史上最全的構(gòu)詞法用法詳解

1、 /12史上最全的構(gòu)詞法用法詳解語言中詞的總和構(gòu)成詞匯，但是詞匯并不是一堆雜亂無章、互不相關(guān)的群體，而是一個嚴(yán)密體系，在這個結(jié)構(gòu)的體系中，詞與詞之間有著各種各樣的聯(lián)系。英語中的這些聯(lián)系的規(guī)律總結(jié)起來就是構(gòu)詞。英語中構(gòu)詞的方法就是構(gòu)詞法。構(gòu)詞法主要有合成法、轉(zhuǎn)化法、派生法和縮略法四種。掌握構(gòu)詞法是迅速擴大詞匯量的重要方法之一。第一節(jié)合成法合成法就是指由兩個或兩個以上的單詞合成的詞叫合成詞。這種構(gòu)詞方式主要有兩種：復(fù)合法、結(jié)合法。合成法主要是構(gòu)成合成名詞和合成形容詞。復(fù)合法構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞，它們各個結(jié)合的部分相互間的語法關(guān)系是緊密相關(guān)的。如blackboard和darkroom都是形容詞和名詞形成的結(jié)

2、構(gòu)，writingdesk是動詞名詞和名詞形式的結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)合法形成的詞是形態(tài)合成詞，它的結(jié)合是用一個起來連接作用的中綴來把兩個或兩上以上的詞根詞素緊緊的連綴在一起。如，用輔音字母一s來綴全兩個詞根詞素構(gòu)成的詞有：salesman,townspeople等。合成的方式常見的有如下幾種：一、合成名詞1、名詞代詞名詞：woman-doctor,women-doctors,workshop,spaceship,he-goat,coalfire,motorcycle,gascooker,oilwell,powerplant,silkworm,goldmine,bottleneck,pianokeys,te

3、lephonereceiver,televisionscreen,chairman,fireman,motorman,police-officer,postman,pinetree,girlfriend,boyfriend,goldfish,raindrop,birdcage,breakfasttime,flowerbed,tearoom,2、動詞+名詞：blowpipe,flashlight,watchdog,call-girl,searchlight3、形容詞名詞：blacksmith,blackboard,supermarket,superman,darkroom,blackbird,h

4、ighchair,hothouse,greenhouse,madman4、動名詞+名詞：reading-room,sitting-room,classroom,schoolroom,diningroom,buildingmaterials,dancinggirl,cleaningwomen,flyingmachine,washingmachine,workingconditions,boildingpoint,drinkingwater,swimmingpool,drinkingcup,typingpaper,writingdesk,sewingmachine,walkingstick,5、名

5、詞動名詞：machine-building,shoe-making,paper-correcting,book-keeping,dressmaking,letter-writing,story-telling,town-planning,handwriting,sun-bathing,horseriding,churchgoing,daydreaming6、動詞+副詞：stand-by,take-off,cut-off,breakdown7、副詞+名詞：downfall,rainfall,outhouse8、現(xiàn)在分詞+名詞：runningdog,runningwater,flyingfish,

6、risingsun,burningstick,9、名詞+介詞+名詞：man-of-war,editor-in-chief,10、名詞+連詞字母+名詞：handiwork,nowadays11、介詞/副詞+名詞：afternoon,inland,overbalanee二、合成形容詞1、形容詞+名詞+ed:five-storeyed,one-eyed,double-faced,blue-eyed,2、名詞+名詞+ed:honey-mouthed,3、名詞/代詞+分詞：man-made,heart-broken,self-educated,snow-covered,man-eating,peace-

7、loving,paper-making,ocean-going,heartfelt,handmade,home-made,sunburnt,weather-beaten4、名詞/代詞+形容詞：color-blind,ice-cool,seasick,airsick,tax-free,grass-green,snow-white,rock-hard,sea-green5、形容詞/數(shù)詞+名詞：full-time,high-grade,second-hand,6、形容詞/數(shù)詞+分詞：ready-made,sleepy-looking,good-looking,7、副詞+分詞：far-reaching

8、,so-called,hard-working,far-reaching,well-meaning,newly-laid,well-meant,wide-spread8、副詞+形容詞：ever-green,under-ripe,9、形容詞+形容詞：dark-blue,red-hot,grey-green10、介詞+名詞：downhill,overnight三、合成副詞1、形容詞+名詞：sometimes,meanwhile2、副詞+名詞：oftentimes,indoors,outdoors,overhead3、介詞+名詞：alongside,beforehand4、名詞+形容詞：skyhig

9、h,stonestill,5、副詞+介詞：nearby,upalong,四、合成動詞1、名詞+動詞：overhear,underline2、形容詞+動詞：moonwalk3、副詞+動詞：white-wash,safeguard五、其它合成詞1、合成代詞：everybody,everyone,everything,anyone,anybody,anything2、合成介詞：outside,inside,throughout第二節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)化法不用借助構(gòu)詞詞綴，把一個單詞從一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種詞類的方法就是轉(zhuǎn)化法。由于詞類轉(zhuǎn)化的結(jié)果，英語中就形成了大量外形相同但詞類不同的詞，即同形異類詞。轉(zhuǎn)化主要有如下幾

10、種類型。一、名詞起定語作用（類似名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞）：spacetravel,televisionnetwork,stonetable,paperbag,waterpipe,historyteacher,collegestudents二、名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞： /12 /12boatgoboating,dusttodustthedesk,filmtofilmthisstory,mailtomail,shiptoshipthegoods,traintotrain三、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞：slowtoslowdownalittlebit,drytodryyourhands,wrongtowrongsb,fre

11、etofreetheslaves,narrowtonarrowthestreet,四、動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞：toactanact,todressagooddress,todoubtwithoutanydoubt,toguideusalocalguide,tosmellaterriblesmell,toloveloveofonescountry,totasteagoodtaste,todemandademandformoreequalrights五、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞：chemicaldangerouschemicals,dailyChinaDaily,finalamathsfinal,nativean

12、ative第三節(jié)派生法派生法又叫詞綴法，即在一個單詞前或其后加上詞綴，構(gòu)成新的單詞。中學(xué)英語中以派生法生成的詞匯占整個中學(xué)詞匯總量的25%。、前綴一般說來前綴不會改變一個詞的詞性。1、否定前綴un-un+形容詞：unfit,unhappy,unfair,unlucky,unfortunate,unkind,unimportant,unnecessary,uncomfortable,unselfish,unusual,uncommon,unexpected,unknown,unthinkable,unbelievable,unseen,unforgettable,unwise,unhealthy

13、,unpleasant,unable,untrueun+副詞:undoubtedly,unexpectedly,unfortunately,unusually,unhappily,unluckily由un+形容詞構(gòu)成的詞除了unknown,unseen,unfit等詞之外，其它詞都可變?yōu)榧?ly的副詞（個別形容詞尾需要變動）。un+動詞：uncover,untie,unlock,undress,undo,unpackim+形容詞：impossible,impolitein+形容詞：incorrect,incomplete,invisible,independentir+形容詞：irregula

14、rmis+動詞：misspell,misunderstand,mistakedisdis+名詞：dishonour,disease,discomfortdis+形容詞：dishonest,discourageddis+動詞：disappear,dislike,discover,disclose,disagree,discomfort,dismiss2、表示空間、位置關(guān)系的前綴a大多加在音節(jié)較少的名詞或不及物動詞上構(gòu)成新詞，表示在之上、向處于狀態(tài)：ahead,abroad,aside,alive,awake,above,about等。fore表示在前面：forehead,foreground,f

15、orearm,forelegin,il,im,ir表示向內(nèi)在內(nèi)”：inside,include,importinter表示在間、相互：internationalintro-,表示在(向)內(nèi)”：introduceout表示向外”：outside,outlook,outdoors,outflowover-，表示在上面的、在外的”：overhead,overlook,overcoat,overcome,overtime,overgrowpre-,表示在前”：prefix,prepositionpro-,表示在(向)前”：progress,programmesur-,表示在上”：surface,sur

16、roundtrans_,表示轉(zhuǎn)移”：translateunder-,表示在下”：undergraound,underlineup-,表示向上”：upward,upset,upstairsbe-,表示在，靠近：before,behind,below,between,beyondex-,表示“向外，從出來：exchange,exporttele-,表示“遠”：telephone,television,telegram,telegraph3、表示時間、序列關(guān)系的前綴fore-,表示“在前，預(yù)先：foreword,foresight,foretellmid-,表示中間”：midnight,midsum

17、mer,midautumnpost-,表示在后”：postwar,postlisteningre-,表示重復(fù)”：review,retell,rewrite,replace,return,rebuildextra-,表示“格外、超越：extraordinaryover-,表示超過：overcome,overeat,overpasssuper-，表示極、超”:supermarket,superpower,superman,superpower4、表示共同、相等關(guān)系com-(在b,m,p前)，col-,con-,cor-(com在g,l,r及其它輔音前)：company,cnnect,correct

18、co-：cooperate,coexistsym-：sympathy,symphony5、表示整個、完全關(guān)系al-：alone,almost,altogetherover-：overall,overflow,overfall6、表示“離、離開”a-：arise,away,apartde-：depart,dewater,decolourse-：separate,selectfor-：forget,forgive7、變換詞類作用的前綴enem：enable,enlarge,enrich,enclose,empowerad-,ac-,af-,ag-,an_,ap_,ar_,as-,at-,(ad-在

19、c,f,g,I,n,p,r,s,t前的變體)：adapt,across,affect,appear,arrange,assist,attend,attract8、表示加強意義a-：ashamed,arouse,amusead-：address,admire,advise,advancebe-：belong,believe9、表示特殊意義arch-，表示“首位、主要：architectauto-,表示自動”：automobile,autobiographymagni-,表示“大”：maginificentmicro-,表示“微?。簃icroscope,Microsoft,microcompute

20、rbi-,表示數(shù)量”：biweekly,bicycle,bimonthlymini-,表示小型”：minibus,miniskirt,mini-factory,mini-market二、后綴后綴是指在一個詞的尾部加上一個詞綴構(gòu)成新的詞。后綴往往會改變一個詞的詞性。常用后綴大約有96個,大致可分為五類。1、名詞后綴構(gòu)成表示人的名詞后綴動詞+er表示人：traveller,hunter,reader,worker,keeper,driver,listener,discoverer,reporter,owner,speaker,weaver,winner,buyer,leader,runner,sw

21、immer,ruler,viewer名詞+er表示人或物：villager,prisoner,geographer,farmer,lawyer,cooker形容詞+er表示人：foreigner,stranger,southerner動詞+or表示人：actor,director,inventor,operator,governor,professor,conductor,visitor,sailor名詞+eer表示人：engineer,volunteer,mountaineer,pioneer名詞（動詞）+ress表示女性：actress,waitress,authouress,millio

22、naires,tailoress,tigeress名詞+cian:mathematician,physician,politician,musician名詞+ese:Chinese,Japanese,Portugese,Taiwanese,Cantanese名詞+an:American,Australian,Austrian,Canadian,Hungarian,Indian,Italian,Russian名詞（或-al結(jié)尾的形容詞）+ist:artist,communist,novelist,physicist,violinist,pianist,naturalist,socialist,s

23、cientist,typist（2）構(gòu)成抽象名詞與集合名詞的后綴動詞+age:package,marriage,carriage,postage,storage,luggage,baggage,percentage動詞+ure:failure,pleasure,pressure,mixture,fixture形容詞+ity:majority,electricity,activity,equality,possiblility,ablility動詞+ment:argument,judgement,achievement,astonishement,development,excitement,e

24、ncouragement,movement,government,punishment,treatment,statement,department,enrichment動詞+ion/sion/ation/action/cation/ition:education,graduation,translation,separation,operation,celebration,congratulation,action,invention,attraction,connection,election,collection,devotion,pollution,decision,division,

25、attention,description,production,redution,revision,permission,examination,explanation,consideration,invitation,imagination,pronunciation,satisfaction,addition,repetition,competition名詞/形容詞/動詞+ery/ry:bravery,discovery,machinery,slavery,chemistry形容詞/動詞+y:difficulty,honesty,safety,activity,injury,unity,

26、discovery動詞+al:arrival,survival,burial,proposal,disapproval,refusal名詞/形容詞+ship:friendship,leadership,hardship,citizenship,comradeship,professorship,warship,memberhipj.名詞+hood:boyhood,girlhood,childhood,neighbourhood,manhood動詞+ance/enee:appearanee,entranee,guidanee,differenee,referenee.形容詞/動詞+th:trut

27、h,length,youth,strength,depth,wealth,warmth,width,growth形容詞/名詞+dom:wisdom,freedom,kingdom形容詞/名詞+ism:eommunism,soeialism,Marxism,imperialism動詞+ing:building,feeling,dancing,meeting形容詞+ness:kindness,illness,sickness,brightness,selfness,correctness,happiness,darkness,weakness,earelessness2、形容詞后綴名詞/動詞+ab

28、le/ible:valuable,reasonable,comfortable,eountable,enjoyable,horrible,terrible,responsible名詞+al/ia/ual:cultural,agricultural,natural,physical,musical,practical,national,technical,industrial,material,actual名詞+ic/ical:electric,basic,electric,atomic,plastic,magic,scientific,electrical,historical,medical

29、,chemical,physical名詞+ish:foolish,childish,womanish,Spanish,British,English名詞/動詞+ful:careful,powerful.,tearful,beautiful,hopeful,wonderful,fearful,thankful,harmful,useful,frightful名詞/動詞+less:careless,hopeless,useless,harmless,homeless,wireless,endless,selfless,powerless,fearless,valueless名詞+ar:regula

30、r,particular,名詞+ary:revolutionary,extraordinary,eontrary名詞/形容詞+ly:friendly,motherly,brotherly,monthly,weakly,wooly,lovely,lively,lonely名詞+en:wooden,woolen,golden,名詞+ern:eastern,western,northern,southern名詞+y:cloudly,sunny,shiny,windy,rainy,snowy,lucky,salty,hilly,funny,healthy,sleepy,foggy,dusty,luck

31、y,muddy,wealthy,noisy,easy,dirty,thirsty,angry,hungry,smoky,sandy名詞+ous/ious:dangerous,famous,nervous,poisonous,serious,curious,various,mountainous,homourous名詞/動詞+some:handsome,troublesome,tiresome動詞+ant:pleasant,excellent動詞+ive(atove):active,expensive,talkactive,comparative,relative動詞+ed:excited,le

32、arned,tired,interested,surprised,pleased動詞+ing:interesting,moving,exciting,tiring,surprising3、副詞后綴形容詞+ly:badly,nearly,mostly,quickly,roughtly,quietly,sliently,sadly,slowly,commonly,softly,frequently,rapidly,deeply,slightly,lightly,fairly,smartly,certainly,excitedly,curiously,firmly,sliently,constant

33、ly,seriously,particularly,coldly,suddenly,freely,highly,lately,finely,politely,completely,widely,immediately,unfortunately,surely,closely,truly,wholly,probably,simply,possibly,impossibly,getly,terribly,easily,busily,happily,heavily,angrily,prettily,hungrily,shyly,dryly,carefully,finally,usually,actu

34、ally,really,naturally,beautifully,dully,fully,scientifically,phsically名詞/介詞+ward/wards:northward,southward,eastward,westeward,downward,upward,backward,forward,toward,afterwards4、動詞后綴形容詞/名詞+en:deepen,broaden,widen,darken,weaken,sharpen,blacken,redden,whiten,tighten,stengthen,lengthen,heighten形容詞/名詞+f

35、y:beautify,satisfy,electrify,purify,terrify名詞形容詞ize/ise：realize,modernize-ate/由外來詞構(gòu)成：libreate,educate,operate,translate,graduate,separate,celebrate,congratulate-ish/由外來詞構(gòu)成：finish,publish,astonish形容詞+en:enable,enlarge,enrich5、數(shù)詞后綴(1)基數(shù)詞+teen:thirteen,fourteenkfifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen基數(shù)詞+ty:twenty,thirty,forty,fifty基數(shù)詞+th:fourth,fifth,sixth,eighth,ninth三、中綴在英語有些詞在結(jié)合時，需要有一個中間的起連接作用的中綴，這類詞匯不多，常見的中綴是字母s：如：salesgirl,salesman,townspeople,townsman。第四節(jié)縮略法縮略法是把原