托福閱讀推斷題

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)1, How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacn Valley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacns geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obs

2、idian resources in the Teotihuacn Valley itself, and the valleys potential for extensive irrigation灌溉沖洗. The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpointfor instance, Teotihuacns religious significance as a shrine圣地, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico towar

3、d the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacns elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions 火山噴發(fā)of the late first millennium B.C.如此驚人的發(fā)展是如何產(chǎn)生的，它為什么發(fā)生在Teotihuacn山谷？主要因素有：Teotihuacn地理位置處于到墨西哥谷東南部的天然商路上；Teotihuacn谷本身的黑曜石資

4、源；山谷的大量灌溉的潛力。要想說清楚其他因素所扮演的角色就難的多了比如，Teotihuacn作為圣地的宗教意義；墨西哥谷及周邊直到公元前第一個千年的歷史情況；Teotihuacn精英階層的3遠見；最后還有自然災害的影響，諸如公元前一千年的火山噴發(fā)。 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the Volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.?以volcanic eruptions of the late firsr millennium

5、B.C.They were more frequent than historians once thought.They may have done more damage to Teotihuacn than to neighboring centers.They may have played a major role in the rise of Teotihuacn.They increased the need for extensive irrigation in the Teotihuacn Valley做關鍵詞定位至第二段最后一句，這個是諸多factor當中的一個，而這些fa

6、ctor都是促進T城發(fā)展的，所以答案是C。也可以排除法，A無相關信息；第三段第三句說火山對T影響很大，沒跟其他的比較，B錯；第二段第二句說到了irrigation，但與問題無關，錯This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihuacns rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of

7、 these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico.

8、 The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotiluacan was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D. 最后一個因素至少從環(huán)境上與Teotihuacn古城的崛起有牽連。在公元前200年之前，有很多相對的小的中心共存于墨西哥谷及附近。大約在此時，這些中心中的最大者，Cuicuilco，受到了一次火山噴發(fā)的嚴重影響，它的大部分耕地被火山熔巖所覆蓋。伴隨著Cuicuilco作

9、為一個潛在對手的消失，任何一個相對較小的城鎮(zhèn)都有可能在中央墨西哥形成領導性的經(jīng)濟政治力量。盡管考古學證據(jù)清晰地表明Teotiluacan確實在公元1世紀成長為這一地區(qū)的主要力量。 【 TPO-8 (1) 6# 7#】What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Cuicuilco prior to 200 B.C.?It was a fairly small city until that date.It was located outside the Valley of Mexico.It emerged rapidly as an economic

10、al and political center.Its economy relied heavily on agriculture.以Cuicuilco做關鍵詞定位至第三段第二句，說Cui這個地方受火山活動影響，農田被lava覆蓋，接著一句就說Cui消除了，所以沒有農田就沒有Cui，答案是D。A與原文說反，應該是大的，不是小的；B的outside和原文中的in說反，錯；C中的rapidly沒說，錯2, Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lan

11、ds and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbi

12、otic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the Suns energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that b

13、uilt communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.【TPO-9 (3) 2#】It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the fungi真菌 in lichens地衣類 benefit from th

14、eir symbiotic relationship共生關系 with algae藻類 in what way?The algae help the fungi meet some of their energy needs. The algae protect the fungi from the Suns radiation.The algae provide the fungi with greater space for absorbing water.The fungi produce less waste in the presence of algae.以lichen, fung

15、us和algae做關鍵詞定位至第三句以后，說algae捕獲太陽能并儲存，而fungi從土壤中吸收礦物質，滋養(yǎng)algae。問的是fungi如何受益，所以前半句是答案，A正確。B雖然提到sun，但不是保護，注意不要錯選；C和D都沒說3, Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas然而 in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was cle

16、ar, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment裝飾品 had meaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress女皇; the pomegranate石榴 indicated ferti

17、lity,生育，多產(chǎn) and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks 鴛鴦stood for wedded bliss天賜良緣; the pine tree松樹, peach, and crane 鶴are emblems 象征of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations公務員考試. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these m

18、eanings become obscured or even lost. 【TPO-10 (1) 11#】Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the decorations on Chinese pottery陶器? They had more importance for aristocrats貴族 than for ordinary citizens. Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influ

19、ence. They contain some of the same images that appear on Greek pots罐子 Their significance is now as clear to twentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.問題中關鍵詞不明顯，排除法。A的ordinary citizens和aristocrat原文沒說；B的foreign influence做關鍵詞定位至最后一句的European，說直到引入歐洲theme之后中國原有的裝飾的意思才被obscure，對應B，沒有for

20、eign influence那些意思不會改變，正確；C沒說；D反了，應該是ancient更熟悉4, To South Americans, robins are birds that fly north every spring. To North Americans, the robins simply vacation in the south each winter. Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and will often come back to the same trees in No

21、rth American yards the following spring. The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and. in the process, raised new

22、questions.對于南美洲的人來說，知更鳥每年春天都會向北飛。對于北美的人來說，幾乎每年冬天都要向南飛。還有就是，它們飛往南美特定的地方并且會在接下來的春天回到北美林場相同的樹上。與其說問題是它們?yōu)槭裁磿诙旌芾涞臅r候離開，不如說是它們是如何找到路的。許多年來，人們一直為這個問題所困惑，直到1950 年代，一個叫Gustave Kramer 的科學家提供了答案，在這個過程中也提出了新的問題。 【TPO-11 (2) 1#】Which of the following can be inferred about bird migration from paragraph 1? Birds

23、will take the most direct migratory route to their new habitat. The purpose of migration is to join with larger groups of birds. Bird migration generally involves moving back and forth between north and south. The destination of birds migration can change from year to year.這道題的關鍵詞明顯不是很好找，而且排除法的話答案又太

24、長，所以看本段的開頭，說南美的鳥春天飛去北方，而北美的鳥冬天飛去南方，所以答案是C，between north and south，其他的選項都沒有相關信息5, So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass.

25、 However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correc

26、t food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box. 在另一組實驗中，Kramer在籠子周圍放上好幾個一摸一樣的食品盒子，但是只有一個真的有吃的在里面。這些盒子是不動的，而且那個裝有事物的盒子總是在羅盤的同一點處。但是通過轉動里面

27、的裝鳥的籠子或者是作為背景的外壁，它相對于周圍環(huán)境的位置可能會改變。只要鳥能夠看到太陽，不管它們的周遭環(huán)境如何變化，它們都能夠直接找到正確的實物盒。不管這個盒子出現(xiàn)在左面外壁的前面還是右邊外壁的前面，它們一點都不迷惑。然而，在陰天的時候，鳥兒們會迷失方向并且在定位它們的食物盒時候遇到麻煩。 【TPO-11 (2) 7#】Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Kramer s reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty? He belie

28、ved the birds would eat food from only one box. He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds ability to navigate toward the box with food. He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this would distract the birds from following their migratory route. He needed to test whether the

29、 birds preferred having the food at any particular point of the compass.以food box做關鍵詞定位至本段倒數(shù)兩句，說不管盒子怎么放鳥都不會暈，但陰天的時候就會暈，結合前文一直在說的K做的實驗，說明鳥是用太陽識別方向的，所以答案是B，而且這段一開始就說another set of experiments所以可以往前看，前一段也在說鳥用太陽辨別方向，所以這段說的只是一系列試驗中的一個，其他沒說6, Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of

30、 differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as

31、far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of groun

32、d-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters calls. 一項有關在地上做窩與在在相對安全的樹上做窩的不同種的刺嘴鶯的乞食叫聲之間的不同的研究提供了進一步的證據(jù)。地上做窩的刺嘴鶯的幼鳥發(fā)出的乞食的唧唧聲與樹上做窩的相比頻率更高。這些高頻率的聲音傳播的不遠，這樣就能夠更好的隱藏發(fā)出這些聲音的幼鳥。這些在地上窩

33、中的幼鳥極容易受到捕食者的傷害。David Haskell做了一個假的窩，在這個窩里放上鳥蛋，并且把它們放在播放樹上做窩以及地上做窩的刺嘴鶯的乞食叫聲的錄音機旁邊。那些因為樹上做窩的刺嘴鶯的乞食聲而受到注意鳥蛋與和地上做窩的刺嘴鶯乞食聲相連的鳥蛋相比被咬食的次數(shù)明顯要多。 【TPO-11 (3) 4#】Paragraph 2 indicates that the begging calls of tree nesting warblers鳴鳥 put them at more risk than ground-nesting warblers experience can be heard f

34、rom a greater distance than those of ground-nesting warblers are more likely to conceal the signaler than those of ground-nesting warblers have higher frequencies than those of ground nesting warblers此題較難，需要閱讀較多內容，因為關鍵詞tree-nestling warblers多次出現(xiàn)。后半段說了David的實驗，所以只是一個事實，往前看，看到第二句和第三句說ground-nestling的鳥

35、發(fā)出的聲音是高頻的，傳播的不遠，而tree-nestling與之相反，所以答案B傳播的更遠正確。C和D明顯說反；B和C是意思相反的答案。A具有迷惑性，原文只是說在試驗中tree nestling的鳥蛋被咬得很慘，沒說tree的就一定比ground的危險7, We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? Much of the evidence about right-hand ve

36、rsus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. Even though the paint was often spr

37、ayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downwarda left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been

38、 identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant. 我們都知道，活在當下的人們更多是使用右手而非左手。能不能在史前查找出這一相似的性狀呢？有太多的來自澳大利亞地區(qū)的石屋中模板和字跡以及冰河期法國西班牙以及塔斯馬尼亞地區(qū)的巖洞上搜集到的證據(jù)證明右手較之于左手的優(yōu)勢。當一個左手被用于塑模時就反向暗示了*他的工匠慣于使用右手。即使是*一幅畫作需要一個月左右的噴涂，也可以想象慣用手是如何在這一過程中起到協(xié)助作用的。另一個假設是被用于塑模的手手掌向下-一只左手塑模朝上

39、也許讓它看起來像一只右手。在法國Gargas 巖洞中的158 個模板中，有136 個鑒定確認為左手，只有22 個是右手；右手習慣毫無疑問是據(jù)絕對主導地位的。 【TPO-12 (1) 2#】It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that even when paint was sprayed噴霧 by mouth to make a hand stencil漏字板 there was no way to tell which hand was stenciled the stenciled hand was the weaker hand the stencil

40、ed hand was the dominant hand artists stenciled more images of the dominant hand than they did of the weak以mouth和hand stencil做關鍵詞定位至倒數(shù)第二和第三句，說dominant hand是幫忙的；最后一句又說136是左手22是右手，通過具體數(shù)字說明左手比較主要，所以B是答案；注意B和C是一對相反答案，所以C錯，A說不知道哪個主要也就錯；D沒說8, Fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence. R

41、ight-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. The skeleton of a 40- or 50-year-old Nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the Negev Desert, Israel, had multiple healed fractures to the skull, the left arm, and the ribs. 斷痕與割痕也是論據(jù)的另一來源。右撇子勇士一般都是左側容易受傷。在內蓋夫的戈壁中被埋了2000 多年的一個40-50 歲之間的Nabate

42、an 勇士的骨架，在他的頭部，左臂和肋骨上有多處已愈合的傷痕。 【TPO-12 (1) 7#】Which of the following statements about fractures and cut marks can be inferred from paragraph 4? Fractures and cut marks caused by right-handed soldiers tend to occur on the right side of the injured partys body. The right arm sustains more injuries be

43、cause, as the dominant arm, it is used more actively. In most people, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm. Fractures and cut marks on fossil humans probably occurred after death.以fractures and other cut marks做關鍵詞定位至第一句，但第一句信

44、息太少，往下看，說右撇子士兵傷在左側，所以正確答案是C。B說反，左側容易受傷；A和D都沒說9, Rainfall is not completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable. An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert. The impact of rainfall upon the surface water and groundwater resources of the desert is gre

45、atly influenced by landforms. Flats and depressions where water can collect are common features, but they make up only a small part of the landscape.沙漠中并不是完全沒有降雨，只不過是變數(shù)很大。通常一年以內降雨次數(shù)少于4 次是定義沙漠的限定條件。降水對沙漠地表和地底的水資源的影響很大程度上取決于地貌。平原和洼地是水源聚集的共同地貌特征，不過他們只占地表的很小一部分。 【TPO-12 (3) 1#】Which of the following sta

46、tements about annual rainfall can be inferred from paragraph 1? Flat desert areas receive more annual rainfall than desert areas with mountains Areas that receive more than four inches of rain per year are not considered deserts. Many areas receive less than four inches of annual rainfall, but only

47、a few are deserts Annual rainfall has no impact on the groundwater resources of desert areas.以annual rainfall做關鍵詞定位至第二句，說年降雨量少于4 inch的地方被認為是沙漠，推斷出相反的一面是年降雨量大于4 inch的地方不是沙漠，也就是B10, People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are

48、social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate

49、 with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance. 人與人之間的關系可以分為兩種：情感紐帶和工具紐帶。情感紐帶在當我們感性的與他人交流時形成的一種社會聯(lián)系。通過和對我們來說

50、十分重要的人交流從而得到的安全感，愛情，認可，友誼和個人價值等一系列情感。工具紐帶是但我們?yōu)榱诉_到一些目標而與他人進行合作時產(chǎn)生的社會聯(lián)系方式。有些時候，這也許意味著變相與競爭者一起共事。更多的時候我們沒有發(fā)展出任何更有意義的關系而只是簡單的與其他人合作并走向終點?！綯PO-13 (1) 4#】Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the authors mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2? Instrumental ties ca

51、n develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate. Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties. Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance. Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.11, Sociologists have built on the di

52、stinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as

53、 ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather tha

54、n as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. 社會學家基于感情紐帶與工具紐帶的特征對兩

55、者進行了區(qū)分定義并劃分出兩種類型的群組：主要群組和次要群組。一個主要社群包含兩個或更多人，他們都喜歡直接，親密的，有粘性的與他人的關系。感情紐帶在主要社群中起主導作用。我們審視人的時候是在他們生命的走到盡頭的時候，還有他們的個人價值。次要群組也需要兩個以上的不過是因為非個人關系而且聚到一起都是為了一個具體的，特定的目標。而工具紐帶就在其中起了重要的作用。我們關注人們在最后的價值要比他們自己的權利要多。有時主要群組的關系也會在次要群組中演化出來。這種現(xiàn)象一般發(fā)生在一些工作安排當中。人們在共同合作中會相互發(fā)牢騷，開玩笑，傳八卦以及滿足感，由此依舊發(fā)展出了親近的關系?！綯PO-13 (1) 6#】W

56、hich of the following can be inferred from the authors claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of 從。演變secondary group relationships? Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships. A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quic

57、kly becomes a primary group relationship. Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society. Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.以evolve out of做關鍵詞定位至倒數(shù)第三句，但這句話跟問題幾乎是完全一樣的，所以不是答案。往后看，this標示著上下句之間有聯(lián)系。下句說這種e

58、volve發(fā)生在工作背景下，接著說同事之間可以通過share各種東西變成非常親密的朋友，也就是secondary變primary 的一個例子，所以正確答案是D。A說反；B和C均沒說而且C有違常識12, Each of the preceding techniques provides the researcher with evidence that the infant can detect or discriminate between stimuli. With these sophisticated observational assessment and electro physio

59、logical measures, we know that the neonate of only a few days is far more perceptive than previously suspected. However, these measures are only indirect indicators of the infants perceptual abilities. 以上所說的每一種技術都可以給研究者提供關于嬰兒能夠探知或區(qū)別刺激的依據(jù)，通過這些復雜的觀察記錄和電子生物學的探測，我們知道一個只有幾天的新生兒能探知的要遠比我們之前猜測的要多的多。然而，這些標準也

60、只是通過間接的指示器所測量到的嬰兒感知的能力?！綯PO-13 (3) 12#】Paragraph 5 indicates that researchers who used the techniques described in the passage discovered that infants find it difficult to perceive some types of stimuli neonates of only a few days cannot yet discriminate between stimuli observational assessment is l