《語用學Pragmatics》課件 第五周

1、Chapter 3 Reference and inferenceReferential and attributive usesNames and referentsAnaphoric referenceKey points Referential and attributive usesAnaphoric referenceChapter 3 Reference and inferenceWords themselves dont refer to anything, people refer. Reference is thought as an act in which a speak

2、er, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something.Referring expressions (1) proper nouns(2) definite nouns(3) indefinite nouns(4) pronounsTriangular expressionsSpeakers- reference- intentionListeners- inference- interpretationSense-reference-referentWord-mea

3、ning-entitySpeakers- reference- intention speakers reference intentionListeners- inference- interpretation listeners inference interpretationSense-reference-referent sense reference referentWord-meaning-entity word meaning entitySome exceptions (1) 許多詞在世界上沒有所指對象，例“神，鬼，love, dragon”(2) 并非所有的詞語茍能用來指稱事

4、物，例 “和，因為，所以“一個所指由兩個意義： The morning star 啟明星 The evening star有關意義和所指的兩種理論 傳統(tǒng)所指論: 名稱具有各自的內涵和外延, 即具有各自的意義 和指稱.因果的，歷史的所指理論:人們在給事物命名時，并不依賴于對名稱意義的了解和認識，而是依據(jù)于歷史文化鏈條的傳遞，依據(jù)于這一名字與某個命名活動保持著歷史的，因果的聯(lián)系。例：Aristotle.Referential and attributive uses 60年代，Donnellan 在其名作指稱與確定性描述語 做指稱性使用時，說話人用確定性描述語這一方式來指稱某一個特定的人或物.確定

5、性描述語作歸屬性使用時，說話人是在把某種特性或屬性歸諸某個符合該確定性描述語的人或物，描述此人或物是如此這般的。Examples a. Theres a man waiting for you.b. He wants to marry a woman with lots of money.c. Wed love to find a nine-foot-tall basketball player.d. There was no sign of the killer.Examples of referential and attributive usesa. Theres a man waiti

6、ng for you. b. He wants to marry a woman with lots of money.a. Premier Chou met the Pope in Rome in 1949. b. The Pope is in charge of the religious affairs.3.3 Names and referentsThe version of reference being presented here is one in which there is a basic “intention-to-identify” and a “recognition

7、-of-intention” collaboration at work. It appears between language and culture. That is, there is a convention that certain referring expressions wil be used to identify certain entities on a regular basis. This assumption may lead us to think that a name or proper noun like “Shakespeare” can only be

8、 used to identify one specific person, and an expression containing a common noun, such as “the cheese sandwich”, can only be used to identify a specific thing, this belief is mistaken. Thursday is in bed with Friday.Quadruplicity drinks procrastination.I want to meet Obama.I want to meet the Americ

9、an president.The Pearsons are on coke.The Pearsons are drinking Coca Cola.The Pearsons are using cocaine.The Pearsons are having solid-fuel heating.For example:1. a. Can I borrow your Shakespeare? b. Yeah, its over there on the table.2. a. Wheres the cheese sandwich sitting? b. Hes over there by the

10、 window.6.2.3 Anaphora (照應、回指) (Anaphoric reference)The process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation is called anaphora.3.4. Anaphoric referenceIn most of our talk and writing, we have to keep track of who or what we are talkin

11、g about for more than one sentence at a time, we use anaphoric reference.In technical terms, the second or subsequent expression is the anaphor and the initial expression is the antecedent.In most of our talk and writing, we have to keep track of who or what we are talking about for more than one se

12、ntence at a time, we use anaphoric reference.Cataphora（后照應）Cataphora: I turned the corner and almost stepped on it. There was a large snake in the middle of the path.Zero anaphora, or ellipsisCook for three minutes.Wash for two minutes.Indirect anaphora or bridging reference(2) I walked into the roo

13、m. The windows looked out to the bay. Antecedent anaphor Indirect anaphora or bridging reference Anaphoric referenceAnaphora: In the film, a man and a woman were trying to wash a cat. The man was holding the cat while the woman poured water on it. He said something to her and they started laughing.C

14、ataphora: I turned the corner and almost stepped on it. There was a large snake in the middle of the path.Zero anaphora, or ellipsis: Cook for three minutes.Assignments 1. Whether the following expressions are referential or attributive reference?(1) the 1984 Democratic presidential nominee.(2) the man with the martini.(3) The Pope visited India in 1986.(4) The tallest man in Ohio came to the ball game.(5) If you have an audience with the Pope, you mus