環(huán)境概論第9講水污染課件

1、環(huán)境概論第9講水污染環(huán)境概論第9講水污染Types of Water PollutionSewage EnrichmentExplosion in algal, bacteria, & decomposer populations Biological oxygen demand Oxygen levels in waterFish killsTypes of Water PollutionSewageTypes of Water PollutionEffect of sewage on dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand氧垂曲線Type

2、s of Water PollutionEffectTypes of Water PollutionClean ZoneDecompositionZoneSeptic ZoneRecovery ZoneClean ZoneNormal clean water organisms(trout, perch, bass,mayfly, stonefly)Trash fish(carp, gar,leeches)Fish absent, fungi,sludge worms,bacteria(anaerobic)Trash fish(carp, gar,leeches)Normal clean wa

3、ter organisms(trout, perch, bass,mayfly, stonefly)8 ppmDissolved oxygen (ppm)Biological oxygendemand8 ppmTypes oforganisms4Types of Water PollutionClean Types of Water PollutionEutrophication: An Enrichment ProblemOligotrophic lake 貧營養(yǎng)湖泊5Types of Water PollutionEutropTypes of Water PollutionEutrophi

4、cation: An Enrichment ProblemEutrophic lake 富營養(yǎng)湖泊6Types of Water PollutionEutrop2010年6月22日，安徽巢湖東半湖雙橋河一帶拍攝的大面積藍(lán)藻。 2010年6月22日，安徽巢湖東半湖雙橋河一帶拍攝的大面積藍(lán)2010年6月22日，安徽巢湖東半湖雙橋河一帶拍攝的大面積藍(lán)藻。2010年6月22日，安徽巢湖東半湖雙橋河一帶拍攝的大面積藍(lán)Discharge of untreatedmunicipal sewage(nitrates and phosphates)Nitrogen compoundsproduced by ca

5、rsand factoriesDischarge of treatedmunicipal sewage(primary and secondarytreatment:nitrates and phosphates)Discharge of detergents( phosphates)Manure runofffrom feedlots(nitrates, phosphates,ammonia)Dissolving of nitrogen oxides(from internal combustionengines and furnaces)Runoff and erosion(from cu

6、ltivation,mining, construction,and poor land use)Runoff from streets,lawns, and constructionlots (nitrates andphosphates)Lake ecosystemnutrient overload and breakdown of chemical cyclingNatural runoff(nitrates andphosphatesNatural runoff(nitrates andphosphatesInorganic fertilizer runoff(nitrates and

7、 phosphates)9Discharge of untreatedNitrogen1012Types of Water PollutionDisease-Causing Agents（Monitoring for Sewage）Fecal coliform test 糞大腸菌群實驗11Types of Water PollutionDiseasTypes of Water PollutionSediment PollutionLow sediment load12Types of Water PollutionSedimeTypes of Water PollutionSediment P

8、ollutionHigh sediment load13Types of Water PollutionSedimeWater Quality TodayPoint source pollution(e.g., cyanide spill 氰化物泄漏)Nonpoint source pollution(e.g., fertilizer runoff from agriculture fields)Water Pollution from Agriculture72% of water pollution in rivers attributed to agricultureChemical p

9、esticides may leach into soil and then into water.14Water Quality TodayPoint sourc環(huán)境概論第9講水污染W(wǎng)ater Quality TodayMunicipal Water PollutionWater Quality TodayMunicipal WWater Quality TodayIndustrial Wastes in WaterProblems depend upon industryFood processing high BODPaper mills toxic compounds & sludge

10、Many US industries now treating wastewater(some can recover merchantable products)17Water Quality TodayIndustrial Water Quality TodayGroundwater PollutionWater Quality TodayGroundwaterWater Quality TodayDrinking Water Problems1.4 billion lack safe water2.9 billion lack proper wastewater disposal80%

11、of human illness results from insufficient water supplies and poor water qualityWater Quality TodayDrinking Wa Water pollutions in China有機物天然有機物 ：腐殖質(zhì)，耗氧有機物，藻類有機物等。人工合成有機物：農(nóng)藥、洗滌劑、化工原料和中間體等，大都為“三致”污染物。PAHs, PCBs, POPs ，持久性污染物，優(yōu)先控制污染物無機物：主要為各種無機離子：重金屬、硝酸鹽、銨、磷酸鹽等。病原微生物：生活污水、醫(yī)院等20 Water pollutions in Chi

12、na22Priority pollutants(優(yōu)先污染物)揮發(fā)性鹵代烴類 (volatile alkenyl halides)苯系物(benzene)氯代苯類(chlorinated phenols)多氯聯(lián)苯 (polychlorinated biphenyls/PCB)酚類(hydroxybenzenes)硝基苯類(nitrobenzenes)苯胺類(aniline)多環(huán)芳烴類酞酸酯類 (phthalate esters)農(nóng)藥(pesticides)丙烯腈(acrylonitrile)亞硝胺類(nitrophenols)氰化物(cyanide)重金屬及其化合物Priority pollut

13、ants(優(yōu)先污染物)揮發(fā)性鹵Priority pollutants(優(yōu)先污染物)揮發(fā)性鹵代烴類(volatile alkenyl halides)二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳苯系物(benzene)苯、甲苯、乙苯、鄰二甲苯、間二甲苯、對二甲苯氯代苯類(chlorinated phenols)氯苯、鄰二氯苯、對二氯苯、六氯苯多氯聯(lián)苯(polychlorinated biphenyls/PCB)1968年日本的米糠油公害事件Priority pollutants(優(yōu)先污染物)揮發(fā)性鹵1968 年 3 月日本北九洲市、愛知縣一帶生產(chǎn)米糠油時，用多氯聯(lián)苯作脫臭工藝中的熱載體，由于生產(chǎn)管理不善，混入米

14、糠油中，食用后中毒，患病者超過 1400 人，至七、八月份患病者超過 5000 人，其中 16 人死亡，實際受害者約 13000 人。米糠油事件231968 年 3 月日本北九洲市、愛知縣一帶生產(chǎn)米糠油時，用2426酚類(hydroxybenzenes)苯酚、間甲酚、2，4-二氯酚、五氯酚硝基苯類(nitrobenzenes)硝基苯、對硝基甲苯、 2，4-二硝基甲苯苯胺類(aniline)苯胺、二硝基苯胺、對硝基苯胺、 2，6-二硝基苯胺多環(huán)芳烴類(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/PAHs)萘、熒蒽Priority pollutants(優(yōu)先污染物)2005年

15、11月13日中石油吉林石化公司雙苯廠發(fā)生爆炸事故，約100 t的硝基苯等高毒性化學(xué)物流入松花江酚類(hydroxybenzenes)Priority po酞酸酯類(phthalate esters)酞酸二甲酯、酞酸二丁酯、酞酸二辛酯農(nóng)藥(pesticides)六六六、滴滴涕、敵敵畏、樂果、對硫磷丙烯腈(acrylonitrile)亞硝胺類(nitrophenols)氰化物(cyanide)Priority pollutants(優(yōu)先污染物)亞硝胺類化合物是一類很強的致癌物，在100多種亞硝胺中有十幾種引起多種動物食管癌。廣泛的存在食物、煙、酒、及檳榔中，以香煙中的濃度特別高。酞酸酯類(phth

16、alate esters)Priority重金屬及其化合物(heavy metals)Priority pollutants(優(yōu)先污染物)水俁(yu)病事件1953-1956 年日本熊本縣水俁市含甲基汞的工業(yè)廢水污染水體，使水俁灣和不知火海的魚中毒，人食毒魚后受害，1972 年日本環(huán)境廳公布：水俁灣和新縣阿賀野川下游有汞中毒者 283 人，其中 60 人死亡。痛痛病事件1955-1972 年日本富山縣神通川流域鋅、鉛冶煉工廠等排放的含鎘廢水污染了神通川水體，兩岸居民利用河水灌溉農(nóng)田，使稻米含鎘，居民食含鎘稻米和飲用含鎘水而中毒，1963 年至 1979 年 3 月共有患者 130 人，其中死亡

17、 81 人。HgCd重金屬及其化合物(heavy metals)Priority上世紀(jì)70年代末，80年代初，隨著歐美環(huán)保法規(guī)的嚴(yán)格實施，導(dǎo)致精細(xì)有機化工產(chǎn)品及其中間體生產(chǎn)中心由西歐向亞洲轉(zhuǎn)移有機毒物（以優(yōu)先污染物為主）污染形勢嚴(yán)峻上世紀(jì)70年代末，80年代初，隨著歐美環(huán)保法規(guī)的嚴(yán)格實施，導(dǎo)長江沿線43個開發(fā)區(qū)分布圖目前我國的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展重心主要在長江等大型河流的沿岸和沿海地區(qū)長江沿線43個開發(fā)區(qū)分布圖目前我國的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展重心主要在長江等南水北調(diào)沿線51個開發(fā)區(qū)分布圖南水北調(diào)沿線51個開發(fā)區(qū)分布圖江蘇沿江規(guī)劃了18個工業(yè)園區(qū)，其中15個允許發(fā)展化工，6個以化工為主。31江蘇沿江規(guī)劃了18個工業(yè)園區(qū)，

18、其中15個允許發(fā)展化工，6個以新型污染物a. 多溴聯(lián)苯醚（PBDEs）等溴化阻燃劑b. 藥品（包括各類獸藥和抗生素）和個人護理用品（PPCPs/PCPs）c. 全氟鋅酸銨和芳香族磺酸類污染物: PFOS (全氟辛烷磺酸) /PFOA(全氟辛酸)(不粘鍋)e. 植物毒性物質(zhì)新型污染物a. 多溴聯(lián)苯醚（PBDEs）等溴化阻燃劑新型污染物的環(huán)境研究新型污染物的環(huán)境研究我國主要水系污染狀況（1）七大水系（黃河，珠江，松花江，淮河，長江，遼河，海河）七大水系、類()類()類()類()劣類()長江562011211黃河72734725珠江55211806松花江519451219淮河314381332海河1

19、7518654遼河141622840總體24172572734我國主要水系污染狀況七大水系、類()類()類(我國主要水系污染狀況（2）大型淡水湖泊（太湖、滇池、巢湖等）（3）大型水庫（密云、官亭、董鋪、大房營、千島湖）個數(shù)個數(shù)類類類類類劣類主要污染指標(biāo)水系三湖3000003TN、TP大型淡水湖10012223城市內(nèi)湖5000023大型水庫10014113總計2802635122004年比例（）08181522372005年比例（）0721111843注：數(shù)據(jù)來源于環(huán)保部網(wǎng)站環(huán)境現(xiàn)狀公報35我國主要水系污染狀況個數(shù)個數(shù)類類類類類劣類主要水Improving Water QualityPurifi

20、cation of Drinking WaterGeneral process:Collected from reservoir or ground water.Improving Water QualityPurificImproving Water QualityPurification of Drinking WaterGeneral process:Water treatedImproving Water QualityPurificImproving Water QualityPurification of Drinking WaterGeneral process:Distribu

21、ted to customersWastewater collected as sewageImproving Water QualityPurificImproving Water QualityPurification of Drinking WaterGeneral process:Sewage treatedImproving Water QualityPurificImproving Water QualityPurification of Drinking WaterPurification issues: The Chlorine Dilemma 氯消毒副產(chǎn)物 Fluoridat

22、ion 氯化反應(yīng)Improving Water QualityPurificImproving Water QualityMunicipal Sewage TreatmentPrimary and Secondary Sewage TreatmentImproving Water QualityMunicipSewage TreatmentPrimaryScreens and settling tanks remove grit & suspended organic matter.SecondarySewage aerated; aerobic bacteria consume organi

23、c matterLeave dissolved inorganics, NO3, PO4, etc.TertiaryFilters most dissolved inorganics and remaining dissolved organic compounds11 June 2010Water-Pollution.ppt42Sewage TreatmentPrimary11 JuneSewage TreatmentPrimaryScreens and settling tanks remove grit & suspended organic matter.43Sewage Treatm

24、entPrimary45Sewage TreatmentSecondarySewage aerated; aerobic bacteria consume organic matterLeave dissolved inorganics, NO3, PO4, etc.44Sewage TreatmentSecondary46Sewage TreatmentTertiaryFilters most dissolved inorganics and remaining dissolved organic compounds Can be done biologically in wetlandsN

25、atural Artificial45Sewage TreatmentTertiary47Improving Water QualityMunicipal Sewage TreatmentEffectiveness of primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatment46Improving Water QualityMunicipImproving Water QualityMunicipal Sewage TreatmentMajor problem associated with wastewater treatment is disposal of sludge 污泥處理Can be used as fertilizer, but there may be health risks (e.g.,