新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程4課文翻譯

1、文案大全Naturenurturesmankindunselfishlywithitsrichresources.Yet,manissocarriedawayinhistransformationofnaturethatheisunawarethatitalsohaslimitationsandneedsconstantcare.Nowwornbytheexcessivedemandsofmankind,natureisunabletomaintaintheecologicalbalaneeneeded.Humanityisfacedwiththeproblemofhowtostop,orat

2、leasttomoderate,thedestructionofMotherNature.TManintheRealmofNatureAlexanderSpirkinThetextisdownloadedfromthewebsite: HYPERLINK /refere /reference/archive/spirkin/works/dialectical-materialismclose1RTHumanbeingsliveintherealmofnature.Theyareconstantlysurroundedbyitandinteractwithit.Manisconstantlyaw

3、areoftheinflueneeofnatureintheformoftheairhebreathes,thewaterhedrinks,andthefoodheeats.Weareconnectedwithnaturebybloodtiesandwecannotliveoutsidenature.人在自然界亞歷山大斯伯金人類生活在大自然的王國(guó)里。他們時(shí)刻被大自然所包圍并與之相互影響。人類呼吸的空氣、喝下的水和攝入的食物，無(wú)一不令人類時(shí)刻感知到大自然的影響。我們與大自然血肉相連，離開(kāi)大自然，我們將無(wú)法生存。close2RTManisnotonlyadwellerinnature,healso

4、transformsit.Humanityconvertsnatureswealthintothemeansofthecultural,historicallifeofsociety.Manhassubduedanddisciplinedelectricityandcompelledittoservetheinterestsofsociety.Notonlyhasmantransferredvariousspeciesofplantsandanimalstodifferentclimaticconditions,hehasalsochangedtheshapeandclimateofhisen

5、vironmentandtransformedplantsandanimals.人類不僅生活在大自然之中，同時(shí)也在改變著大自然。人類把自然資源轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦鞣N文化，社會(huì)歷史的財(cái)富。人類降服并控制了電，迫使它為人類社會(huì)的利益服務(wù)。人類不僅把各種各樣的動(dòng)植物轉(zhuǎn)移到不同的氣候環(huán)境，也改變了他生活環(huán)境的地貌和氣候并使動(dòng)植物因之而發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。close3rtAssocietydevelops,mantendstobecomelessdependentonnaturedirectly,whileindirectlyhisdependencegrows.Ourdistantancestorslivedinfearo

6、fnaturesdestructiveforces.Veryoftentheywereunabletoobtainthemerestdailynecessities.However,despitetheirimperfecttools,theyworkedtogetherstubbornly,collectively,andwereabletoattainresults.Naturewasalsochangedthroughinteractionwithman.Forestsweredestroyedandtheareaoffarmlandincreased.Naturewithitselem

7、entalforceswasregardedassomethinghostiletoman.Theforest,forexample,wassomethingwildandfrighteningandpeopletriedtoforceittoretreat.Thiswasalldoneinthenameofcivilisation,whichmeanttheplaceswheremanhadmadehishome,wheretheearthwascultivated,wheretheforesthadbeencutdown.隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，人類對(duì)大自然的直接依賴越來(lái)越少，而間接的依賴卻越來(lái)越

8、多。我們遠(yuǎn)古的祖先生活在大自然的威脅及破壞力的恐懼之中，他們常常連基本的生活物資都無(wú)法獲取。然而，盡管工具不甚完備，他們卻能同心協(xié)力，頑強(qiáng)工作，并總是有所收獲。在與人類的相互作用中，大自然也發(fā)生了改變。森林被破壞了，耕地面積增加了。大自然及其威力被看成是和人類敵對(duì)的東西。譬如，森林被認(rèn)為是野性的和令人恐懼的，因此人類便想方設(shè)法使其面積縮小。這一切都是打著“文明”的旗號(hào)進(jìn)行的，所謂“文明”，就是人類在哪里建立家園，耕耘土地，哪里的森林就被砍伐。close4RTButastimegoesonmankindbecomesincreasinglyconcernedwiththequestionofwh

9、ereandhowtoobtainirreplaceablenaturalresourcesfortheneedsofproduction.Scienceandmanspracticaltransformingactivitieshavemadehumanityawareoftheenormousgeologicalroleplayedbytheindustrialtransformationoftheearth.然而，隨著歲月的流逝，人類越來(lái)越關(guān)注的是在何處得到和如何得到生產(chǎn)所需的不可替代的自然資源的問(wèn)題?？茖W(xué)與人類改變大自然的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)已經(jīng)使人類意識(shí)到了工業(yè)在改變地球的進(jìn)程中對(duì)地質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的重大

10、影響。close5rtAtpresentthepreviousdynamicbalaneebetweenmanandnatureandbetweennatureandsocietyasawhole,hasshownominoussignsofbreakingdown.Theproblemoftheso-calledreplaceableresourcesofthebiospherehasbecomeparticularlyacute.Itisgettingmoreandmoredifficulttosatisfytheneedsofhumanbeingsandsocietyevenforsuc

11、hasubstanee,forexample,asfreshwater.Theproblemofeliminatingindustrialwasteisalsobecomingincreasinglycomplex.目前，人與自然以及自然與社會(huì)整體之間過(guò)去存在的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡，已呈現(xiàn)崩潰的跡象。生物圈中所謂可替代資源的問(wèn)題變得極為尖銳。人類和社會(huì)的需求，即便是簡(jiǎn)單得像淡水一樣的物質(zhì)，也變得越來(lái)越難以滿足。清除工業(yè)廢物的問(wèn)題也變得日益復(fù)雜。close6rtModerntechnologyisdistinguishedbyaneverincreasingabundanceofproducedanduse

12、dsyntheticgoods.Hundredsofthousandsofsyntheticmaterialsarebeingmade.Peopleincreasinglycovertheirbodiesfromheadtofootinnylonandothersynthetic,glitteringfabricsthatareobviouslynotgoodforthem.Youngpeoplemayhardlyfeelthis,andtheypaymoreattentiontoappearaneethantohealth.Buttheybecomemoreawareofthisharmfu

13、linflueneeastheygrowolder.現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的特征是生產(chǎn)和使用日益豐富的人工合成產(chǎn)品。人們生產(chǎn)成千上萬(wàn)的人工合成材料。人們?cè)絹?lái)越多地用尼龍和其他人造纖維把自己從頭到腳地包裹起來(lái)，這些絢麗的織物顯然對(duì)他們無(wú)益。年輕人或許很少注意到這一點(diǎn)，他們更關(guān)注的是外表，而不是健康。但是上了年歲之后，他們就會(huì)感受到這種有害的影響。close7RTAstimegoesonthesyntheticoutputofproductionturnsintowaste,andthensubstancesthatintheiroriginalformwerenotverytoxicaretransforme

14、dinthecycleofnaturalprocessesintoaggressiveagents.Todaybothnaturalscientistsandphilosophersareaskingthemselvesthequestion:Ismansdestructionofthebiosphereinevitable?久而久之，這些合成物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)變成廢棄物，那些原本毒性不大的物質(zhì)在自然循環(huán)中變?yōu)闃O其有害的物質(zhì)。自然科學(xué)家和哲學(xué)家如今都在問(wèn)自己這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題：人類對(duì)生物圈的破壞難道是無(wú)法避免的嗎？close)RTTheman-naturerelationthecrisisoftheecolog

15、icalsituationisaglobalproblem.ItssolutionliesinrationalandwiseorganizationofbothproductionitselfandcareforMotherNature,notjustbyindividuals,enterprisesorcountries,butbyallhumanity.Oneofthewaystodealwiththecrisissituationintheman-naturesystemistousesuchresourcesassolarenergy,thepowerofwinds,theriches

16、oftheseasandoceansandother,asyetunknownnaturalforcesoftheuniverse.人與大自然的關(guān)系一一生態(tài)環(huán)境的危機(jī)一一已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)全球性問(wèn)題。這一問(wèn)題的解決之道在于理性而明智地協(xié)調(diào)生產(chǎn)和對(duì)大自然的關(guān)愛(ài)之間的關(guān)系，這不僅要依靠個(gè)人、企業(yè)或者某些國(guó)家的力量，而且要依靠全人類的力量。解決人與大自然關(guān)系危機(jī)的方法之一，就是使用太陽(yáng)能、風(fēng)能、海洋能等資源，以及其他尚不為人所知的宇宙中的自然能。close9RTButtoreturntoourtheme,thebittertruthisthatthosehumanactionswhichviolateth

17、elawsofnature,theharmonyofthebiosphere,threatentobringdisasterandthisdisastermayturnouttobeuniversal.HowaptthenarethewordsofancientOrientalwisdom:liveclosertonature,myfriends,anditseternallawswillprotectyou!但是，回到我們?cè)鹊闹黝}上，令人難以接受的事實(shí)是那些違背了自然規(guī)律、破壞了生物圈和諧的人類行為將會(huì)帶來(lái)災(zāi)難，而這種災(zāi)難也許是全球性的。古代東方智者的話講得真是恰如其分：朋友們，你要是親近

18、大自然，大自然就會(huì)用那永恒不變的規(guī)律永遠(yuǎn)呵護(hù)你！closeTechnologyandHappiness技術(shù)與幸福Inthe20thcentury,Americans,Europeans,andEastAsiansenjoyedmaterialandtechnologicaladvancesthatwereunimaginableinpreviouseras.=20世紀(jì)的美國(guó)人、歐洲人和東亞人都享受到了過(guò)去歷代人都無(wú)法想象的物質(zhì)和技術(shù)進(jìn)步所帶來(lái)的樂(lè)趣。IntheUnitedStates,forinstanee,grossdomesticproductpercapitatripledfrom195

19、0to2000.二譬如，在美國(guó)，從1950年到2000年，人均國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值翻了3倍Lifeexpectancysoared.二人的壽命大幅度提高。TheboominproductivityafterWorldWarllmadegoodsbetterandcheaperatthesametime.二二戰(zhàn)后生產(chǎn)力的迅速發(fā)展使商品物美價(jià)廉。Thingsthatwereonceluxuries,suchasjettravelandIong-distaneephonecalls,becamenecessities.二諸如乘飛機(jī)旅行和打長(zhǎng)途電話等曾經(jīng)是奢侈的事情成了生活中不可或缺的一部分。Andevent

20、houghAmericansseemedtoworkextraordinarilyhard,theirpursuitofentertainmentturnedmediaandleisureintomultibillion-dollarindustries.二即使美國(guó)人工作時(shí)似乎是格外勤奮努力的，可他們對(duì)娛樂(lè)的追求卻使得他們將媒體和閑暇轉(zhuǎn)變成了盈利數(shù)十億美元的產(chǎn)業(yè)。Para.2Bymoststandards,then,youwouldhavetosaythatAmericansarebetteroffnowthantheywereinthemiddleofthelastcentury.二那么，根

21、據(jù)大多數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)衡量，你會(huì)說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在的美國(guó)人比上個(gè)世紀(jì)中葉富裕得多。Oddly,though,ifyouaskAmericanshowhappytheyare,youfindthattheyarenohappierthantheywerein1946(whichiswhenformalsurveysofhappinessstarted).二然而，奇怪的是，如果你問(wèn)美國(guó)人有多幸福，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們并不比1946年時(shí)幸福(1946年正式開(kāi)始對(duì)幸福狀況進(jìn)行調(diào)查)。Infact,thepercentageofpeoplewhosaytheyare“veryhappy”hasfallenslightlysine

22、etheearly1970seventhoughtheincomeofpeoplebornin1940has,onaverage,increasedby116percentoverthecourseoftheirworkinglives.二事實(shí)上，那些說(shuō)自己“非常幸福”的人所占的比例自20世紀(jì)70年代早期以來(lái)一直穩(wěn)中有降盡管20世紀(jì)40年代出生的人的收入在他們的工作生涯中平均增長(zhǎng)了116%Youcanfindsimilardataformostdevelopedcountries.二你可以在大多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家找到相似的數(shù)據(jù)。Para.3Therelationshipbetweenhappiness

23、andtechnologyhasbeenaneternalsubjectforsocialcriticsandphilosopherssincetheadventoftheIndustrialRevolution.=自工業(yè)革命出現(xiàn)以來(lái)，幸福與技術(shù)之間的關(guān)系一直是社會(huì)批評(píng)家和哲學(xué)家們長(zhǎng)期研究的課題。Butitsbeenleftlargelyunexaminedbyeconomistsandsocialscientists.二然而，這個(gè)課題基本上還沒(méi)有受到經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和社會(huì)科學(xué)家們的關(guān)注。Thetrulygroundbreakingworkontherelationshipbetweenprosper

24、ityandwell-beingwasdonebytheeconomistRichardEasterlin,whoin1974wroteafamouspaperentitled“DoesEconomicGrowthImprovetheHumanLot?”二經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家理查德？伊斯特林在經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮和幸福的關(guān)系方面進(jìn)行了具有開(kāi)拓性的研究，并于1974年發(fā)表了一篇題為“經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)改變?nèi)祟惷\(yùn)嗎？”的著名論文。Easterlinshowedthatwhenitcametodevelopedcountries,therewasnorealcorrelationbetweenanationsincomelevel

25、anditscitizenshappiness.二伊斯特林表明，就發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家而言，一個(gè)國(guó)家的收入和國(guó)民的幸福之間并沒(méi)有真正的相互關(guān)系。Money,Easterlinargued,couldnotbuyhappinessatleastnotafteracertainpoint.二伊斯特林認(rèn)為，金錢買不到幸福至少金錢達(dá)到了一定程度以后是如此。Easterlinshowedthatthoughpovertywasstronglycorrelatedwithmisery,onceacountrywassolidlymiddle-class,gettingwealthierdidnotseemtomake

26、itscitizensanyhappier.二伊斯特林表明，盡管貧窮與苦難密不可分，但是，一個(gè)國(guó)家一旦達(dá)到穩(wěn)定的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)水平，更富有一些似乎就不會(huì)使其國(guó)民感到更多的幸福了。Para.4Thisseemstobeclosetoauniversalphenomenon.二這近乎是一種普遍現(xiàn)象。Infact,oneofhappinessscholarsmostimportantinsightsisthatpeopleadaptveryquicklytogoodnews.二事實(shí)上，研究幸福的學(xué)者們最重要的觀點(diǎn)之一是：人們對(duì)好消息很快便習(xí)以為常。Takelotterywinnersforexample.

27、Onefamousstudyshowedthatalthoughwinnerswerevery,veryhappywhentheywon,theirextremeexcitementquicklyevaporated,andafterawhiletheirmoodsandsenseofwell-beingwereindistinguishablefromwhattheyhadbeenbeforethevictory.二拿彩票中獎(jiǎng)?wù)邽槔?。一?xiàng)重要的研究表明，盡管彩票中獎(jiǎng)?wù)咧歇?jiǎng)時(shí)會(huì)感到非常非常幸福，可這類興奮很快就消逝了。一段時(shí)間之后，他們的心情和幸福感與中獎(jiǎng)之前并沒(méi)什么區(qū)別。Para.5So,

28、too,withtechnology:nomatterhowdramaticanewinnovationis,nomatterhowmucheasieritmakesourlives,itisveryeasytotakeitforgranted.二人們對(duì)待技術(shù)的態(tài)度也是一樣的：無(wú)論一種新事物多么引人注目，也無(wú)論它使我們的生活變得多么舒適，人們很快就會(huì)認(rèn)為這是理所當(dāng)然的事情。Youcanseethisprincipleatworkintheworldoftechnologyeveryday,asthingsthatonceseemedmiraculoussoonbecomecommorand,w

29、orse,frustratingwhentheydontworkperfectly.二在技術(shù)世界里，你每天都會(huì)看到這一原則在發(fā)揮作用。曾經(jīng)一度被視為非常神奇的東西很快就變的習(xí)以為常，更糟的是，當(dāng)這些東西運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不正常時(shí)，還會(huì)令人沮喪。Itshard,itturnsout,tokeepinmindwhatthingswerelikebeforethenewtechnologycamealong.二事實(shí)表明，要把新技術(shù)問(wèn)世之前的情形牢記在心原來(lái)是如此困難！Para.6Doesourfastassimilationoftechnologicalprogressmean,then,thattechnolo

30、gymakesnodifferenee?二那么，我們對(duì)新技術(shù)的快速吸收是否意味著技術(shù)沒(méi)有發(fā)揮什么作用呢？No.Itjustmakesthequestionoftechnologysimpact,forgoodorill,morecomplicated.二不，決非如此。不論好壞，這只是把技術(shù)對(duì)人類的影響的問(wèn)題變得更復(fù)雜而已。Letsstartwiththedownside.二讓我們先從負(fù)面影響談起吧。Therearecertainwaysinwhichtechnologymakeslifeobviouslyworse.二在某些方面，技術(shù)顯然使得生活更加糟糕了。Telemarketing,traf

31、ficjams,andidentitytheftallcometomind.二譬如，我們馬上會(huì)想到電話推銷、交通阻塞以及身份資料失竊等情況。Theseareallphenomenathatmakepeopleconsciouslyunhappy.二這些都是讓人們明顯意識(shí)到不幸福的現(xiàn)象。Butforthemostpart,moderncritiquesoftechnologyhavefocusednotsomuchonspecific,badtechnologiesastheimpactoftechnologyonourhumanrelationships.二可是，現(xiàn)代的技術(shù)評(píng)論文章多半都沒(méi)有把

32、焦點(diǎn)集中在具體的、有害的技術(shù)本身上，而是集中在技術(shù)對(duì)人際關(guān)系的影響上。Para.7Privacyhasbecomeincreasinglyfragileinaworldoflinkeddatabases.二在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)聯(lián)網(wǎng)的世界里，隱私變得越來(lái)越脆弱。Inmanyworkplaces,technologieslikekeystrokemonitoringandfullrecordingsofphonecallsmakeiteasiertowatchworkers.二在許多工作場(chǎng)所，諸如按鍵監(jiān)控和電話全程錄音之類的技術(shù)使得對(duì)員工的監(jiān)視變得更加容易了。Thenotionthattechnologydi

33、sruptsrelationshipsandfracturescommunitygainedmainstreamprominenceasanattackontelevision.二技術(shù)擾亂了人際關(guān)系，破壞了社區(qū)交往一一這樣的觀念成為人們攻擊電視時(shí)的主要焦點(diǎn)。SomeevensaythatTVischieflyresponsibleforthegradualisolationofAmericansfromeachother.二有些人甚至說(shuō)，電視是美國(guó)人逐漸相互疏遠(yuǎn)的罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。Similarly,theharmfuleffectsoftheInternet,whichsupposedlyfurth

34、erisolatespeoplefromwhatisoftencalled“therealworld”.二同樣也有人認(rèn)為，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的負(fù)面影響進(jìn)一步使人們遠(yuǎn)離了我們常說(shuō)的“真實(shí)世界”。Para.8Thisbroadcriticismoftechnologysimpactonrelationshipsisaninterestingoneandisespeciallyrelevanttothequestionofhappiness,becauseoneofthefewthingswecansayforcertainisthatthemorefriendsandthecloserrelationship

35、speoplehave,thehappiertheytendtobe.二這種廣義上關(guān)于技術(shù)影響人際關(guān)系的批評(píng)頗有趣味，尤其與幸福的問(wèn)題密切相關(guān)，因?yàn)槲覀冋嬲邪盐照f(shuō)清楚的事情沒(méi)有幾件，但其中之一是：人們的朋友越多，關(guān)系越密切，就越幸福。Para.9Today,technologicalchangeissorappidthatwhenyoubuysomething,youdosoknowingthatinafewmonthstheresgoingtobeabetter,fasterversionoftheproduct,andthatyouregoingtobestuckwiththeoldon

36、e.二今天的技術(shù)變化異常神速，購(gòu)買某種產(chǎn)品時(shí)你就知道，在過(guò)幾個(gè)月，比這個(gè)產(chǎn)品性能更好、運(yùn)作更快捷的款式就會(huì)問(wèn)世，而你卻不得不繼續(xù)使用舊款式的產(chǎn)品。Someoneelse,inotherwords,hasitbetter.二換句話說(shuō)，別人買到的產(chǎn)品要比你的好。Itsasifdisappointmentwerebuiltintoacquisitionfromtheverybeginning.二這種失望感仿佛從你開(kāi)始購(gòu)買這件產(chǎn)品時(shí)就已經(jīng)深深植入你的認(rèn)知系統(tǒng)中了。Para.10Dailystress,anannoyingsenseofdisappointment,fearthatthegovernme

37、ntknowsalotmoreaboutyouthanyouwouldlikeittotheseareobviouslysomeofthewaysinwhichtechnologyreducespeoplessenseofwell-being.二日常生活的壓力、一種令人煩惱的失望感、對(duì)政府知曉你的情況超出你所希望的程度而造成的恐懼感一一這些顯然都是技術(shù)降低了人們幸福感的幾個(gè)方面。Butthemostimportantimpactoftechnologyonpeoplessenseofwell-beingisinthefieldofhealthcare.二然而，技術(shù)對(duì)人們的幸福感的最重要的影響體

38、現(xiàn)在醫(yī)療保健方面。BeforetheIndustrialRevolution,twooutofeverythreeEuropeansdiedbeforetheageof30.二工業(yè)革命以前，每三個(gè)歐洲人中就有兩個(gè)的壽命不足30歲。Today,lifeexpectancyforwomerinWesternEuropeisalmost80years,anditcontinuestoincrease.二而今天，西歐婦女的壽命差不多是80歲，而且還會(huì)繼續(xù)提高。Thepointisobvious:thevastmajorityofpeoplearehappytobealive,andthemoretim

39、etheygetonearth,thebetterofftheyfeeltheyllbe.二道理很明了：絕大多數(shù)人很樂(lè)意活下去，他們?cè)诘厍蛏仙畹臅r(shí)間越長(zhǎng)感覺(jué)就越好。Butuntilveryrecently,lifeforthevastmajorityofpeoplewasnasty,rough,andshort.二但是，就在不久前，絕大多數(shù)人還過(guò)著齷齪不堪、牲口不如的生活，而且壽命非常短暫。Technologyhaschangedthat,atleastforpeopleintherichworld.二技術(shù)改變了這一狀況，至少對(duì)于富裕國(guó)家的人們來(lái)說(shuō)情況是如此。Asmuchasweshould

40、worryabouttherisingcostofhealthcareandtheproblemoftheuninsured,itsalsoworthrememberinghowvaluableforourspiritsaswellasourbodiesarethebenefitsthatmedicaltechnologyhasbroughtus.二我們?cè)跒獒t(yī)療保健費(fèi)用的提高和沒(méi)有參加保險(xiǎn)的人們的問(wèn)題擔(dān)憂的同時(shí)，同樣也應(yīng)該記住，醫(yī)療技術(shù)所帶給我們的身體和精神上的好處是多么有價(jià)值。Para.11Onadeeperlevel,whatthetechnologicalimprovementofour

41、healthandourIongevityemphasizesisaparadoxofanydiscussionofhappinessonanationaloragloballevel:eventhoughpeoplemaynotbehappier,eventhoughtheyarewealthierandpossessmoretechnology,theyrestillashungryaseverformoretime.二從更深層次上來(lái)說(shuō)，我們?cè)诮】岛烷L(zhǎng)壽方面所取得的進(jìn)步卻強(qiáng)調(diào)了在國(guó)家和全球?qū)用嬗懻撔腋?wèn)題的一個(gè)自相矛盾的說(shuō)法：即使人們不會(huì)更幸福，即使他們更加富裕并擁有更多技術(shù)，他們還會(huì)像以

42、前那樣渴望長(zhǎng)壽。Itslikethatoldjoke:thefoodmaynotbesogreat,butwewanttheportionstobeasbigaspossible.二這就像那個(gè)古老的笑話一樣：食品也許并不好，可我們都想讓自己得到的那一份盡量大一些。FameFameisverymuchlikeananimalchasingitsowntailwho,whenhecapturesit,doesnotknowwhatelsetodobuttocontinuechasingit.Fameandtheexhilaratingcelebritythataccompaniesit,force

43、thefamouspersontoparticipateinhisorherowndestruction.Ironicisntit?聲譽(yù)就像一直不斷追逐自己尾巴的動(dòng)物，當(dāng)抓住自己的尾巴時(shí)，它也不知道除了繼續(xù)追逐之外他還能做什么.聲譽(yù)和令人興奮的名望相伴，促使著名人們走向毀滅.很諷刺，不是么？Thosewhogainfamemostoftengainitasaresultofpossessingasingletalentorskill:singing,dancing,painting,orwriting,etc.Thesuccessfulperformerdevelopsastylethatis

44、marketedaggressivelyandgainssomepopularity,anditisthispopularitythatusuallyconvincestheperformertocontinueperforminginthesamestyle,sincethatiswhatthepublicseemstowantandtoenjoy.Butintime,theperformerbecomesboredsingingthesamesongsinthesamewayyearafteryear,orthepainterbecomesboredpaintingsimilarscene

45、sorportraits,ortheactoristiredofplayingthesamecharacterrepeatedly.Thedemandofthepublicholdstheartisthostagetohisorherownsuccess,fame.Iftheartistattemptstochangehisorherstyleofwritingordancingorsinging,etc.,theaudieneemayturnawayandlooktoconferfleetingficklefameonanotherandthen,intime,onanother,andso

46、onandsoon.那些聲名鵲起的人通常是因?yàn)樗麄兙哂心稠?xiàng)天賦或者掌握了某樣技能：唱歌,跳舞,繪畫(huà)或者寫(xiě)作等.一個(gè)成功的表演者因?yàn)榘l(fā)展了一種激進(jìn)的市場(chǎng)表演風(fēng)格而倍受歡迎.也正是這種名氣促使他保持著這種表演藝術(shù).因?yàn)檫@是觀眾想要的和喜歡的.但是到最后，歌手會(huì)因?yàn)槟陱?fù)一年的唱著同樣的歌而感到厭煩.畫(huà)家會(huì)因?yàn)橐恢碑?huà)著同樣的風(fēng)景和肖像而感到無(wú)趣.演員會(huì)因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)期表演同樣的角色而感到厭倦.公眾的需求掌握著藝術(shù)家們的獲得聲譽(yù)與否的關(guān)鍵.如果藝術(shù)家們想要去改變他們書(shū)法風(fēng)格，唱腔或者舞步等的時(shí)候，觀眾們就有可能離開(kāi)，把那些轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的名譽(yù)授予他人.然后接著，給另一個(gè)再另一個(gè)再另一個(gè).Whocannotrecogn

47、izeaTennesseeWilliamsplayoranovelbyJohnUpdikeorErnestHemingwayorapoembyRobertFrostorW.H.AudenorT.S.Eliot?ThesameistrueofpainterslikeMonet,Renoir,DaliorPicassoanditistrueofmoviemakerslikeHitchcock,Fellini,Spielberg,ChenKai-georZhangYimou.Theirdistinctivestylesmarkedasignificantchangeinthetraditionfor

48、msandgrantedthemfameandfortune,buttheywerenotfreetodevelopotherstylesorformsbecausetheiraudieneedemandedofeachofthemwhattheyoriginallypresented.HemingwaycannotevennowbeconfusedwithHenryJamesoranyoneelse,norcanFrostbeconfusedwithYeats,etc.Theuniqueformseachofthemcreated,createdthem.Noartistorperforme

49、rcanentirelyescapethelureoffameanditspromiseofendlessadmirationandrespect,butthereisaheavypriceonemustpayforit.誰(shuí)不認(rèn)識(shí)田納西.威廉斯的戲劇/約翰？厄普代克和歐納斯特.海明威的小說(shuō)/羅伯特.弗羅斯特/W.H.奧登和托.史.艾略特的詩(shī)歌？同樣的還有畫(huà)家莫奈，雷諾阿，達(dá)利或者畢加索，還有電影制作節(jié)家希契科克，費(fèi)里尼，斯皮爾伯格，陳凱歌或者張藝謀.他們與眾不同的風(fēng)格標(biāo)志著傳統(tǒng)形式的重大變革，從而授予他們聲望和財(cái)富.但是他們沒(méi)有發(fā)展其他風(fēng)格或模式的自由，因?yàn)樗麄兊挠^眾需要的是他們最先呈現(xiàn)的形式

50、.即使現(xiàn)在，海明威還被混淆為亨利？詹姆斯或者其他的什么人；弗洛斯特也沒(méi)有被混淆為耶茨.他們創(chuàng)造的獨(dú)一無(wú)二的風(fēng)格成就了他們.沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)藝術(shù)家或表演者能夠完全逃脫聲譽(yù)的誘惑,因?yàn)槁曌u(yù)能給他們帶來(lái)無(wú)止境的贊美和尊重但是想要獲得聲譽(yù)就一定要付出沉重的代價(jià)Famebringscelebrityandhighregardfromadoringandloyalfansineachfieldofendeavoranditisheadystuff.Aperformercaneasilycometobelievethatheorsheisasgoodashisorherpress.Butmostpeople,m

51、ostartistsdonotfainfameandfortune.Whataboutthoseperformerswhofail,oranyonewhofails?Curiouslyenough,failureoftenseversasitsownrewardformanypeople!Itbringssympathyfromotherswhoaredelightednottobeyou,anditallowsfamilyandfriendstolowertheirexpectationsofyousothatyouneednotcompetewiththosewhohavemoretale

52、ntandwhosucceed.Andtheyfindexcusedandexplanationsforyourinabilitytosucceedandbecomefamous:youaretoosensitive,youarenotinterestedinmoney,youarenotinterestedinthepowerthatfamebringsandyouarenotinterestedinthelossofprivacyitdemands,etc.allexcused,butcomfortingtothosewhofailandthosewhopretendnottonotice

53、thefailure.在每個(gè)領(lǐng)域里，聲望都能夠帶來(lái)名氣，能夠在那些滿懷崇敬之心的忠實(shí)的粉絲里受到高度關(guān)注.但是它是是個(gè)容易使人沉醉的東西.一個(gè)表演者很容易相信自己的成就與輿論者稱贊一樣.但是很多人，很多藝術(shù)家并沒(méi)有獲得聲譽(yù)和財(cái)富.那些失敗者的表演者，或者其他失敗了的人呢？說(shuō)來(lái)也奇怪，對(duì)于很多人來(lái)說(shuō)，失敗卻常常是對(duì)他們的失敗的補(bǔ)償.它招來(lái)那些慶幸自己不是你的人的憐憫；它使得你的家人，朋友降低對(duì)你的期望，從而你不必再與那些比你有天賦，比你成功的人攀比.他們?yōu)槟悴荒艹晒Τ擅臒o(wú)能尋找各種各樣的借口和解釋：你太容易受傷，你對(duì)金錢不感興趣，你不屑于那些伴隨名譽(yù)而來(lái)的權(quán)利，你也不喜歡因?yàn)槌雒闺[私受到侵

54、犯，等等.所有的借口，只是為了安慰是那些失敗了的人，或者那些假裝不在意失敗的人罷了.Historyhasamplyproventhatsomefailureforsomepeopleatcertaintimesintheirlivesdoesindeedmotivatethemtostriveevenhardertosucceedandtocontinuebelievinginthemselves.ThomasWolfe,theAmericannovelist,hadhisfirstnovelLookHomeward,Angelrejected39timesbeforeitwasfinally

55、publishedandlaunchedhiscareerandcreatedhisfame.Beethovenovercamehistyrannicalfatherandgrudgingacceptaneeasamusiciantobecomethegreatest,mostfamousmusicianintheworld,andPestalozzi,thefamousItalianeducatorinthe19thcentury,failedateveryjobheeverhaduntilhecameupontheideaifteachingchildrenanddevelopingthe

56、fundamentaltheoriestoproduceanewformofeducation.ThomasEdisonwasthrownoutofschoolinfourthgrade,ataboutage10,becauseheseemedtotheteachertobequitedullandunruly.Manyothercasesmaybefoundofpeoplewhofailedandusedthefailuretomotivatethemtoachieve,tosucceed,andtobecomefamous.But,unfortunately,formostpeoplefa

57、ilureistheendoftheirstruggle,notthebeginning.Therearefew,ifany,famousfailures.歷史已經(jīng)充分證明了有些人在他們生命的某些時(shí)間里遭遇的失敗確實(shí)會(huì)激勵(lì)他們?yōu)槿〉贸晒Χ优^斗并且繼續(xù)相信自己.美國(guó)小說(shuō)家托馬斯沃.爾夫的第一篇小說(shuō)向家鄉(xiāng)看吧，安琪兒被拒絕了39次才最終得以發(fā)表，從而開(kāi)啟了他的事業(yè)，為他創(chuàng)造了名譽(yù).貝多芬不向他專橫的父親低頭，也忍氣吞聲的做過(guò)樂(lè)師，但他最終還是成為了舉世聞名的音樂(lè)家.十九世紀(jì)意大利著名的教育家裴斯塔洛齊在他決定從事兒童教育事業(yè)并且為之建立起一套新的基本教育體系之前，在各行各業(yè)一無(wú)所成托馬斯愛(ài)

58、迪生在十歲讀四年級(jí)的時(shí)候因?yàn)楸焕蠋熣J(rèn)為愚笨任性而逐出學(xué)校另外,也有很多最初失敗的人以失敗為動(dòng)力，發(fā)憤圖強(qiáng)，最終取得成功但是，很不幸，對(duì)于很多人來(lái)說(shuō)失敗就是他們奮斗的終點(diǎn)，而不是起點(diǎn)成功的失敗者即使有，也很少Wellthen，whydoesanyonewantfame?Doyou?Doyouwanttobeknowntomanypeopleandadmiredbythem?Doyouwantthemoneythatusuallycomeswithfame?Doyouwantthemediatonoticeeverythingyoudoorsaybothinpublicandinprivate?D

59、oyouwantthemhoundingyou,questioningyouandtryingtoundoyou?InAmericanpoliticsitisveryobviousthattobefamousistobethetargetofeveryonewhodisagreeswithyouaswellasofthemedia.Fameturnsallthelightsonandwhileitgivespowerandprestige,ittakestheyououtofyou:youmustbewhatthepublicthinksyouare,notwhatyoureallyareor

60、couldbe.Thepolitician,liketheperformer,mustpleasehisorheraudiencesandthatoftenmeanssayingthingshedoesnotmeanordoesnotbelieveinfully.Nowondersofewpeopletrustpoliticians.Butwehavenotansweredthequestionatthebeginningofthisparagraph:whydoesanyonewantfame?Severalreasonscometomind:todemonstrateexcelleneei