高中英語(yǔ) Unit 4 Grammar不定式（2）課件 重慶大學(xué)必修4高一

1、2021/8/11 星期三1Unit 4 Three GorgesgrammarInfinitive (II)2021/8/11 星期三2 Look at the following pictures, paying attention to the different part of speech of “to fly” in each sentence.A: What was your dream in childhood?B: To fly was my dream.A: What do you want to do?B: I want to fly in the sky.A: What

2、 is your plan this weekend?B: My plan is to fly across the Atlantic Ocean.2021/8/11 星期三3A: Why are you wearing a pair of wings?B: I wear wings to fly like a bird.A: What is our mission today?B: We have a lot of food and medicine to fly to the area.2021/8/11 星期三4 Put the example sentence in the chart

3、 to match its part of speech. Then find more examples from Sentence Bank to support your choice.Example sentencePart of speech of “to fly”A. subjectB. objectC. attributiveD. predicativeE. adverbialTo fly was my dream.I want to fly in the sky.We have a lot of food and medicine to fly to the area.My p

4、lan is to fly across the Atlantic Ocean.I wear wings to fly like a bird.To learn English well is quite necessary.When to start has not yet been decided.I want to borrow a book from the library.I showed the students how to do the work.You still have a lot of work to do today.Jeffs wish is to visit th

5、e moon one day.The most difficult part is where to start.2021/8/11 星期三5Sentence bank:You still have a lot of work to do today.He is too frightened to move.Jeffs wish is to visit the moon one day.To learn English well is quite necessary.I want to borrow a book from the library.2021/8/11 星期三6When to s

6、tart has not yet been decided.The most difficult part is where to start.I showed the students how to do the work.It is not easy to be an English teacher.I found it easy to learn English well.2021/8/11 星期三7Tell the usages of the infinitives in the following sentences.1) Dr. Bush wants to have a sound

7、 sleep.2) To climb the high mountain seems an impossible task to my grandparents.3) It is possible to finish the work in a weeks time.objectsubjectsubject2021/8/11 星期三84) What do you think is the right thing to do?5) My wish is to become a physicist.6) Tom found it easy to master a foreign language.

8、7) He often goes to the cyber cafe to chat with his no-line friends.objectattributivepredicativeadverbial of purpose2021/8/11 星期三9Translate the following sentences into English by using infinitive.1) It is unbelievable _ (一年之內(nèi)要修好這座橋).2) He is always _ (第一個(gè)到學(xué)校).3) We find it interesting _ _ (通過(guò)這種方式學(xué)英

9、語(yǔ)).to build this bridge within one yearthe first one to get to schoolto learn Englishin this way2021/8/11 星期三104) We decided _ (把計(jì)劃做點(diǎn)改動(dòng)).5) It is a pleasure _ (和他談話).6) She is sure _ (通過(guò)考試).7) I am not so foolish as _ (相信他所說(shuō)的話).to change the plan a little bitto talk to himto pass the examto believe

10、what he said2021/8/11 星期三11 Complete the conversation with the proper forms of the given words and phrases. Some of them might be used twice.make tell stay start invite celebrate know travel be go take part in introduceLeo: Cindy, you seem not happy today. Whats wrong with you?Cindy: I think I dont

11、know how _ friends with my Chinese classmates.to make2021/8/11 星期三12Leo: Dont worry. I suggest its a good idea _ a new friend who has similar interests with you. Maybe he or she is glad _ you _ some interesting activities.Cindy: What a fantastic suggestion! But _ a conversation is difficult for me.

12、You know, I dont speak Chinese well.to maketo inviteto take part into start2021/8/11 星期三13Leo: You can ask him or her _ you about some Chinese festivals or places of interests. For example, let him or her _ to you how _ the Dragon Boat Festival or how the Three Gorges get the name.to tellintroduceto

13、 celebrate2021/8/11 星期三14Cindy: Sounds interesting! I hope a friend can also advise me when _ careful about what I say in some occasions, like a formal meeting or a family reunion.to be2021/8/11 星期三15Leo: Yes. In the beginning, it is not easy _ the language and the customs. As long as you stay here

14、and make many new friends, _ an expert in Chinese and the culture is an easy job.to knowto be2021/8/11 星期三16Cindy: Great! I decide _ back to England this summer vacation. I decide _ in China. My plan is _ a couple of new friends and _ around China in two months.not to goto stayto maketo travel2021/8

15、/11 星期三17Summary 動(dòng)詞不定式Infinitive2021/8/11 星期三18一、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ) To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times. To persevere means victory!注：在很多情況下, 特別是在口語(yǔ)中, 常采用先行it代替主語(yǔ), 而把不定式后置： Its a great pleasure to be here. It is not an easy thing to master a language. 2021/8/11 星期三19注：這種后置不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)也適用于某些謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是

16、系動(dòng)詞的句子，如：It took us five hours to get there.It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.2021/8/11 星期三20注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“ for + 名詞詞組” 來(lái)表示，如：It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It was difficult for me to do the work.2021/8/11 星期三21注：某些形容詞在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名詞詞組” 來(lái)說(shuō)

17、明不定式所指的是誰(shuí)的情況，如：Its kind of you to think so much of us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.It was careless of her to make such a mistake. 2021/8/11 星期三22二、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作表語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是不定式(其含義往往一是條件，一是結(jié)果)，如: To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To

18、do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.2021/8/11 星期三232. 主語(yǔ)是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等為中心詞的名詞詞組，或以 what 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句表示，后面的不定式說(shuō)明其內(nèi)容，如： My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. My suggestion is

19、to start work at once. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 2021/8/11 星期三24注: 在某些句型中，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分有動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞do 時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以省略符號(hào) “to”，如：All we have to do is push the button.The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.All I could do was send him a telegram. 2021/8/11 星期三25三、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)1. “動(dòng)詞 + 帶 to 的不定式

20、結(jié)構(gòu)”。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如：Ive arranged to meet him at ten oclock.I didnt think / expect to find you he

21、re.2021/8/11 星期三262. “動(dòng)詞 + 疑問(wèn)詞 + 帶 to 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。（這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近一個(gè)名詞從句）。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。 2021/8/11 星期三27疑問(wèn)詞（也稱(chēng)連接代/副詞）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如：I dont kno

22、w what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there.I havent decided whether to sell it or not.We must find out what to do next / where to put it.2021/8/11 星期三28注 : 如果作賓語(yǔ)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的補(bǔ)語(yǔ), 則應(yīng)使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如：I find it difficult to understand him.We thought it wrong not to help h

23、er.They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.2021/8/11 星期三29注 ：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)一般不可作介詞賓語(yǔ), 只有在個(gè)別場(chǎng)合, 即在含有否定意義的帶有介詞 except 或 but (=except) 的結(jié)構(gòu)中才能這樣用，例如：2021/8/11 星期三30He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.The child did nothing except weep.She can do anything but sing.He will do anything for

24、 you except lend you money.They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive.注意不定式符號(hào)的省略問(wèn)題！ 2021/8/11 星期三31四、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)1. 不定式作定語(yǔ)通常只能放在被修飾的名詞之后，如： Its time to go to bed. He is not a man to bow before difficulties. Have you anything to declare? She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the ev

25、ening. I want to get something to read during the vocation.2021/8/11 星期三322. 能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時(shí)往往也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)，如： I dont wish to quarrel with you. I have no wish to quarrel with you. They will attempt to cross the river tonight. They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight. She promised

26、 not to do that again. She made a promise not to do that again.2021/8/11 星期三333. 某些能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)的形容詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時(shí)，也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)，如： He was obviously anxious to go. His anxiety to go was obvious.2021/8/11 星期三344. 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)與所修飾的名詞，有時(shí)意義上有著主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如：He has a large family to support (= that he must support).注: 處于動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的

27、情況下，如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，它后面應(yīng)加上必要的介詞，如：She has a lot of things to attend to.The nurse has five children to look after.Lets first find a room to put the things in.2021/8/11 星期三355. 有時(shí)為了明確不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系, 可以在不定式之前加上for + 名詞詞組, 如： Heres a book for you to read. He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in. 2021/8/1

28、1 星期三36五、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可以作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件等。1. 表示目的：They ran over to welcome the delegates.He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.He went home to see his mother.2021/8/11 星期三37注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的時(shí)，通常句子的主語(yǔ)就是它的邏輯主語(yǔ)(參見(jiàn)以上三句)，但也有例外的情況，例如：I stopped for him to speak to me.He opened the door for

29、 the children to come in.He brought a porter to carry the boxes / bags.They sent a man to mend the window.He stood up to be seen better.2021/8/11 星期三38注：為了強(qiáng)調(diào)表示目的的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前有否定詞 not 時(shí)，通常可以在不定式符號(hào) to 之前加上 in order 或 so as，如：He came here in order to see Charlie.He shouted and waved so as to be not

30、iced.He went early in order not to miss the train.I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him.2021/8/11 星期三39注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首, 這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標(biāo)志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但卻不可以加上so as, 如：To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. (In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.)To

31、 get the best results, use clean water. 2021/8/11 星期三402. 表示結(jié)果： What have I said to make you so angry? He came round to find himself in hospital.不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果更常見(jiàn)于下列句型：so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time?2021/8/11 星期三41such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe

32、 that.enough to The boy is old enough to go to school.too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.2021/8/11 星期三42注意: 下列句子中的不表示結(jié)果，也無(wú)否定含義：Im only too glad to go. (= Im very glad to go.)I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.) only too (adv.) 極; 非

33、常; 太;很 2021/8/11 星期三43有時(shí)，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)還能表示一個(gè)隨后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列限定動(dòng)詞詞組，這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)也表示結(jié)果，如：She woke early to find it was raining.He got home to learn that his father was ill. 2021/8/11 星期三44這種表示結(jié)果的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)具有下列幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)： 不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是隨后發(fā)生的, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞詞組, 如: He arrived late to find the others had gone home. He arrived late and fou

34、nd the others had gone home.2021/8/11 星期三45不定式根據(jù)是否需要停頓而決定與主句是否用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。 He left his native country (,) never to return. He returned home (,) to find his father lying sick in bed.2021/8/11 星期三46 不定式所表示的結(jié)果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味, 其中以“使人不愉快的結(jié)果”較為常見(jiàn)。(有時(shí)也可以表示令人愉快、驚喜的結(jié)果)，如： He went home to find his old friend George

35、 waiting for him.2021/8/11 星期三47不定式之前有時(shí)可以加上only或but only，以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，如： He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.2021/8/11 星期三48注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果或表示目的，往往形式相似，這時(shí)，須根據(jù)詞匯意義認(rèn)真加以區(qū)別，試比較：He arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He arrive

36、d late and found the others had gone home.)2021/8/11 星期三49He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.)He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains. ( = He went to the station in

37、 order to inquire about the times of trains.)2021/8/11 星期三503. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作） She wept to hear the news. I pretend to be happy to know him. He laughed to see such fun. She seemed surprised to meet us.2021/8/11 星期三51六、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Dont force yourself to write when you have nothing to say.He

38、believed the earth to be a globe.Did you see a young man enter the house?2021/8/11 星期三521. 只能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞: 表示“希望”“愿望”等心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞, 如: wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。What do you desire me to do?The director preferred her to act the old lady.2021/8/11 星期三53 含有“讓”“允許”“促使”“致使”等祈使意

39、義的動(dòng)詞，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。His father put him to mind the sheep.2021/8/11 星期三54 帶有“請(qǐng)求”“懇求”等感情色彩的動(dòng)詞，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。He begged me not to tell his father about it.She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris.2021/8/

40、11 星期三55 含有“建議”“勸告”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。 He urged us to accept the compromise. The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out.2021/8/11 星期三56含有“命令”“強(qiáng)迫”“禁止”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。 He required us to keep

41、 it a secret. The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days. I warn you not to do that again.2021/8/11 星期三57其他還有：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。 He promised to teach me to swim. We should train them to make use of reference books. We are waiting for the

42、train to stop.2021/8/11 星期三582. 既能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)又能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞： see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have; imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, set2021/8/11 星期三59Did you see anyone enter the house?Dont imagine yourself to be always correct.We fi

43、nd him to be dishonest.He set the boys to carry water.Ill leave him to solve the problem for himself.2021/8/11 星期三60注: 有些動(dòng)詞用不定式與用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ), 所表達(dá)的意義是有差別的。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，用不定式表示一次性動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作的完成(即全過(guò)程); 而用現(xiàn)在分詞則表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 即: 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí), 現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 如：2021/8/11 星期三61Did you see anyone enter the house?He saw his fat

44、her talking with his teacher.I once heard him sing this song.She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.2021/8/11 星期三62注：使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，在有些動(dòng)詞后面，不定式符號(hào)to 應(yīng)當(dāng)省略。 下列動(dòng)詞用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須省去不定式符號(hào)to：let, make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen toHe observed someone open the door.I watched

45、them get into the car.Did you notice him leave the room?2021/8/11 星期三63feel 一詞在使用 to do 型不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不帶 to；在使用 to be 型不定式時(shí)，要帶 to，如：He felt them to be right.Did you feel the earth shake? help 一詞在使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以帶 to，也可以不帶 to，如：Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework?2021/8/11 星期三64使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)

46、足語(yǔ)的句子，改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)以后，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，這時(shí)，“to”不可以省略，如：The boss made them work from morning till night.They were made to work from morning till night.2021/8/11 星期三65不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作，通常與主要謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作（或狀態(tài)）同時(shí)（或幾乎同時(shí)）發(fā)生，或者是在它之后發(fā)生例如: Who heard him say that?They invited us to go there this summer.如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，這

47、個(gè)不定式就要用完成式，如：Im glad to have seen your mother.(cf. Im glad to see you. )2021/8/11 星期三66七、不定式的完成式有下列用法1. 構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，如：He is said to have written a new book about workers.(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.)The enemy was reported to have surrendered.(It was reported that the enemy ha

48、d surrendered.)She seemed to have heard about it already.(It seemed that she had already heard about it.)2021/8/11 星期三672. 在某些作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞后作狀語(yǔ), 如： You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert. (=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.) Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. (=Im

49、 sorry I have given you so much trouble.) She was very glad to have done something for the people.2021/8/11 星期三683. 在某些動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)，如： He pretended not to have seen me. I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.2021/8/11 星期三694. 有時(shí)還可以作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，如： It was a great satisfaction to have revi

50、sited our native village.（主語(yǔ)） So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.（定語(yǔ)） They thought it a pity not to have invited her.（復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)） She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. （復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)） 2021/8/11 星期三70如果主要謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作 (或情況) 發(fā)生時(shí), 不定式所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 這時(shí), 不定式就要用進(jìn)行式。八、不定式的進(jìn)行式主要有下列幾種用法1. 構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，如：T

51、hey are said to be building another bridge across the river.They seem to be getting along quite well.I happened to be going that way too.2021/8/11 星期三712. 在某些動(dòng)詞后構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，如： We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.3. 在某些動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)，如： He pretended to be listening attentively.4. 有時(shí)可以作主語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，如： I am glad

52、 to be working with you. (狀語(yǔ)) Its nice of you to be thinking of us. (主語(yǔ)) 2021/8/11 星期三72九、如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的時(shí)間之前一直在進(jìn)行, 就需要用完成進(jìn)行式, 如:They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.She wished to have been training as hard as the others.Its a great pleasure to have been working with you.202

53、1/8/11 星期三73當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要采用被動(dòng)形式。十、 不定式的被動(dòng)形式有下列用法1. 作主語(yǔ)：It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.2. 作賓語(yǔ)：She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.2021/8/11 星期三743. 構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. She didnt like herself to be praised like that.4. 構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)： The

54、books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.2021/8/11 星期三755. 作定語(yǔ)： Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers office?6. 作狀語(yǔ)： She was too young to be assigned such work.2021/8/11 星期三76十一、不定式有時(shí)還可以有完成式的被動(dòng)式，在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)，或者構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)等，如:It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主語(yǔ)）She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (賓語(yǔ))）2021/8/11 星期三77He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. （復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)）The boo