科技英語中常用寫作方法課件

1、科技英語中常用寫作方法1 Classification 1.The way of developing classification paragraphs. (寫作手法) Focus: The arrangement of planes ,i.e. topic sentence-classification and description- subconclusion Example 1 There are three kinds of book owners 2 The first has all the standard sets and bestsellers-unread, untou

2、ched.3 (This deluded individual owns wood-pulp and ink, not book .)2 The second has a great many books-a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought.3 (This person would probably like to make books his own, but restrained by a fa

3、lse respect for their physical appearance.)2 The third has a few books or many-every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back.3 (This man owns books .)2.Useful sentence patterns (句型) 難點Focus: classification should be stat

4、ed clearly in topic or controlling idea.There are threeseveral many typesClasses KindsSortsCategories groupsof book owners ExerciseSentence constructionUse the sentence pattern you have learned to classify the following :study attitudes (e.g. active, passive)all changes of matter (e.g. physical, che

5、mical)forms of advertisement types of pollution 2.Definitionwhat is to define? when to define ? (概念)To define is to give new terms a brief explanation to convert the general and abstract ideas contained into specific and concrete information .To make readers understand the unfamiliar concepts and te

6、rms, the writer frequently gives reader brief sentence definition .Focus: A definition would require that you put the term in a class having common characteristics and then give the meaning that differentiate it from the other members of its class . Example:Word or idea school sociology linking word

7、s is means class an institution a science differentiation for teaching and learning dealing with the origin and evolution of society2Useful expressions and patterns. (表達與句型) 重點a. A word or idea means + a definition . IsAn autobiography means a written account of a persons own life .Instead of employ

8、ing professional workers, DIY means a way of doing work by oneself .Like carbohydrates, fats are foods that provides us with energy .A Supermarket is a large store ,selling food, household goods by way of self-service .c. A word or idea +an appositive phrase functioning as a definition.Geology, the

9、science of the earth, is concerned with systematic study of rocks and minerals.Linguistics, the science of language, is concerned with the systematic and scientific study of language.d. By A word / idea is meant + definitionBy elasticity is meant the tendency of an object to return to its original c

10、ondition after being deformed.By linear operation is meant the ability of an amplifier to amplify signals with little or no distortion.The peak: reach the highest point / the top / the summit / the peak, reach a high point, a peak, a summit, peak, The lowest: reach / hit rock bottom, bottom out; rea

11、ch the bottom / the lowest level / the lowest point / a low point, Trend: tendency, trend, inclinationPrediction: give predictions / projections to, be expected / forecast / predicted / projected toTo show the degree：almost, nearly, approximately, about, around, roughly, close to, more or less, just

12、 over, over, exactly, precisely To show the time：from then on, from this point on, from this time on, from 1985 onwardsProportion：be in a direct / inverse ration / proportion to / with, be inversely / directly proportional toTable 1995200020052010Food 75%65%44%32%Clothing5%8%12%18%Recreation 3%5%8%1

13、5%Others 17%18%21%35%Total 100%100%100%100% In the past five years, there have been great changes in peoples daily expenses in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent on food decreased gradually, accounting for 32 per cent in 2010. However, there was a rapid i

14、ncrease in clothing expenses, which made up 18% in 2010. In addition, the table shows an upward tendency in recreation expenses. The same was the case with other expenses. What caused these remarkable changes? In my opinion, there are at least three good reasons. To begin with, with the rapid develo

15、pment of agriculture in China, the output of grain, fruit, vegetables and milk has sharply increased, which contributes to the decline in their prices. Secondly, the family incomes of people both in the city and in the country have greatly risen so that people now can afford expensive clothing and s

16、ome of them even want to dress in the latest fashion. Finally, as the living conditions improve, the demand for a variety of recreations is growing steadily, too. In short, with the incomes continuing to rise, people will no longer resign themselves to living a dull, monotonous life. They are eager

17、to make their life interesting and exciting. Therefore, I am sure that people will spend more money on clothing and recreations. 動詞的名詞化四種形式：1.1 動作名詞 an examination of the object with an ordinary microscope / the combination of hydrogen ions with chloride ions in the solution / Recovery of distillate

18、s is also performed in the vacuum unit.名詞性強,動詞性弱,述說事實或概念,不強調動作的進行和時間。1.2 動詞性名詞 the examining of the object with an ordinary microscope /the combining of hydrogen ions with chloride ions in the solution 動作有所指有定冠詞1.3 動名詞 examining of the object with an ordinary microscope / hydrogen ions combining wit

19、h chloride ions in the solution. 名詞性較弱，動詞性較強，述說一般行為，時間性不強。1.4 不定式 to examine the object with an ordinary microscope/ for hydrogen ions to combine with chloride ions in the solution名詞性最弱，動詞性最強，如果表示某一次有時間性的特定動作或過程可用不定式。深層結構：該中心詞承襲了同源動詞的性質與類別，保持原動詞原有的搭配關系。S+V(t) +O John has refused the offer-johns refu

20、sal of the offer S+V(T)+O(i)+O(d) I paid him five pounds . My payment to him of five pounds S+V(t)+O+C They elected Joe leader. Their election of Joe as leaderS+V(i) The doctor arrived . the doctors arrival 名詞化結構常用形式：動作名詞/動詞性名詞+ of The flow of blood from the heart to the infected area was sufficient

21、 and rapid./ There are some radioactive isotopes which are produced artificially by bombardment of nuclei with neutrons.用by 短語表示行為執(zhí)行者（ of短語表示行為對象）The intake of sufficient blood by the infected area depended on the rapidity with which the blood flowed out of the heart. 保留原動詞的搭配關系：The dependency of th

22、e crops on the weather makes farming very uncertain . / we failed in our attempt to climb the mountain .前置成分+中心詞：thermal expansion /steel making /standard laboratory test/the engineers primary concern 中心詞+后置成分connection with coefficient of friction / an understanding of the basic laws of nature/ sen

23、ding pictures by radio waves/ to explain the law of swinging 前置成分+中心詞+后置成分light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation / their reaction to changes in the controlled influencing conditions/ your understanding the world better / for heat to be changed into another form of energy 擴大的名詞化結構 較長

24、較復雜的名詞化結構( Engineering design is ) a decision-making process used for the development of engineering for which there is a human need 1) The Rocket has been developed . For this reason, man can enter space.The development of rockets makes it possible for man to enter space .2) Although ( because, whe

25、n, after, before, while, ) the specimen is examined under the microscope.= In spite of ( because of on after before during ) examination of the specimen under the microscope or examining the specimen under the microscope 3) If we know the forces on the gear , we can determine its size. Knowledge of

26、the forces on the gear makes possible the determination of its size.4) Tin resists corrosion by air or water .Tin has a resistance to corrosion by air or water.5 If the temperature rises by 50,it would result in a change in zener voltage of 3.75%.A temperature rise of 50 would result in a change in

27、zener voltage of 3.75%.6 If the diode is physically analyzed, it will be shown that the current and voltage are related by the following equation.A physical analysis of the diode shows that the current and voltage are related by the following equation.3.半導體對光和熱很敏感，這兩者都對導電率影響很大。Semiconductors are ver

28、y sensitive to light and heat, and both the factors effect their conductivity greatly.Semiconductors are very sensitive to light and heat, both of which have a great effect on their conductivities.4.電容器是用絕緣體分開的兩個導體所組成的一種器件。Capacitor is a device consisted of two conductors which are separated by a in

29、sulator.A capacitor is a device consisting of two conductors separated by an insulator.5.由于計算機運算精確、速度快，所以在各個領域得到了廣泛的應用。Because computers are accurate in operation and high in speed, they found wide application in all fields.Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applicati

30、ons in all fields.6.本文介紹了一種測溫新方法，重點放在其基本原理上。This paper presented a new measuring-temperature method and the focus is put on its basic principles.This paper presents introduces a new temperature measuring method, with emphasis on its basic principles. 9.如果信號太大，就會引起失真。If the signal is too large, disto

31、rtion will result.Too large a signal will result in distortion.10.由于太空中沒有大氣，所以科學家可以在那兒制造純的藥物。Since there is no atmosphere in space, it would be possible for scientists to make pure drugs there.Absence of No atmosphere in space would enable scientists to make pure drugs there.11.該電路十分復雜而難以調整。The circ

32、uit is very complex and difficult to be adjusted.The circuit is very complicated and difficult to adjust.12.本文對模糊熵的理論研究與實際應用均有較為重要的意義。This paper contributes both to the theoretical researches on fuzzy entropy and the applications of fuzzy entropy.This paper contributes significantly to both the theo

33、retical researches on and the applications of fuzzy entropy. 13.構造了一個綜合性指標函數(shù)，然后根據(jù)此函數(shù)把各種因素一起考慮來建立優(yōu)化模型。An integrated performance function is formulated. According to this function, all factors are considered together to establish the optimal model.An integrated performance function is formulated, on the basis of which all factors are taken into account consideration to establish th