn)用為標(biāo)志的。20世紀(jì)初，德國(guó)耗費(fèi)大量資金用于實(shí)用化學(xué)方面的重點(diǎn)研究，到19，德國(guó)的化學(xué)工業(yè)在世界化學(xué)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)上占有75%的份額。這要?dú)w因于新染料的發(fā)現(xiàn)以及硫酸的接觸法生產(chǎn)和氨的哈伯生產(chǎn)工藝的發(fā)展。而后者需要較大的技術(shù)突破使得化學(xué)反映第一次可以在非常高的壓力條件下進(jìn)行。這方面所獲得的成績(jī)對(duì)德國(guó)很有協(xié)助。特別是由于19第一次世界大仗的爆發(fā)，對(duì)以氮為基本的化合物的需求飛速增長(zhǎng)。這種深刻的變化始終持續(xù)到戰(zhàn)后（1918-1939）。date bake to/fr

9、om: 回溯到dated: 過(guò)時(shí)的，陳舊的stand sb. in good stead: 對(duì)。很有協(xié)助Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lions share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals

10、 area since 1950s. The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins.1940年以來(lái)，化學(xué)工業(yè)始終以引人注目的速度飛速發(fā)展。盡管這種發(fā)展的速度近年來(lái)已大大減慢?；瘜W(xué)工業(yè)的發(fā)展由于1950年以來(lái)石油化學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究和開(kāi)

11、發(fā)大部分在有機(jī)化學(xué)方面獲得。石油化工在60年代和70年代的迅猛發(fā)展重要是由于人們對(duì)于合成高聚物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龍、聚脂和環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂的需求巨大增長(zhǎng)。The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals which the general public only usually encounter as end or consumer

12、 products. These products are purchased because they have the required properties which make them suitable for some particular application, e.g. a non-stick coating for pans or a weedkiller. Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that they produce. 今天的化學(xué)工業(yè)已經(jīng)是制造業(yè)中有著許多分支的部門(mén)，并且在制造業(yè)中起著核心的作用。

13、它生產(chǎn)了數(shù)千種不同的化學(xué)產(chǎn)品，而人們一般只接觸到終端產(chǎn)品或消費(fèi)品。這些產(chǎn)品被購(gòu)買(mǎi)是由于她們具有某些性質(zhì)適合（人們）的某些特別的用途，例如，用于盆的不粘涂層或一種殺蟲(chóng)劑。這些化學(xué)產(chǎn)品歸根究竟是由于它們能產(chǎn)生的作用而被購(gòu)買(mǎi)的。2. Definition of the Chemical IndustryAt the turn of the century there would have been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range o

14、f products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, e.g., alkali, sulphuric acid. At present, however, many intermediates to products produced, from raw materials like crude oil through (in some cases) many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods, or readily

15、converted into them. The difficulty cones in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industrys sphere of activities. To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly (vinyl chloride) / poly (vinyl

16、acetate). Clearly, synthesis of vinyl chloride (or acetate) and its polymerization are chemical activities. However, if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer, is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical company which manufactured the ingredients, is this still part

17、of the chemical industry of does it mow belong in the decorating industry?化學(xué)工業(yè)的定義在本世紀(jì)初，要定義什么是化學(xué)工業(yè)是不太困難的，由于那時(shí)所生產(chǎn)的化學(xué)品是很有限的，并且是非常清晰的化學(xué)品，例如，燒堿，硫酸。然而目前有數(shù)千種化學(xué)產(chǎn)品被生產(chǎn)，從某些原料物質(zhì)像用于制備許多的半成品的石油，到可以直接作為消費(fèi)品或很容易轉(zhuǎn)化為消費(fèi)品的商品。困難在于如何決定在某些特殊的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中哪一種環(huán)節(jié)不再屬于化學(xué)工業(yè)的活動(dòng)范疇。舉一種特殊的例子來(lái)描述一下這種困境。乳劑漆具有聚氯乙烯/聚醋酸乙烯。顯然，氯乙烯（或醋酸乙烯）的合成以及聚合是化學(xué)活

18、動(dòng)。然而，如果這種漆，涉及高聚物，它的配制和混合是由一家制造配料的跨國(guó)化學(xué)公司完畢的話，那它仍然是屬于化學(xué)工業(yè)呢還是應(yīng)當(dāng)歸屬于裝飾工業(yè)中去呢？It is therefore apparent that, because of its diversity of operations and close links in many areas with other industries, there is no simple definition of the chemical industry. Instead each official body which collects and publ

19、ishes statistics on manufacturing industry will have its definition as to which operations are classified as the chemical industry. It is important to bear this in mind when comparing statistical information which is derived from several sources. 因此，很明顯，由于化學(xué)工業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)的種類(lèi)諸多并在諸多領(lǐng)域與其他工業(yè)有密切的聯(lián)系，因此不能對(duì)它下一種簡(jiǎn)樸的定義。

20、相反的每一種收集和出版制造工業(yè)記錄數(shù)據(jù)的官方機(jī)構(gòu)都會(huì)對(duì)如何屆定哪一類(lèi)操作為化學(xué)工業(yè)有自己的定義。當(dāng)比較來(lái)自不同途徑的記錄資料時(shí)，記住這點(diǎn)是很重要的。3. The Need for Chemical IndustryThe chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediates and then into a tremendous variety of other chemicals. These are then us

21、ed to produce consumer products, which make our lives more comfortable or, in some cases such as pharmaceutical produces, help to maintain our well-being or even life itself. At each stage of these operations value is added to the produce and provided this added exceeds the raw material plus process

22、ing costs then a profit will be made on the operation. It is the aim of chemical industry to achieve this.對(duì)化學(xué)工業(yè)的需要化學(xué)工業(yè)波及到原材料的轉(zhuǎn)化，如石油 一方面轉(zhuǎn)化為化學(xué)中間體，然后轉(zhuǎn)化為數(shù)量眾多的其他化學(xué)產(chǎn)品。這些產(chǎn)品再被用來(lái)生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)品，這些消費(fèi)品可以使我們的生活更為舒服或者作藥物維持人類(lèi)的健康或生命。在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的每一種階段，均有價(jià)值加到產(chǎn)品上面，只要這些附加的價(jià)值超過(guò)原材料和加工成本之和，這個(gè)加工就產(chǎn)生了利潤(rùn)。而這正是化學(xué)工業(yè)要達(dá)到的目的。It may seem strange i

23、n textbook this one to pose the question “do we need a chemical industry?” However trying to answer this question will provide() an indication of the range of the chemical industrys activities, () its influence on our lives in everyday terms, and () how great is societys need for a chemical industry

24、. Our approach in answering the question will be to consider the industrys contribution to meeting and satisfying our major needs. What are these? Clearly food (and drink) and health are paramount. Other which we shall consider in their turn are clothing and (briefly) shelter, leisure and transport.

25、在這樣的一本教科書(shū)中提出：“我們需要化學(xué)工業(yè)嗎？”這樣一種問(wèn)題是不是有點(diǎn)奇怪呢？然而，先回答下面幾種問(wèn)題將給我們提供某些信息：（1）化學(xué)工業(yè)的活動(dòng)范疇，（2）化學(xué)工業(yè)對(duì)我們平常生活的影響，（3）社會(huì)對(duì)化學(xué)工業(yè)的需求有多大。在回答這些問(wèn)題的時(shí)候我們的思路將要考慮化學(xué)工業(yè)在滿足和改善我們的重要需求方面所做的奉獻(xiàn)。是些什么需求呢？很顯然，食物和健康是放在第一位的。其他我們要考慮的按順序是衣物、住所、休閑和旅行。(1) Food. The chemical industry makes a major contribution to food production in at least three

26、ways. Firstly, by making available large quantities of artificial fertilizers which are used to replace the elements (mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) which are removed as nutrients by the growing crops during modern intensive farming. Secondly, by manufacturing crop protection chemicals,

27、i.e., pesticides, which markedly reduce the proportion of the crops consumed by pests. Thirdly, by producing veterinary products which protect livestock from disease or cure their infections.(1)食物?；瘜W(xué)工業(yè)對(duì)糧食生產(chǎn)所做的巨大奉獻(xiàn)至少有三個(gè)方面。第一，提供大量可以獲得的肥料以補(bǔ)充由于密集耕作被農(nóng)作物生長(zhǎng)時(shí)所帶走的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分。（重要是氮、磷和鉀）。第二，生產(chǎn)農(nóng)作物保護(hù)產(chǎn)品，如殺蟲(chóng)劑，它可以明顯減少害蟲(chóng)所消

28、耗的糧食數(shù)量。第三，生產(chǎn)獸藥保護(hù)家禽免遭疾病或其他感染的侵害。(2) Health. We are all aware of the major contribution which the pharmaceutical sector of the industry has made to help keep us all healthy, e.g. by curing bacterial infections with antibiotics, and even extending life itself, e.g. blockers to lower blood pressure.（2）健

29、康。我們都很理解化學(xué)工業(yè)中制藥這一塊在維護(hù)我們的身體健康甚至延長(zhǎng)壽命方面所做出的巨大奉獻(xiàn)，例如，用抗生素治療細(xì)菌感染，用-抗血栓減少血壓。(3) Clothing. The improvement in properties of modern synthetic fibers over the traditional clothing materials (e.g. cotton and wool) has been quite remarkable. Thus shirts, dresses and suits made from polyesters like Terylene and

30、polyamides like Nylon are crease-resistant, machine-washable, and drip-dry or non-iron. They are also cheaper than natural materials.衣物。在老式的衣服面料上，現(xiàn)代合成纖維性質(zhì)的改善也是非常明顯的。用聚脂如滌綸或聚酰胺如尼龍所制作的T恤、上衣、襯衫抗皺、可機(jī)洗，曬干自挺或免燙，也比天然面料便宜。Parallel developments in the discovery of modern synthetic dyes and the technology to

31、“bond” them to the fiber has resulted in a tremendous increase in the variety of colors available to the fashion designer. Indeed they now span almost every color and hue of the visible spectrum. Indeed if a suitable shade is not available, structural modification of an existing dye to achieve this

32、can readily be carried out, provided there is a satisfactory market for the product.與此同步，現(xiàn)代合成染料開(kāi)發(fā)和染色技術(shù)的改善使得時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師們有大量的色彩可以運(yùn)用。的確她們幾乎運(yùn)用了可見(jiàn)光譜中所有的色調(diào)和色素。事實(shí)上如果某種顏色沒(méi)有現(xiàn)成的，只要這種產(chǎn)品確有市場(chǎng)，就可以很容易地通過(guò)對(duì)既有的色彩進(jìn)行構(gòu)造調(diào)節(jié)而獲得。Other major advances in this sphere have been in color-fastness, i.e., resistance to the dye being was

33、hed out when the garment is cleaned.這一領(lǐng)域中另某些重要進(jìn)展是不褪色，即在洗滌衣物時(shí)染料不會(huì)被洗掉。(4) Shelter, leisure and transport. In terms of shelter the contribution of modern synthetic polymers has been substantial. Plastics are tending to replace traditional building materials like wood because they are lighter, maintenan

34、ce-free (i.e. they are resistant to weathering and do not need painting). Other polymers, e.g. urea-formaldehyde and polyurethanes, are important insulating materials for reducing heat losses and hence reducing energy usage.（4）住所，休閑和旅游。講到住所方面現(xiàn)代合成高聚物的奉獻(xiàn)是巨大的。塑料正在取代像木材一類(lèi)的老式建筑材料，由于它們更輕，免維護(hù)（即它們可以抵御風(fēng)化，不需油

35、漆）。另某些高聚物，例如，脲甲醛和聚脲，是非常重要的絕緣材料可以減少熱量損失因而減少能量損耗。Plastics and polymers have made a considerable impact on leisure activities with applications ranging from all-weather artificial surfaces for athletic tracks, football pitches and tennis courts to nylon strings for racquets and items like golf balls an

36、d footballs made entirely from synthetic materials.塑料和高聚物的應(yīng)用對(duì)休閑活動(dòng)有很重要的影響，從體育跑道的全天候人造篷頂，足球和網(wǎng)球的經(jīng)緯線，到球拍的尼龍線尚有高爾夫球的元件，尚有制造足球的合成材料。Likewise the chemical industrys contribution to transport over the years has led to major improvements. Thus development of improved additives like anti-oxidants and viscosit

37、y index improves for engine oil has enabled routine servicing intervals to increase from 3000 to 6000 to 1 miles. Research and development work has also resulted in improved lubricating oils and greases, and better brake fluids. Yet again the contribution of polymers and plastics has been very strik

38、ing with the proportion of the total automobile derived from these materialsdashboard, steering wheel, seat padding and covering etc.now exceeding 40%.近年來(lái)化學(xué)工業(yè)對(duì)旅游方面所作的奉獻(xiàn)也有很大的提高。某些添加劑如抗氧化劑的開(kāi)發(fā)和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)油粘度指數(shù)改善使汽車(chē)日產(chǎn)維修期限從3000英里延長(zhǎng)到6000英里再到1英里。研發(fā)工作還改善了潤(rùn)滑油和油脂的性能，并得到了更好的剎車(chē)油。塑料和高聚物對(duì)整個(gè)汽車(chē)業(yè)的奉獻(xiàn)的比例是驚人的，源于這些材料擋板，輪胎，坐墊和涂層

39、等等超過(guò)40%。So it is quite apparent even from a brief look at the chemical industrys contribution to meeting our major needs that life in the world would be very different without the products of the industry. Indeed the level of a countrys development may be judged by the production level and sophistic

40、ation of its chemical industry.很顯然簡(jiǎn)樸地看一下化學(xué)工業(yè)在滿足我們的重要需求方面所做的奉獻(xiàn)就可以懂得，沒(méi)有化工產(chǎn)品人類(lèi)社會(huì)的生活將會(huì)多么困難。事實(shí)上，一種國(guó)家的發(fā)展水平可以通過(guò)其化學(xué)工業(yè)的生產(chǎn)水平和精細(xì)限度來(lái)加以判斷。4. Research and Development (R&D) in Chemical Industries One of the main reasons for the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the developed world has been its great commit

41、ment to, and investment in research and development (R&D). A typical figure is 5% of sales income, with this figure being almost doubled for the most research intensive sector, pharmaceuticals. It is important to emphasize that we are quoting percentages here not of profits but of sales income, i.e.

42、 the total money received, which has to pay for raw materials, overheads, staff salaries, etc. as well. In the past this tremendous investment has paid off well, leading to many useful and valuable products being introduced to the market. Examples include synthetic polymers like nylons and polyester

43、s, and drugs and pesticides. Although the number of new products introduced to the market has declined significantly in recent years, and in times of recession the research department is usually one of the first to suffer cutbacks, the commitment to R&D remains at a very high level.化學(xué)工業(yè)的研究和開(kāi)發(fā)。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家化學(xué)

44、工業(yè)飛速發(fā)展的一種重要因素就是它在研究和開(kāi)發(fā)方面的投入和投資。一般是銷(xiāo)售收入的5%，而研究密集型分支如制藥，投入則加倍。要強(qiáng)調(diào)這里我們所提出的百分?jǐn)?shù)不是指利潤(rùn)而是指銷(xiāo)售收入，也就是說(shuō)所有回收的錢(qián)，其中涉及要付出原材料費(fèi)，公司管理費(fèi)，員工工資等等。過(guò)去這筆巨大的投資支付得較好，使得許多有用的和有價(jià)值的產(chǎn)品被投放市場(chǎng)，涉及某些合成高聚物如尼龍和聚脂，藥物和殺蟲(chóng)劑。盡管近年來(lái)進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)的新產(chǎn)品大為減少，并且在衰退時(shí)期研究部門(mén)一般是最先被裁減的部門(mén)，在研究和開(kāi)發(fā)方面的投資仍然保持在較高的水平。The chemical industry is a very high technology industry

45、 which takes full advantage of the latest advances in electronics and engineering. Computers are very widely used for all sorts of applications, from automatic control of chemical plants, to molecular modeling of structures of new compounds, to the control of analytical instruments in the laboratory

46、.化學(xué)工業(yè)是高技術(shù)工業(yè)，它需要運(yùn)用電子學(xué)和工程學(xué)的最新成果。計(jì)算機(jī)被廣泛應(yīng)用，從化工廠的自動(dòng)控制，到新化合物構(gòu)造的分子模擬，再到實(shí)驗(yàn)室分析儀器的控制。Individual manufacturing plants have capacities ranging from just a few tones per year in the fine chemicals area to the real giants in the fertilizer and petrochemical sectors which range up to 500,000 tonnes. The latter req

47、uires enormous capital investment, since a single plant of this size can now cost $520 million! This, coupled with the widespread use of automatic control equipment, helps to explain why the chemical industry is capital-rather than labor-intensive.一種制造廠的生產(chǎn)量很不同樣，精細(xì)化工領(lǐng)域每年只有幾噸，而巨型公司如化肥廠和石油化工廠有也許高達(dá)500,0

48、00噸。后者需要巨大的資金投入，由于一種這樣規(guī)模的工廠要耗費(fèi)2億5千萬(wàn)美元，再加上自動(dòng)控制設(shè)備的普遍應(yīng)用，就不難解釋為什么化工廠是資金密集型公司而不是勞動(dòng)力密集型公司。The major chemical companies are truly multinational and operate their sales and marketing activities in most of the countries of the world, and they also have manufacturing units in a number of countries. This inter

49、national outlook for operations, or globalization, is a growing trend within the chemical industry, with companies expanding their activities either by erecting manufacturing units in other countries or by taking over companies which are already operating there.大部分化學(xué)公司是真正的跨國(guó)公司，她們?cè)谑澜缟系脑S多國(guó)家進(jìn)行銷(xiāo)售和開(kāi)發(fā)市場(chǎng)，她

50、們?cè)谠S多國(guó)家均有制造廠。這種國(guó)際間的合伙理念，或全球一體化，是化學(xué)工業(yè)中發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。大公司通過(guò)在別的國(guó)家建造制造廠或者是收購(gòu)已有的工廠進(jìn)行擴(kuò)張。Unit 2 Research and Development研究和開(kāi)發(fā)Research and development, or R&D as it is commonly referred to, is an activity which is carried out by all sectors of manufacturing industry but its extent varies considerably, as we will see

51、shortly. Let us first understand, or at least get a feel for, what the terms mean. Although the distinction between research and development is not always clear-cut, and there is often considerable overlap, we will attempt to separate them. In simple terms research can be thought of as the activity

52、which produces new ideas and knowledge whereas development is putting those ideas into practice as new process and products. To illustrate this with an example, predicting the structure of a new molecule which would have a specific biological activity and synthesizing it could be seen as research wh

53、ereas testing it and developing it to the point where it could be marketed as a new drug could be described as the development part.研究和開(kāi)發(fā)，或一般所稱(chēng)R&D是制造業(yè)各個(gè)部門(mén)都要進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。我們立即可以看到，它的內(nèi)容變化很大。我們一方面理解或先感覺(jué)一下這個(gè)詞的含義。盡管研究和開(kāi)發(fā)的定義總是分得不很清晰，并且有許多重疊的部分，我們還是要試著把它們辨別開(kāi)來(lái)。簡(jiǎn)樸說(shuō)來(lái)，研究是產(chǎn)生新思想和新知識(shí)的活動(dòng)，而開(kāi)發(fā)則是把這些思想貫徹到實(shí)踐中得到新工藝和新產(chǎn)品的行為?？梢杂?/p>

54、一種例子來(lái)描述這一點(diǎn)，預(yù)測(cè)一種有特殊生物活性的分子構(gòu)造并合成它可以當(dāng)作是研究而測(cè)試它并把它發(fā)展到可以作為一種新藥推向市場(chǎng)這一階段則看作開(kāi)發(fā)部分。Fundamental Research and Applied ResearchIn industry the primary reason for carting out R&D is economic and is to strengthen and improve the companys position and profitability. The purpose of R&D is to generate and provide info

55、rmation and knowledge to reduce uncertainty, solve problems and to provide better data on which management can base decisions. Specific projects cover a wide range of activities and time scales, from a few months to 20 years.基本研究和應(yīng)用研究在工業(yè)上進(jìn)行研究和開(kāi)發(fā)最重要的因素是經(jīng)濟(jì)利益方面，是為了加強(qiáng)公司的地位，提高公司的利潤(rùn)。R&D的目的是做出并提供信息和知識(shí)以減低不擬

56、定性，解決問(wèn)題，以及向管理層提供更好的數(shù)據(jù)以便她們能據(jù)此做出決定。特別的項(xiàng)目涵蓋很大的活動(dòng)范疇和時(shí)間范疇，從幾種月到。We can pick out a number of areas of R&D activity in the following paragraphs but if we were to start with those which were to spring to the mind of the academic, rather than the industrial, chemist then these would be basic, fundamental (ba

57、ckground) or exploratory research and the synthesis of new compounds. This is also labeled “blue skies” research.我們可以在背面的段落里舉出大量的R&D活動(dòng)。但是如果我們舉出的點(diǎn)子來(lái)源于研究院而不是工業(yè)化學(xué)家的頭腦，這就是基本的或摸索性的研究Fundamental research is typically associated with university research. It may be carried out for its own intrinsic interest

58、 and it will add to the total knowledge base but no immediate applications of it in the “real world” well be apparent. Note that it will provide a valuable training in defining and solving problems, i.e. research methodology for the research student who carries it out under supervision. However, lat

59、er “spin offs” from such work can lead to useful applications. Thus physicists claim that but for the study and development of quantum theory we might not have had computers and nuclear power. However, to take a specifically chemical example, general studies on a broad area such as hydrocarbon oxida

60、tion might provide information which would be useful in more specific areas such as cyclohexane oxidation for the production of nylon intermediates.基本研究一般與大學(xué)研究聯(lián)系在一起，它也許是由于對(duì)其內(nèi)在的愛(ài)好而進(jìn)行研究并且這種研究可以拓寬知識(shí)范疇，但在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中的直接應(yīng)用也許性是很小的。請(qǐng)注意，這種以內(nèi)就在提出和解決問(wèn)題方面提供了極有價(jià)值的訓(xùn)練，例如，在指引下完畢研究工作的學(xué)生所接受的研究措施學(xué)（的訓(xùn)練）。并且，從這些工作中產(chǎn)生的“有用的副產(chǎn)品”隨