非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式詳細(xì)

1、F謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式（詳細(xì)）動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式一.基本概念：顧名思義，不擔(dān)任謂語(yǔ)成分而擔(dān)任其他語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞稱為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，有 to do （動(dòng)詞 不定式）/ -ing（現(xiàn)在分詞/動(dòng)名詞）/ -ed（過(guò)去分詞）三個(gè)形式。由于他們不受主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的限制，故也稱為 “非限定動(dòng)詞。（學(xué)習(xí)中不要刻意去區(qū)分現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名 詞）二.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)意義：英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞有兩大基本特征：時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也是動(dòng)詞，當(dāng)然也具備動(dòng)詞 的這兩大特征。.時(shí)態(tài)概念：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只有過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)三個(gè)時(shí)間概念，他與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的是實(shí)際時(shí)間概念，如 I am learning English.

2、是指講話的時(shí)候或那段時(shí)間里我正在學(xué)英語(yǔ)”。而非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)是指相對(duì)于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞而 言的過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)，即先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的行為或狀態(tài)稱為過(guò)去時(shí)，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的行為或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在同一時(shí)間（段）的稱為“現(xiàn)在時(shí)”，而發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的行為或狀態(tài)之后的稱為“將來(lái)時(shí)。這個(gè)時(shí)間概念對(duì)于后面要講的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句法功能是非常重要的。.語(yǔ)態(tài)概念：與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一樣，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之分。也就是要記住四句話：（1）表示將來(lái)時(shí)；（2）表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)；（3）表示過(guò)去時(shí)（一定是被動(dòng)的）（4）動(dòng)詞不定式的完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去時(shí)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的上述時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)概念是理解非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞句法功能、應(yīng)試判題和翻譯的基礎(chǔ)。請(qǐng)你判斷一下

3、，下面句子中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是什么時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)：Your duty is to look after the sick child.（你的責(zé)任是照料這個(gè)病孩。將來(lái) /主動(dòng)）The sick child needs to be looked after by a special person.（這個(gè)病孩需要專人照顧。將來(lái)/被動(dòng)）（據(jù)說(shuō)他學(xué)習(xí)一直很據(jù)報(bào)道，有5人你認(rèn)識(shí)坐在那里看He is said to have studied hard and passed the examination. 用功并通過(guò)了考試。過(guò)去 /主動(dòng)）Five persons are reported to have been

4、killed in the big fire.（ 已在這場(chǎng)大火中喪生。過(guò)去 /被動(dòng)）Do you know the man sitting and reading a book there?（正在接受手術(shù)的那個(gè)病人是誰(shuí)??？現(xiàn)在 /書的那個(gè)人嗎？現(xiàn)在/主動(dòng)）Who is the patient being operated on?被動(dòng)）Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.（當(dāng)選為委員 的人將出席這次會(huì)議。過(guò)去 /被動(dòng)）有了上述基本概念，就可以進(jìn)一步討論下面的問(wèn)題了：三.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句法功能：一個(gè)典型的句子共有以下五

5、個(gè)基本成分：主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)這里要討論的是當(dāng)英語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞處在主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)位置時(shí)怎么處理，即非謂語(yǔ)成分時(shí)怎么處理。.主語(yǔ)：首先，to do 和-ing”形式具有名詞性，-ed 不具備名詞性。也就是說(shuō)，to do和-ing 可以做主語(yǔ)，例如：To learn a foreign language is not an easy thing. （= It is not an easy thingto learn English.）Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing.問(wèn)題是這兩種表達(dá)方式有沒有區(qū)別。語(yǔ)法上沒有對(duì)或錯(cuò)的區(qū)別，因

6、此不是語(yǔ)法考試的重點(diǎn)一般講，to do較具體的行為或狀態(tài)，-ing表示較籠統(tǒng)的概念，如”學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō) 并非易事一般用to do 來(lái)表達(dá)：To learn a foreign language. is not an easy thing for me.（ 或：It is not an easy thing for me to learn a foreign language.） 從應(yīng)試角度講，只要記住下面兩個(gè)特殊句型就可以了：It is no use （ 或 good） + ing 結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：It is no use quarreling with her.（和她爭(zhēng)吵沒有用?？荚嚂r(shí)不要選t

7、o quarrel withher）There is no + ing 結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：There is no denying that women are playing more and more important roles inthe world today.（不可否認(rèn)，在當(dāng)今世界上，婦女正發(fā)揮越來(lái)越重要的作用。） Thereis no joking about this matter.（這事開不得玩笑。）.賓語(yǔ)如上所述，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞to do或-ing當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，沒有特別的語(yǔ)法要求。但是，當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，就有一個(gè)用to do還是-ing”的問(wèn)題。大家還記得這個(gè)規(guī)定嗎？如果忘了， 請(qǐng)復(fù)習(xí)第二講中五

8、個(gè)基本句型的第三句型。這是考試的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。在以往的職稱考 試中，此項(xiàng)一般要占2-3道題目。關(guān)于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題，請(qǐng)復(fù)習(xí) 第二講中五個(gè)基本句型的第五句型。 3.定語(yǔ)也就是做名詞的修飾語(yǔ)。只要牢記本講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)意義 ”一節(jié)中的內(nèi)容，就不難理解非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)，本質(zhì)上是定語(yǔ)從句，例如：Where is the house built last year?=Where is the house that （或 which ） was built last year （去年建造的那棟房子哪兒去了？）Do you see the house being bu

9、ilt there ?（看見那邊那棟正在=Do you see the house that （ 或 which） is being built there?建造的房子了嗎？）The house to be built next month will be our dorm.= The house that （ 或 which） will be built （ 或 that is to be built） next monthwill be our dorm.（下月要建造的那棟房子將是我們的宿舍。）也就是說(shuō)，只要把握好時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)態(tài)（先行詞與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系），非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ) 的考試選項(xiàng)比較容易，

10、出題幾率也比較低。有人可能會(huì)問(wèn)：I have a letter to write和 I have a letter to be written兩個(gè)句子中的黑體部分都是做letter” 的定語(yǔ)，為什么一個(gè)用主動(dòng)，另一個(gè)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞（write ）的行為者就是句子的主語(yǔ)（I ）時(shí)，用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。因此，這兩個(gè)句子的內(nèi)涵是有些區(qū)別的。但由于考試形式的局限性，一般不會(huì)考這種區(qū)別的。4.狀語(yǔ)”句子的連接”一講中說(shuō)（逗號(hào)不能連接兩個(gè)句子）（使用連接詞）（使用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式） 該怎么改呢？非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做狀語(yǔ)是這一講的重點(diǎn)，也是考試的重點(diǎn)。大家還記得 過(guò)的逗號(hào)不能連接兩個(gè)句子這句話和所舉的例子嗎？錯(cuò)

11、：He is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.對(duì)： Because he is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.對(duì)： Being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.如果： His child is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.道理是一樣的：His child being ill, he cannot come to the party this eveni

12、ng.也就是說(shuō)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要有“行為的主體，稱為主格；如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的行為的主 體”與句子的主語(yǔ)不一致，要保留其行為主體（如上句中的his child）,這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為”（分詞）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。那么，什么情況用to do 、-ing或-ed 呢？注意以下兩點(diǎn)：（1）要符合下表的基本要求。（2）要注意以下基本用法和思路前置（即放在句子的前面）：形式。下面每個(gè)例子說(shuō)明一條規(guī)則，注意理解和記憶（重點(diǎn)不要去區(qū)分作什么狀語(yǔ)，也不要刻意去翻譯句子的意思，重點(diǎn)注意形式的轉(zhuǎn)換和規(guī)律）：When she heard the noise, she went out to see what was happenin

13、g.Hearing the noise, she went out to see what was happening.規(guī)則：當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)（she）與（非謂語(yǔ)）動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，只要將實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（ heard ） 恢復(fù)原形（hear）,后面加ing即可When （或 If） the substance is heated to over 200 C , it will give off apoisonous gas.Heated to 200 over 200 C , it （= the s ubstance） will give off a poisonous gas.規(guī)則：當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)（i

14、t = the substance ）與（非謂語(yǔ)）動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，去掉 be動(dòng)詞，只保留動(dòng)詞的-ed形式（heated）即可As he did not want to hurt her feelings, he did not tell the truth at the moment.Not wanting to hurt her feelings, he did not tell the truth at the moment規(guī)則：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定式是在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前面（不是后面）加 not構(gòu)成；其他變化按照例 1）或例2）規(guī)定As she has lived in China for o

15、ver 20 years, she can speak Chinese fluently.Having lived in China for over 20 years, she can speak Chinese fluently.As they had not finished the lessons, the students had to give up going to see the play.Not having finished the lessons, the students had to give up going to see the play.規(guī)則：當(dāng)句子中出現(xiàn)1）f

16、or + 時(shí)間”狀語(yǔ)，或2）當(dāng)一個(gè)行為必須在另一個(gè)行為結(jié)束后才 能開始的情況下，應(yīng)該用完成式，否定詞not 要放在having”的前面，即Not having 提示：當(dāng)你在考試時(shí)分不清是否要用完成式時(shí)，應(yīng)傾向于選擇有完成式的選項(xiàng)。If weather permits, well go out for a picnic tomorrow.Weather permitting, well go out for a picnic tomorrow.When all necessary data had been collected, they began the experiment.All nec

17、essary data having been collected, they began the experiment.（注：這個(gè)句子也可以寫成：All necessary data collected, they began theexperiment.考試時(shí)按例4）提示選題）規(guī)則：當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主格不一致時(shí)，應(yīng)使用獨(dú)立主格形式”，其他變化按上述各項(xiàng)規(guī)定處理后置（即放在句子的后面）：需要說(shuō)明的是：.所謂前置和后置”是相對(duì)的，這里這樣區(qū)分一是為了便于理解，二是根據(jù)職稱考試 中出題的習(xí)慣，便于判題；.關(guān)于功能，這里只是講了考試中較多出現(xiàn)的形式和結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)于諸如如何區(qū)分目的和結(jié)果等內(nèi)容

18、，因與解題關(guān)系不大，這里就不作具體說(shuō)明了。下面把非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中其他幾個(gè)重要問(wèn)題用實(shí)例說(shuō)明一下：關(guān)于“不定式作后置狀語(yǔ)的舉例（注意黑體字部分的表達(dá)形式）：1） She was so angry as to be unable to speak.（她氣得連話都說(shuō)不出來(lái)了。）2）I dont know her well enough to ask her for help.（我與她不太熟悉，不便請(qǐng)她幫忙。）She was too angry to say anything.（她氣得什么都說(shuō)不出來(lái)了。）Im only too glad to help you.注意與例3）的區(qū)別：only too 與ha

19、ppy, pleased, glad等詞使用時(shí)，表示非常：我非常愿意幫助你（能幫助你真是太高興了）。We waited in the train for nearly three hours, only to be told that theappointment had been canceled. （only to 表示意想不至U的結(jié)果：我們?cè)谟曛械攘私?個(gè)小時(shí)，結(jié)果被告知約會(huì)取消了。）To be fair, he has been working very hard recently.（公平地說(shuō)，他最近工作一直非常努力。類似的表達(dá)方式還有：to tell the truth（說(shuō)實(shí)話），t

20、o be frank（老實(shí)說(shuō)），to go without saying （ 不用說(shuō)/量無(wú)疑問(wèn)）等。關(guān)于分詞做后置狀語(yǔ)的舉例（注意括號(hào)中句子的演變過(guò)程）：She received an E-mail from her brother, saying that her mother wasseriously ill.（她收到她兄弟發(fā)來(lái)的一份電子郵件，（郵件上）說(shuō)她母親病得很厲害。=She received an E-mail from her brother, which（= an E-mail ） said that hermother was seriously ill）Serious in

21、fection may develop in some patients, resulting in death.（有些病人會(huì)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重感染，導(dǎo)致死亡。（=Serious infection may develop in somepatients, which results in death.）The guests entered the office, accompanied by the manager.（客人在經(jīng)理陪同下走進(jìn)辦公室。=The guests entered the office, who were accompanied by themanager.）關(guān)于動(dòng)詞不定式”的補(bǔ)充

22、說(shuō)明：1）前面講到：”動(dòng)詞不定式”的完成式表示過(guò)去時(shí)，它常在以下句型中出現(xiàn)：（主語(yǔ)）+ be said / reported / believed / supposed to have （been） done（主語(yǔ)）+ seem to have （been） done（主語(yǔ)）+ be likely to have （been） done當(dāng)考試時(shí)看到這樣的句型出現(xiàn)，首先要考慮是否是動(dòng)詞不定式”的完成式2）注意動(dòng)詞不定式to與介詞to的區(qū)別，即：是to + 動(dòng)詞，還是to +名詞或動(dòng)名詞 （-ing ）。第二講五個(gè)基本句型”中已經(jīng)提到：object to / look forward to / b

23、e（get） accustomed （used） to / be subjected to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / agree to 等中的 to 是介詞。當(dāng)考試時(shí)看到這樣的表達(dá)方式出現(xiàn)，首先要考慮選擇-ing形式（一般不會(huì)給純名詞形式）關(guān)于on + ing 形式和with （without） +分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)on + ing 形式：一般將介詞on + -ing 形式理解為分詞（要有行為主體）而不是 動(dòng)名詞，意為當(dāng)一時(shí)，一就，相當(dāng)于 when或as soon as ,例如：On hearing the news, sh

24、e burst into tears.（一聽到這個(gè)消息，她一下子哭了起來(lái)。）錯(cuò)： On arriving in Beijing, it began to rain heavily.（至U北京， 就開始下起大雨來(lái)了。）由于句子的主語(yǔ)it并不是arriving的行為主體，該句語(yǔ)法不成立?？梢愿臑椋篘osooner had we arrived in Beijing than it began to rain heavily.with （without） +分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)She fell asleep with the lamp burning.（她開著燈誰(shuí)著了） ）Almost every day the kids returned home with their hands and faces coveredwith mud and sweat.（孩子們幾乎每天回家時(shí)手上臉上都是泥和汗。）當(dāng)這樣的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞為be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，往往省略，例如：Every day the old teacher entered the classroom, with a poor bag under his a